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Virulence 2015Campylobacter coli are one of the most common bacteria in bacterial gastroenteritis and acute enterocolitis in humans. However, relatively little is known regarding the...
Campylobacter coli are one of the most common bacteria in bacterial gastroenteritis and acute enterocolitis in humans. However, relatively little is known regarding the mechanisms of pathogenesis and host response to C. coli infections. To investigate the influence of genetic changes, we first used PCR to demonstrate the presence of the known virulence genes cadF, virB11, cdtB, cdtC and ceuE in the clinical isolate C. coli 26536, which was isolated from the liver of infected BALB/c mice. Sequence analyses of the cadF, virB11, cdtB and ceuE genes in C. coli 26536 confirmed the stability in these virulence genes during their transmission through the host. We further investigated C. coli infection for the bacterial clearance from the liver and spleen of infected mice, and for their immune response. C. coli persisted well in both organs, with better survival in the liver. We also determined the levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., interleukin [IL]-6, IL-12, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in plasma and in liver homogenates from the infected mice, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The lowest levels among these cytokines were for tumor necrosis factor-α in the plasma and IL-6 in the liver on days 1, 3 and 8 post-infection. The most pronounced production was for IL-10, in both plasma (days 1 and 8 post-infection) and liver (day 8 post-infection), which suggests that it has a role in healing of the organ inflammation. Our findings showed dynamic relationships between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and thus contribute toward clarification of the healing processes involved in the resolution of C. coli infections.
Topics: Animals; Campylobacter Infections; Campylobacter coli; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Liver; Male; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Spleen; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 26039573
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1042642 -
Poultry Science Aug 2021Campylobacter, a leading cause of foodborne diseases, is well recognized worldwide. Poultry and poultry products are considered as major sites for Campylobacter... (Review)
Review
The worldwide trend of Campylobacter spp., infection from duck-related isolates and associated phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance, since 1985: identifying opportunities and challenges for prevention and control.
Campylobacter, a leading cause of foodborne diseases, is well recognized worldwide. Poultry and poultry products are considered as major sites for Campylobacter infection in humans. The extensive uses of antibiotics mostly as growth promoters and for therapeutic purposes have led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of foodborne pathogens including Campylobacter. A key tenet of this paper is the need for reviewing the previous studies conducted around the globe on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. isolates in duck to better understand the sources and trends of infection. Based on published data, the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in duck and duck-related samples ranged from 0% to 100% and was largely influenced by the isolation method. Among Campylobacter spp., C. jejuni was the predominant cause of campylobacteriosis, followed by C. coli. Campylobacter spp. from ducks were mostly resistant to fluoroquinolones and tetracycline and a lesser extent to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin. Some studies showed that ducks may pose a risk for acquiring campylobacteriosis because they had genotypes quite similar to human isolates detected previously. A continued monitoring approach is needed, at national and international levels, with enhanced surveillance and reporting of trends, as well as harmonization of surveillance systems toward a one-health approach to monitoring antimicrobial resistance in animal production particularly if increased resistance rates are being demonstrated.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Campylobacter jejuni; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ducks; Genotype; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 34237548
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101213 -
Pathogens and Global Health May 2023infection is one of the most frequently reported foodborne diseases with approximately 230,000 and 1.5 million cases each year in Europe and the USA, respectively.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
infection is one of the most frequently reported foodborne diseases with approximately 230,000 and 1.5 million cases each year in Europe and the USA, respectively. Culture methods are the reference for the diagnosis of infections; however, these methods are complex and time-consuming. Multiplex nucleic acid amplification test is favored due to its rapidity, automatization in the procedure followed and the quick simultaneous testing of numerous foodborne pathogens. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the accuracy of these tests for the diagnosis of infection. Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, and Mendeley were searched for peer-reviewed articles. The split component synthesis method with the use of the inverse variance heterogeneity model was chosen for the quantitative meta-analysis. Sensitivity analysis was performed by age category and index test. The literature search found 34 studies involving 28,105 patients with suspected gastroenteritis. The sensitivity and specificity were 95.3% (92.3; 97.1) and 97.1% (95.1; 98.3), respectively, and AUC (area under the curve) was 0.963 (0.947; 0.974). Pediatric patients had a lower sensitivity (87.4, 48.2; 98.1) and higher specificity (99.2, 91.6; 99.9) estimate compared to all ages category (sensitivity 95.3, 91.3; 97.5, specificity 96.7, 93.7; 98.3). Among the various index tests, Seeplex/Allplex and Amplidiag/Novodiag had the lowest estimate for sensitivity (88.9, 73.8; 95.8) and specificity (95.2, 86; 98.4), respectively. BDMax had the highest (sensitivity 98.1, 96.1; 99 and specificity 98.5, 97; 99.3). Multiplex nucleic acid tests showed excellent accuracy and could play an influential role in diagnosing infections.
