Review

Authors: Daniela Costa, Gregorio Iraola

is among the four main causes of gastroenteritis worldwide and has increased in both developed and developing countries over the last 10 years. The vast majority of reported infections are caused by and, to a lesser extent, ; however, the increasing recognition of other emerging pathogens is urgently demanding a better understanding of how these underestimated species cause disease, transmit, and evolve. In parallel to the enhanced clinical awareness of campylobacteriosis due to improved diagnostic protocols, the application of high-throughput sequencing has increased the number of whole-genome sequences available to dozens of strains of many emerging campylobacters. This has allowed for comprehensive comparative pathogenomic analyses for several species, such as and These studies have started to reveal the evolutionary forces shaping their genomes and have brought to light many genomic features related to pathogenicity in these neglected species, promoting the development of new tools and approaches relevant for clinical microbiology. Despite the need for additional characterization of genomic diversity in emerging campylobacters, the increasing body of literature describing pathogenomic studies on these species deserves to be discussed from an integrative perspective. This review compiles the current knowledge and highlights future work toward deepening our understanding about genome dynamics and the mechanisms governing the evolution of pathogenicity in emerging species, which is urgently needed to develop strategies to prevent or control the spread of these pathogens.

Topics: Biological Evolution; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Genome, Bacterial; Genomics; Humans

PubMed: 31270126
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00072-18

Review

Authors: Alexandra Tikhomirova, Emmylee R McNabb, Luca Petterlin...

Campylobacter jejuni is a very common cause of gastroenteritis, and is frequently transmitted to humans through contaminated food products or water. Importantly, C. jejuni infections have a range of short- and long-term sequelae such as irritable bowel syndrome and Guillain Barre syndrome. C. jejuni triggers disease by employing a range of molecular strategies which enable it to colonise the gut, invade the epithelium, persist intracellularly and avoid detection by the host immune response. The objective of this review is to explore and summarise recent advances in the understanding of the C. jejuni molecular factors involved in colonisation, invasion of cells, collective quorum sensing-mediated behaviours and persistence. Understanding the mechanisms that underpin the pathogenicity of C. jejuni will enable future development of effective preventative approaches and vaccines against this pathogen.

Topics: Campylobacter jejuni; Virulence Factors; Humans; Campylobacter Infections; Quorum Sensing

PubMed: 38693534
DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01033-6

Authors: Vanessa García, Paulette Legarraga

Topics: Campylobacter fetus; Culture Media

PubMed: 29488554
DOI: 10.4067/S0716-10182017000600587

Review

Authors: John E Moore, Deborah Corcoran, James S G Dooley...

Species within the genus, Campylobacter, have emerged over the last three decades as significant clinical pathogens, particularly of human public health concern, where the majority of acute bacterial enteritis in the Western world is due to these organisms. Of particular concern are the species, C. jejuni and C. coli, which are responsible for most of these gastrointestinal-related infections. Although these organisms have already emerged as causative agents of zoonoses, several aspects of their epidemiology and pathophysiology are only beginning to emerge. Trends in increasing antibiotic resistance are beginning to emerge with oral antibiotics, which may be the drug of choice for when it is necessary to intervene chemotherapeutically. This review wishes to examine (i) emerging clinical aspects of the disease, such as Guillain Barre syndrome (GBS), (ii) the association between these organisms and poultry as a natural host, (iii) environmental aspects of Campylobacter epidemiology, (iv) the emergence of atypical campylobacters (v) emerging trends in antibiotic resistance, (vi) adoption of modern methods for the detection of campylobacters.

Topics: Animals; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Food Microbiology; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Water Microbiology

PubMed: 15845230
DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2005012

Authors: Verena Zerbato, Stefano Di Bella, Riccardo Pol...

PURPOSE

Campylobacter is a frequent cause of enteric infections with common antimicrobial resistance issues. The most recent reports of campylobacteriosis in Italy include data from 2013 to 2016. We aimed to provide national epidemiological and microbiological data on human Campylobacter infections in Italy during the period 2017-2021.

METHODS

Data was collected from 19 Hospitals in 13 Italian Regions. Bacterial identification was performed by mass spectrometry. Antibiograms were determined with Etest or Kirby-Bauer (EUCAST criteria).

RESULTS

In total, 5419 isolations of Campylobacter spp. were performed. The most common species were C. jejuni (n = 4535, 83.7%), followed by C. coli (n = 732, 13.5%) and C. fetus (n = 34, 0.6%). The mean age of patients was 34.61 years and 57.1% were males. Outpatients accounted for 54% of the cases detected. Campylobacter were isolated from faeces in 97.3% of cases and in 2.7% from blood. C. fetus was mostly isolated from blood (88.2% of cases). We tested for antimicrobial susceptibility 4627 isolates (85.4%). Resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines was 75.5% and 54.8%, respectively; resistance to erythromycin was 4.8%; clarithromycin 2% and azithromycin 2%. 50% of C. jejuni and C. coli were resistant to ≥ 2 antibiotics. Over the study period, resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines significantly decreased (p < 0.005), while resistance to macrolides remained stable.

CONCLUSION

Campylobacter resistance to fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines in Italy is decreasing but is still high, while macrolides retain good activity.

Topics: Humans; Campylobacter Infections; Italy; Female; Male; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Middle Aged; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Young Adult; Adolescent; Aged; Campylobacter; Child; Child, Preschool; Infant; Feces; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Aged, 80 and over; Infant, Newborn; Campylobacter jejuni

PubMed: 38472522
DOI: 10.1007/s10096-024-04803-0

Review

Authors: Se-Hun Kim, Ramachandran Chelliah, Sudha Rani Ramakrishnan...

spp. are the leading global cause of bacterial colon infections in humans. Enteropathogens are subjected to several stress conditions in the host colon, food complexes, and the environment. Species of the genus , in collective interactions with certain enteropathogens, can manage and survive such stress conditions. The stress-adaptation mechanisms of spp. diverge from other enteropathogenic bacteria, such as , serovar Typhi, ser. Paratyphi, ser. Typhimurium, and species of the genera and . This review summarizes the different mechanisms of various stress-adaptive factors on the basis of species diversity in , including their response to various stress conditions that enhance their ability to survive on different types of food and in adverse environmental conditions. Understanding how these stress adaptation mechanisms in , and other enteric bacteria, are used to overcome various challenging environments facilitates the fight against resistance mechanisms in spp., and aids the development of novel therapeutics to control in both veterinary and human populations.

Topics: Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Campylobacter jejuni; Enterobacteriaceae; Humans; Shigella

PubMed: 33614524
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.596570

Review

Authors: Marcela Soto-Beltrá N, Bertram G Lee, Bianca A Amézquita-López...

species are responsible for human gastroenteritis with diverse clinical spectra, ranging from acute watery or bloody diarrhea to life-threatening autoimmune disorders. Given the importance of in causing human illness, this article has reviewed the transmission and attribution sources as well as methodologies for the detection and virulence characterization of campylobacteria. The recovery and detection of from clinical, food and environmental samples has been achieved by the combinatorial use of selective enrichment and culturing methods. Biochemical, immunological, and nucleic acid-based methodologies have enabled the detection and differentiation of closely related isolates in foodborne outbreak investigations and have assessed the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of these bacterial pathogens. Analyses of motility, adherence, and invasiveness in host cells have assessed the pathogenic potential of campylobacteria. Further examination of determinants conferring antimicrobial resistance in have supported the growing need to closely monitor antimicrobials use in clinical and agricultural sectors.

Topics: Humans; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Phylogeny; Diarrhea; Virulence; Campylobacter jejuni

PubMed: 35168460
DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2029366

Minimal standards for describing new species belonging to the families Campylobacteraceae and Helicobacteraceae: Campylobacter, Arcobacter, Helicobacter and Wolinella spp.

Authors: Stephen L W On, William G Miller, Kurt Houf...

Ongoing changes in taxonomic methods, and in the rapid development of the taxonomic structure of species assigned to the Epsilonproteobacteria have lead the International Committee of Systematic Bacteriology Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Campylobacter and Related Bacteria to discuss significant updates to previous minimal standards for describing new species of Campylobacteraceae and Helicobacteraceae. This paper is the result of these discussions and proposes minimum requirements for the description of new species belonging to the families Campylobacteraceae and Helicobacteraceae, thus including species in Campylobacter, Arcobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella. The core underlying principle remains the use of appropriate phenotypic and genotypic methods to characterise strains sufficiently so as to effectively and unambiguously determine their taxonomic position in these families, and provide adequate means by which the new taxon can be distinguished from extant species and subspecies. This polyphasic taxonomic approach demands the use of appropriate reference data for comparison to ensure the novelty of proposed new taxa, and the recommended study of at least five strains to enable species diversity to be assessed. Methodological approaches for phenotypic and genotypic (including whole-genome sequence comparisons) characterisation are recommended.

Topics: Arcobacter; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Campylobacter; Campylobacteraceae; Helicobacter; Helicobacteraceae; Wolinella

PubMed: 29034857
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002255

Authors: John J Kelly, Maxwell G London, Amanda R McCormick...

Microplastics are ubiquitous contaminants in aquatic habitats globally, and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are point sources of microplastics. Within aquatic habitats microplastics are colonized by microbial biofilms, which can include pathogenic taxa and taxa associated with plastic breakdown. Microplastics enter WWTPs in sewage and exit in sludge or effluent, but the role that WWTPs play in establishing or modifying microplastic bacterial assemblages is unknown. We analyzed microplastics and associated biofilms in raw sewage, effluent water, and sludge from two WWTPs. Both plants retained >99% of influent microplastics in sludge, and sludge microplastics showed higher bacterial species richness and higher abundance of taxa associated with bioflocculation (e.g. Xanthomonas) than influent microplastics, suggesting that colonization of microplastics within the WWTP may play a role in retention. Microplastics in WWTP effluent included significantly lower abundances of some potentially pathogenic bacterial taxa (e.g. Campylobacteraceae) compared to influent microplastics; however, other potentially pathogenic taxa (e.g. Acinetobacter) remained abundant on effluent microplastics, and several taxa linked to plastic breakdown (e.g. Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Sphingomonas) were significantly more abundant on effluent compared to influent microplastics. These results indicate that diverse bacterial assemblages colonize microplastics within sewage and that WWTPs can play a significant role in modifying the microplastic-associated assemblages, which may affect the fate of microplastics within the WWTPs and the environment.

Topics: Acinetobacter; Bacteria; Campylobacteraceae; DNA, Bacterial; Klebsiella; Microplastics; Polymers; Pseudomonas; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sewage; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Xanthomonas

PubMed: 33406095
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244443

Authors: Eriko Mori, Takehiro Hashimoto, Takaaki Yahiro...

We report a case of Campylobacter lari vertebral osteomyelitis with iliopsoas abscess. This is the first case report of vertebral osteomyelitis due to C. lari, which was identified from a vertebral biopsy sample collected using CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy in a patient without obvious episodes of immunodeficiency. Cultureing using the HK semisolid medium aided in pathogen ideutification. It is important to make every possible effort to identify the causative pathogen in vertebral osteomyelitis.

Topics: Campylobacter; Campylobacter lari; Humans; Osteomyelitis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

PubMed: 34719531
DOI: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2021.532