-
Sexual Medicine Reviews Jan 2020Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women in the developing world. New technologies have been developed to allow for more rapid, cost-effective, and... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women in the developing world. New technologies have been developed to allow for more rapid, cost-effective, and sensitive cervical cancer screening and treatment.
AIM
The aim of this study was to describe methods for detection and treatment of human papillomavirus (HPV), cervical dysplasia (CD), and cervical cancer. New technologies and updated screening strategies will be emphasized.
METHODS
A literature search was conducted using PubMed to identify publications relevant to the subject.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Sensitivity and cost-effectiveness of new cervical cancer screening methods were the main outcome measures.
RESULTS
HPV and cervical cancer have a significant global impact. Research and innovations related to detection and treatment are key in reducing their burden worldwide.
CONCLUSION
Screening a woman for HPV and CD can dramatically decrease her risk of dying from cervical cancer. New, rapid, low-cost, HPV testing can allow for high-volume screening for the approximately 1.5 billion women who have never been screened. HPV screening can then be combined with high resolution digital colposcopy to detect CD. In the near future, these colposcopic images will be interpreted by artificial intelligence software. Detected lesions can then be treated easily and effectively with thermocoagulation. This see-and-treat model is a sensitive, efficient, and low-cost vision for the future. Bedell SL, Goldstein LS, Goldstein AR, et al. Cervical Cancer Screening: Past, Present, and Future. Sex Med Rev 2020;8:28-37.
Topics: Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Forecasting; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Uterine Cervical Dysplasia; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 31791846
DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.09.005 -
The Surgical Clinics of North America Oct 2015Cancer screening has long been an important component of the struggle to reduce the burden of morbidity and mortality from cancer. Notwithstanding this history, many... (Review)
Review
Cancer screening has long been an important component of the struggle to reduce the burden of morbidity and mortality from cancer. Notwithstanding this history, many aspects of cancer screening remain poorly understood. This article presents a summary of basic principles of cancer screening that are relevant for researchers, clinicians, and public health officials alike.
Topics: Canada; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Early Detection of Cancer; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Mass Screening; Neoplasms; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Predictive Value of Tests; Risk Assessment; Sensitivity and Specificity; United States
PubMed: 26315516
DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2015.05.009 -
Cancer Control : Journal of the Moffitt... Jan 2014Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Results from the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) have shown that low-dose computed tomography... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Results from the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) have shown that low-dose computed tomography (CT) is capable of detecting lung neoplasms in individuals at high risk. However, whether it is advantageous to perform lung cancer screening on these patients is a significant concern, as are the potential adverse outcomes from screening.
METHODS
A review of several randomized clinical trials, focusing on the NLST, was undertaken. Adverse outcomes and costs related to lung cancer screening were also examined.
RESULTS
Lung cancer screening using low-dose CT in high-risk individuals reduced lung cancer deaths by more than 20% when compared with those screened by chest radiography. False-positive results were seen in both groups, but the number of adverse events from the screening test and subsequent diagnostic procedures was low.
CONCLUSIONS
Lung cancer screening is controversial, but the NLST has demonstrated that such testing may reduce lung cancer deaths in high-risk individuals when performed with low-dose CT rather than chest radiography. Guidelines should be established to not only help identify an appropriate screening population, but also develop standards for radiological testing.
Topics: Cost-Benefit Analysis; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 24357736
DOI: 10.1177/107327481402100102 -
American Society of Clinical Oncology... 2015Screening in both healthy and high-risk populations offers the opportunity to detect cancer early and with an increased opportunity for treatment and curative intent.... (Review)
Review
Screening in both healthy and high-risk populations offers the opportunity to detect cancer early and with an increased opportunity for treatment and curative intent. Currently, a defined role for screening exists in some cancer types, but each screening test has limitations, and improved screening methods are urgently needed. Unfortunately, many cancers still lack effective screening recommendations, or in some cases, the benefits from screening are marginal when weighed against the potential for harm. Here we review the current status of cancer screening: we examine the role of traditional tumor biomarkers, describe recommended imaging for early tumor surveillance, and explore the potential of promising novel cancer markers such as circulating tumor cells (CTC) and circulating tumor DNA. Consistent challenges for all of these screening tests include limited sensitivity and specificity. The risk for overdiagnosis remains a particular concern in screening, whereby lesions of no clinical consequence may be detected and thus create difficult management decisions for the clinician and patient. If treatment is pursued following overdiagnosis, patients may be exposed to morbidity from a treatment that may not provide any true benefit. The cost-effectiveness of screening tests also needs to be an ongoing focus. The improvement of genomic and surveillance technologies, which leads to more precise imaging and the ability to characterize blood-based tumor markers of greater specificity, offers opportunities for major progress in cancer screening.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; DNA, Neoplasm; Diagnostic Imaging; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Neoplasms; Neoplastic Cells, Circulating
PubMed: 25993143
DOI: 10.14694/EdBook_AM.2015.35.57 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... May 2020Cytology-based screening has been a cornerstone of cervical cancer prevention for decades. Following extensive evidence demonstrating higher sensitivity and accuracy,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Cytology-based screening has been a cornerstone of cervical cancer prevention for decades. Following extensive evidence demonstrating higher sensitivity and accuracy, lower variability and better reproducibility of human papillomavirus (HPV)-based screening compared with conventional or liquid-based cytology, recent European guidelines strongly recommend primary HPV-based screening over standard cytology-based screening. In addition, HPV-based screening offers the possibility of self-sampling and makes possible longer screening intervals in women with negative screening results.