Topics: Humans; Child; Campylobacter Infections; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Sensitivity and Specificity; Europe
PubMed: 35815907
DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2022.2097830 -
Microbes and Infection Apr 2002Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis and chronic sequelae, such as reactive arthritis and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS),... (Review)
Review
Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis and chronic sequelae, such as reactive arthritis and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), are known to follow uncomplicated infections. While little is known about reactive arthritis following Campylobacter infection, our knowledge on the pathogenesis of Campylobacter-induced GBS is expanding rapidly and is summarized in this review.
Topics: Campylobacter Infections; Campylobacter jejuni; Gastroenteritis; Guillain-Barre Syndrome; Humans; Molecular Mimicry; Risk Factors
PubMed: 11932190
DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01553-8 -
Microbial Genomics Oct 2022Campylobacteriosis is still the most commonly reported zoonosis in the European Union causing gastrointestinal disease in humans. One of the most common sources for...
Campylobacteriosis is still the most commonly reported zoonosis in the European Union causing gastrointestinal disease in humans. One of the most common sources for these food-borne infections is broiler meat. Interactions between (.) and the intestinal microbiota might influence colonization in chickens. The aim of the present study was to gain further knowledge about exclusive interactions of the host microbiota with in -specific phage-free chickens under standardized conditions and special biosafety precautions.Therefore, 12 artificially infected ( inoculum with a challenge dose of 7.64 log c.f.u.) and 12 control chickens of the breed Ross 308 were kept under special biosafety measures in an animal facility. At day 42 of life, microbiota studies were performed on samples of caecal digesta and mucus. No -specific phages were detected by real-time PCR analysis of caecal digesta of control or artificially infected chickens. Amplification of the 16S rRNA gene was performed within the hypervariable region V4 and subsequently sequenced with Illumina MiSeq platform. R (version 4.0.2) was used to compare the microbiota between -negative and -positive chickens. The factor chickens' infection status contributed significantly to the differences in microbial composition of mucosal samples, explaining 10.6 % of the microbiota variation (=0.007) and in digesta samples, explaining 9.69 % of the microbiota variation (=0.015). The strongest difference between -non-infected and -infected birds was observed for the family whose presence in -infected birds could not be demonstrated. Further, several genera of the family appeared to be depressed in its abundance due to infection. A negative correlation was found between R-7 group and in -colonised chickens, both genera potentially competing for substrate. This makes R-7 group highly interesting for further studies that aim to find control options for infections and assess the relevance of this finding for chicken health and colonization.
Topics: Animals; Bacteriophages; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Campylobacter jejuni; Chickens; Humans; Microbiota; Mucous Membrane; Poultry Diseases; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 36190827
DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000874 -
Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism Aug 2007To review the literature on the epidemiology of Campylobacter-associated reactive arthritis (ReA). (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review the literature on the epidemiology of Campylobacter-associated reactive arthritis (ReA).
METHODS
A Medline (PubMed) search identified studies from 1966 to 2006 that investigated the epidemiology of Campylobacter-associated ReA. Search terms included: "reactive arthritis," "spondyloarthropathy," "Reiter's syndrome," "gastroenteritis," "diarrhea," "epidemiology," "incidence," "prevalence," and "Campylobacter."
RESULTS
The literature available to date suggests that the incidence of Campylobacter ReA may occur in 1 to 5% of those infected. The annual incidence of ReA after Campylobacter or Shigella may be 4.3 and 1.3, respectively, per 100,000. The duration of acute ReA varies considerably among reports, and the incidence and impact of chronic ReA from Campylobacter infection is virtually unknown.
CONCLUSIONS
Campylobacter-associated ReA incidence and prevalence varies widely among reviews due to case ascertainment differences, exposure differences, lack of diagnostic criteria for ReA, and perhaps genetics and ages of exposed individuals. At the population level it may not be associated with HLA-B27, and inflammatory back involvement is uncommon. Follow-up for long-term sequelae is largely unknown. Five percent of Campylobacter ReA may be chronic or relapsing (with respect to musculoskeletal symptoms).
Topics: Arthritis, Reactive; Campylobacter Infections; Humans; Incidence; Prohibitins
PubMed: 17360026
DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2006.12.006 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jul 1998Since the eradication of polio in most parts of the world, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) has become the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis. GBS is an... (Review)
Review
Since the eradication of polio in most parts of the world, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) has become the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis. GBS is an autoimmune disorder of the peripheral nervous system characterized by weakness, usually symmetrical, evolving over a period of several days or more. Since laboratories began to isolate Campylobacter species from stool specimens some 20 years ago, there have been many reports of GBS following Campylobacter infection. Only during the past few years has strong evidence supporting this association developed. Campylobacter infection is now known as the single most identifiable antecedent infection associated with the development of GBS. Campylobacter is thought to cause this autoimmune disease through a mechanism called molecular mimicry, whereby Campylobacter contains ganglioside-like epitopes in the lipopolysaccharide moiety that elicit autoantibodies reacting with peripheral nerve targets. Campylobacter is associated with several pathologic forms of GBS, including the demyelinating (acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy) and axonal (acute motor axonal neuropathy) forms. Different strains of Campylobacter as well as host factors likely play an important role in determining who develops GBS as well as the nerve targets for the host immune attack of peripheral nerves. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current knowledge about the clinical, epidemiological, pathogenetic, and laboratory aspects of campylobacter-associated GBS.
