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International Journal of Biological... 2017Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women. The development of breast cancer is a multi-step process involving multiple cell types, and its... (Review)
Review
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women. The development of breast cancer is a multi-step process involving multiple cell types, and its prevention remains challenging in the world. Early diagnosis of breast cancer is one of the best approaches to prevent this disease. In some developed countries, the 5-year relative survival rate of breast cancer patients is above 80% due to early prevention. In the recent decade, great progress has been made in the understanding of breast cancer as well as in the development of preventative methods. The pathogenesis and tumor drug-resistant mechanisms are revealed by discovering breast cancer stem cells, and many genes are found related to breast cancer. Currently, people have more drug options for the chemoprevention of breast cancer, while biological prevention has been recently developed to improve patients' quality of life. In this review, we will summarize key studies of pathogenesis, related genes, risk factors and preventative methods on breast cancer over the past years. These findings represent a small step in the long fight against breast cancer.
Topics: Animals; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Quality of Life; Risk Factors
PubMed: 29209143
DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.21635 -
Cancer Biology & Medicine Nov 2020As the most populous country in the world, China has made strides in health promotion in the past few decades. With the aging population, the burden of cancer in China... (Review)
Review
As the most populous country in the world, China has made strides in health promotion in the past few decades. With the aging population, the burden of cancer in China continues to grow. Changes in risk factors for cancer, especially diet, obesity, diabetes, and air pollution, continue to fuel the shift of cancer transition in China. The burden of upper gastrointestinal cancer in China is decreasing, but still heavy. The rising burden of colorectal, prostate, and breast cancers is also significant. Lung cancer became the top cause of cancer-related deaths, together with smoking as the most important contributor to cancer deaths. The Chinese government has taken several approaches to control cancer and cancer-related risk factors. Many achievements have been made, but some challenges remain. Health China 2030 is ambitious and depicts a bright vision of the future for cancer control in China. The decrease in the cancer burden in China will require cross-sector collaboration and coordinated efforts on primary and secondary preventions by governments, public health organizations, and individuals. In this review, we describe the trends of cancer burden and discuss cancer-related risk factors in China, identifying strategies to reduce the burden of cancer in China.
Topics: Air Pollution; China; Cost of Illness; Humans; Neoplasms; Primary Prevention; Risk Factors; Secondary Prevention; Smoking
PubMed: 33299641
DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0387 -
The Medical Clinics of North America Nov 2020The most effective strategy for cervical cancer prevention involves vaccination to prevent human papillomavirus (HPV) infections during adolescence followed by screening... (Review)
Review
The most effective strategy for cervical cancer prevention involves vaccination to prevent human papillomavirus (HPV) infections during adolescence followed by screening to detect HPV infections during adulthood. HPV vaccination before sexual debut can prevent HPV infections, precancers, and cancers. HPV vaccination of sexually active populations does not prevent cancer. Screening with HPV testing is the most effective method of detecting precancers and cancers between ages 25 and 65. Ensuring adequate screening around the age of menopause may be the key to preventing cervical cancer among elderly women. Most cervical cancers at all ages occur among unscreened or underscreened women.
Topics: Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; Papanicolaou Test; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Primary Health Care; United States; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaccination
PubMed: 33099451
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2020.08.006 -
Nutricion Hospitalaria Jul 2015It is known how diet plays an important role either in cancer occurrence or its prevention. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
It is known how diet plays an important role either in cancer occurrence or its prevention.
METHODS
A complete revision on the literature has been performed trying to gain knowledge on the diets that can prevent for cancer occurrence, or those that can cause malignancies.
RESULTS
Fruits and vegetables are the foods that can prevent from cancer disease, soya and fishes also have demonstrated as preventive from some types of malignancies. Clear factors causing cancer are red meat and processed meat, dairy products and alcohol. The protective roles of vitamins, antioxidants and micronutrients still have to be deeply investigated. Obesity is a clear risk factor for cancer, calorie reduction has been proposed as a factor that has protective properties in laboratory studies, but this has to be demonstrated in a clinical scenario.
CONCLUSION
The diet surveillance and an adequate selection of foods can be a useful and cheap method for malignant disease prevention in the general population.
Topics: Animals; Diet; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Micronutrients; Neoplasms; Nutritional Status; Risk Factors
PubMed: 26267778
DOI: 10.3305/nh.2015.32.sup1.9483 -
Oncotarget Apr 2023Rapamycin (sirolimus) and other rapalogs (everolimus) are anti-cancer and anti-aging drugs, which delay cancer by directly targeting pre-cancerous cells and, indirectly,...
Rapamycin (sirolimus) and other rapalogs (everolimus) are anti-cancer and anti-aging drugs, which delay cancer by directly targeting pre-cancerous cells and, indirectly, by slowing down organism aging. Cancer is an age-related disease and, figuratively, by slowing down time (and aging), rapamycin may delay cancer. In several dozen murine models, rapamycin robustly and reproducibly prevents cancer. Rapamycin slows cell proliferation and tumor progression, thus delaying the onset of cancer in carcinogen-treated, genetically cancer-prone and normal mice. Data on the use of rapamycin and everolimus in organ-transplant patients are consistent with their cancer-preventive effects. Treatment with rapamycin was proposed to prevent lung cancer in smokers and former smokers. Clinical trials in high-risk populations are warranted.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Sirolimus; Everolimus; Aging; Carcinogens; Lung Neoplasms
PubMed: 37057884
DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28410 -
CA: a Cancer Journal For Clinicians Nov 2021Despite being highly preventable, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer and cause of cancer death in women globally. In low-income countries, cervical cancer... (Review)
Review
Despite being highly preventable, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer and cause of cancer death in women globally. In low-income countries, cervical cancer is often the leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are at a particularly high risk of cervical cancer because of an impaired immune response to human papillomavirus, the obligate cause of virtually all cervical cancers. Globally, approximately 1 in 20 cervical cancers is attributable to HIV; in sub-Saharan Africa, approximately 1 in 5 cervical cancers is due to HIV. Here, the authors provide a critical appraisal of the evidence to date on the impact of HIV disease on cervical cancer risk, describe key methodologic issues, and frame the key outstanding research questions, especially as they apply to ongoing global efforts for prevention and control of cervical cancer. Expanded efforts to integrate HIV care with cervical cancer prevention and control, and vice versa, could assist the global effort to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem.
Topics: Early Detection of Cancer; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Precancerous Conditions; Primary Prevention; Secondary Prevention; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 34499351
DOI: 10.3322/caac.21696 -
Cancer Prevention Research... Mar 2015The Allium genus includes garlic, onions, shallots, leeks, and chives. These vegetables are popular in cuisines worldwide and are valued for their potential medicinal... (Review)
Review
The Allium genus includes garlic, onions, shallots, leeks, and chives. These vegetables are popular in cuisines worldwide and are valued for their potential medicinal properties. Epidemiologic studies, while limited in their abilities to assess Allium consumption, indicate some associations of Allium vegetable consumption with decreased risk of cancer, particularly cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. Limited intervention studies have been conducted to support these associations. The majority of supportive evidence on Allium vegetables cancer-preventive effects comes from mechanistic studies. These studies highlight potential mechanisms of individual sulfur-containing compounds and of various preparations and extracts of these vegetables, including decreased bioactivation of carcinogens, antimicrobial activities, and redox modification. Allium vegetables and their components have effects at each stage of carcinogenesis and affect many biologic processes that modify cancer risk. This review discusses the cancer-preventive effects of Allium vegetables, particularly garlic and onions, and their bioactive sulfur compounds and highlights research gaps.
Topics: Animals; Garlic; Humans; Neoplasms; Onions; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 25586902
DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0172 -
British Journal of Cancer Oct 2018Colorectal cancer (CRC) is both one of the most common and one of the most preventable cancers globally, with powerful but strongly missed potential for primary,... (Review)
Review
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is both one of the most common and one of the most preventable cancers globally, with powerful but strongly missed potential for primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. CRC incidence has traditionally been the highest in affluent Western countries, but it is now increasing rapidly with economic development in many other parts of the world. CRC shares several main risk factors, such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and being overweight, with other common diseases; therefore, primary prevention efforts to reduce these risk factors are expected to have multiple beneficial effects that extend beyond CRC prevention, and should have high public health impact. A sizeable reduction in the incidence and mortality of CRC can also be achieved by offering effective screening tests, such as faecal immunochemical tests, flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy, in organised screening programmes which have been implemented in an increasing number of countries. Countries with early and high uptake rates of effective screening have exhibited major declines in CRC incidence and mortality, in contrast to most other countries. Finally, increasing evidence shows that the prognosis and quality of life of CRC patients can be substantially improved by tertiary prevention measures, such as the administration of low-dose aspirin and the promotion of physical activity.
Topics: Colorectal Neoplasms; Early Detection of Cancer; Epidemics; Healthy Lifestyle; Humans; Incidence; Primary Prevention; Prognosis; Risk Assessment; Secondary Prevention; Tertiary Prevention
PubMed: 30287914
DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0264-x -
Nutrients Feb 2020Proper nutrition plays a major role in preventing diseases and, therefore, nutritional interventions constitute crucial strategies in the field of Public Health.... (Review)
Review
Proper nutrition plays a major role in preventing diseases and, therefore, nutritional interventions constitute crucial strategies in the field of Public Health. Nutrigenomics and nutriproteomics are arising from the integration of nutritional, genomics and proteomics specialties in the era of postgenomics medicine. In particular, nutrigenomics and nutriproteomics focus on the interaction between nutrients and the human genome and proteome, respectively, providing insights into the role of diet in carcinogenesis. Further omics disciplines, like metabonomics, interactomics and microbiomics, are expected to provide a better understanding of nutrition and its underlying factors. These fields represent an unprecedented opportunity for the development of personalized diets in women at risk of developing breast cancer.
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Carcinogenesis; Diet; Female; Genome, Human; Humans; Metabolomics; Nutrients; Nutrigenomics; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Precision Medicine; Preventive Medicine; Proteome; Proteomics
PubMed: 32085420
DOI: 10.3390/nu12020512 -
CA: a Cancer Journal For Clinicians Jan 2018Contemporary information on the fraction of cancers that potentially could be prevented is useful for priority setting in cancer prevention and control. Herein, the...
Contemporary information on the fraction of cancers that potentially could be prevented is useful for priority setting in cancer prevention and control. Herein, the authors estimate the proportion and number of invasive cancer cases and deaths, overall (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers) and for 26 cancer types, in adults aged 30 years and older in the United States in 2014, that were attributable to major, potentially modifiable exposures (cigarette smoking; secondhand smoke; excess body weight; alcohol intake; consumption of red and processed meat; low consumption of fruits/vegetables, dietary fiber, and dietary calcium; physical inactivity; ultraviolet radiation; and 6 cancer-associated infections). The numbers of cancer cases were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Cancer Institute; the numbers of deaths were obtained from the CDC; risk factor prevalence estimates were obtained from nationally representative surveys; and associated relative risks of cancer were obtained from published, large-scale pooled analyses or meta-analyses. In the United States in 2014, an estimated 42.0% of all incident cancers (659,640 of 1570,975 cancers, excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers) and 45.1% of cancer deaths (265,150 of 587,521 deaths) were attributable to evaluated risk factors. Cigarette smoking accounted for the highest proportion of cancer cases (19.0%; 298,970 cases) and deaths (28.8%; 169,180 deaths), followed by excess body weight (7.8% and 6.5%, respectively) and alcohol intake (5.6% and 4.0%, respectively). Lung cancer had the highest number of cancers (184,970 cases) and deaths (132,960 deaths) attributable to evaluated risk factors, followed by colorectal cancer (76,910 cases and 28,290 deaths). These results, however, may underestimate the overall proportion of cancers attributable to modifiable factors, because the impact of all established risk factors could not be quantified, and many likely modifiable risk factors are not yet firmly established as causal. Nevertheless, these findings underscore the vast potential for reducing cancer morbidity and mortality through broad and equitable implementation of known preventive measures. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:31-54. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Forecasting; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Registries; Risk Factors; Risk Reduction Behavior; SEER Program; Survival Analysis; United States
PubMed: 29160902
DOI: 10.3322/caac.21440