OBJECTIVES
We summarize the current status of implementation of HPV-based screening in Europe, describe the real-life experience and challenges from countries already performing HPV-based screening, and briefly review immediate and long-term plans for screening implementation in selected European countries.
SOURCES
Data were obtained from peer-reviewed literature, personal communication with experts and authorities involved in formulating national recommendations and practical guidelines, and relevant national websites.
CONTENT
As of July 2019, the Netherlands and Turkey are the only European countries with fully implemented national HPV-based cervical cancer screening. Italy, Sweden and Finland have already implemented HPV-based screening in several regions, and several other countries are at various stages of implementation. Some countries are considering transitioning from cytology-based to HPV-based screening, but are struggling with the suboptimal performance of current population-based programmes. Implementation of HPV-based screening has resulted in higher colposcopy referral rates, but also higher detection rates of CIN3+ lesions and cervical cancers requiring immediate treatment. Cytology is mostly used as a triage test, although other strategies are under consideration in some countries.
IMPLICATIONS
HPV-based screening is best suited in organized population-based screening settings. In 2019, cervical cancer screening policies across Europe vary greatly. Experience in countries with national and regional HPV-based screening already implemented is generally very positive. Urgent action is needed in many European countries, especially those with suboptimal opportunistic cytology-based cervical cancer screening.
Topics: Alphapapillomavirus; Cervix Uteri; Early Detection of Cancer; Europe; Female; Health Plan Implementation; Humans; Papillomavirus Infections; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 31539637
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.09.006 -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology 2020Oral cancer has emerged as a global health problem due to its relatively high incidence and mortality. Human saliva as a diagnostic fluid can offer an easy, inexpensive,... (Review)
Review
Oral cancer has emerged as a global health problem due to its relatively high incidence and mortality. Human saliva as a diagnostic fluid can offer an easy, inexpensive, safe and non-invasive approach for disease detection. Direct contact between saliva and oral cancer lesions make detection of salivary biomarkers for oral cancer especially attractive. Proteins are important molecules involved in pathological processes of oral cancer growth, apoptosis and metastasis. Proteins such as hormones, antibodies, enzymes and cytokines in saliva secreted by oral cancer cells or by host cells not only provide comprehensive pathological information of oral cancer but also are considered potential targets for non-invasive screening of oral cancer. This article provides a review of potential salivary proteomic biomarkers in oral cancer screening.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Liquid Biopsy; Mass Screening; Mouth Neoplasms; Proteome; Proteomics; Saliva
PubMed: 31950916
DOI: 10.21775/cimb.037.047 -
Cells Mar 2023Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide, partly owing to late detection which entails limited and often ineffective therapeutic options. Most cancers lack... (Review)
Review
Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide, partly owing to late detection which entails limited and often ineffective therapeutic options. Most cancers lack validated screening procedures, and the ones available disclose several drawbacks, leading to low patient compliance and unnecessary workups, adding up the costs to healthcare systems. Hence, there is a great need for innovative, accurate, and minimally invasive tools for early cancer detection. In recent years, multi-cancer early detection (MCED) tests emerged as a promising screening tool, combining molecular analysis of tumor-related markers present in body fluids with artificial intelligence to simultaneously detect a variety of cancers and further discriminate the underlying cancer type. Herein, we aim to provide a highlight of the variety of strategies currently under development concerning MCED, as well as the major factors which are preventing clinical implementation. Although MCED tests depict great potential for clinical application, large-scale clinical validation studies are still lacking.
Topics: Humans; Early Detection of Cancer; Artificial Intelligence; Neoplasms; Body Fluids; Hematologic Tests; Biomarkers, Tumor
PubMed: 36980276
DOI: 10.3390/cells12060935 -
CA: a Cancer Journal For Clinicians May 2019Each year, the American Cancer Society publishes a summary of its guidelines for early cancer detection, data and trends in cancer screening rates, and select issues... (Review)
Review
Each year, the American Cancer Society publishes a summary of its guidelines for early cancer detection, data and trends in cancer screening rates, and select issues related to cancer screening. In this issue of the journal, the current American Cancer Society cancer screening guidelines are summarized, and the most current data from the National Health Interview Survey are provided on the utilization of cancer screening for men and women and on the adherence of men and women to multiple recommended screening tests.
Topics: American Cancer Society; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Mass Screening; Practice Guidelines as Topic; United States
PubMed: 30875085
DOI: 10.3322/caac.21557 -
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of... Jul 2020
Topics: COVID-19; Colorectal Neoplasms; Early Detection of Cancer; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Humans; SARS-CoV-2; United States
PubMed: 32439092
DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2020.04.002 -
New genomic technologies for multi-cancer early detection: Rethinking the scope of cancer screening.Cancer Cell Feb 2022Cancers other than breast, colorectal, cervical, and lung do not have guideline-recommended screening. New multi-cancer early detection (MCED) tests-using a single blood...
Cancers other than breast, colorectal, cervical, and lung do not have guideline-recommended screening. New multi-cancer early detection (MCED) tests-using a single blood sample-have been developed based on circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) or other analytes. In this commentary, we review the current evidence on these tests, provide several major considerations for new MCED tests, and outline how their evaluation will need to differ from that established for traditional single-cancer screening tests.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Clinical Decision-Making; Disease Management; Disease Susceptibility; Early Detection of Cancer; Genomics; Humans; Neoplasms; Organ Specificity
PubMed: 35120599
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.01.012