Topics: Antibodies, Bacterial; Axons; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Campylobacter jejuni; Humans; Nerve Fibers; Polyradiculoneuropathy; Risk Factors; Serotyping
PubMed: 9665983
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.11.3.555 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Nov 2016Enteropathogen infections have been associated with enteric dysfunction and impaired growth in children in low-resource settings. In a multisite birth cohort study...
BACKGROUND
Enteropathogen infections have been associated with enteric dysfunction and impaired growth in children in low-resource settings. In a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED), we describe the epidemiology and impact of Campylobacter infection in the first 2 years of life.
METHODS
Children were actively followed up until 24 months of age. Diarrheal and nondiarrheal stool samples were collected and tested by enzyme immunoassay for Campylobacter Stool and blood samples were assayed for markers of intestinal permeability and inflammation.
RESULTS
A total of 1892 children had 7601 diarrheal and 26 267 nondiarrheal stool samples tested for Campylobacter We describe a high prevalence of infection, with most children (n = 1606; 84.9%) having a Campylobacter-positive stool sample by 1 year of age. Factors associated with a reduced risk of Campylobacter detection included exclusive breastfeeding (risk ratio, 0.57; 95% confidence interval, .47-.67), treatment of drinking water (0.76; 0.70-0.83), access to an improved latrine (0.89; 0.82-0.97), and recent macrolide antibiotic use (0.68; 0.63-0.74). A high Campylobacter burden was associated with a lower length-for-age Z score at 24 months (-1.82; 95% confidence interval, -1.94 to -1.70) compared with a low burden (-1.49; -1.60 to -1.38). This association was robust to confounders and consistent across sites. Campylobacter infection was also associated with increased intestinal permeability and intestinal and systemic inflammation.
CONCLUSIONS
Campylobacter was prevalent across diverse settings and associated with growth shortfalls. Promotion of exclusive breastfeeding, drinking water treatment, improved latrines, and targeted antibiotic treatment may reduce the burden of Campylobacter infection and improve growth in children in these settings.
Topics: Campylobacter Infections; Child Development; Cohort Studies; Cost of Illness; Diarrhea; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors
PubMed: 27501842
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw542 -
PloS One 2013Campylobacter species are the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the developed world. However, comparatively few studies have determined the...
BACKGROUND
Campylobacter species are the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the developed world. However, comparatively few studies have determined the epidemiological features of campylobacteriosis in resource-poor settings.
METHODS
A total of 1,941 faecal specimens collected from symptomatic (diarrhoeic) children and 507 specimens from asymptomatic (non-diarrhoeic) children hospitalised in Blantyre, Malawi, between 1997 and 2007, and previously tested for the presence of rotavirus and norovirus, was analysed for C. jejuni and C. coli using a real time PCR assay.
RESULTS
Campylobacter species were detected in 415/1,941 (21%) of diarrhoeic children, with C. jejuni accounting for 85% of all cases. The median age of children with Campylobacter infection was 11 months (range 0.1-55 months), and was significantly higher than that for children with rotavirus and norovirus (6 months and 7 months respectively; P<0.001). Co-infection with either rotavirus or norovirus was noted in 41% of all cases in the diarrhoeic group. In contrast, the detection rate of Campylobacter in the non-diarrhoeic group was 14%, with viral co-infection identified in 16% of children with Campylobacter. There was no association between Campylobacter detection rate and season over the 10 year period.
DISCUSSION
Using molecular detection methodology in hospitalised Malawian children, we have demonstrated a high prevalence of Campylobacter infection, with frequent viral co-infection. The burden of Campylobacter infection in young African children may be greater than previously recognised.
Topics: Age Distribution; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Child, Preschool; Coinfection; Diarrhea; Feces; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Malawi; Male; Prevalence; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Rotavirus; Seasons
PubMed: 23555739
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059663 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Jun 2014Campylobacter fetus can cause intestinal illness and, occasionally, severe systemic infections. Infections mainly affect persons at higher risk, including elderly and... (Review)
Review
Campylobacter fetus can cause intestinal illness and, occasionally, severe systemic infections. Infections mainly affect persons at higher risk, including elderly and immunocompromised individuals and those with occupational exposure to infected animals. Outbreaks are infrequent but have provided insight into sources. Source attribution of sporadic cases through case-control interviews has not been reported. The reservoirs for C. fetus are mainly cattle and sheep. Products from these animals are suspected as sources for human infections. Campylobacter fetus is rarely isolated from food, albeit selective isolation methods used in food microbiology are not suited for its detection. We hypothesize that the general population is regularly exposed to C. fetus through foods of animal origin, cross-contaminated foodstuffs, and perhaps other, as yet unidentified, routes. Campylobacter fetus infection should be suspected particularly in patients with nonspecific febrile illness who are immunocompromised or who may have been occupationally exposed to ruminants.
Topics: Animals; Campylobacter Infections; Campylobacter fetus; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Occupational Exposure; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Zoonoses
PubMed: 24550377
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu085