Authors: Najjapak Sooksawat, Duangrat Inthorn, Apisit Chittawanij...

The phytoextraction ability and responses of sunn hemp, sunflower, and marigold plants were investigated toward carbaryl insecticide at 10 mg L and its degradative product (1-naphthol). All test plants exhibited significant carbaryl removal capability (65-93%) with different mechanisms. Marigold had the highest translocation factor, with carbaryl taken up, translocated and accumulated in the shoots, where it was biotransformed into 1-naphthol. Consequently, marigold had the least observable toxicity symptoms caused by carbaryl and the highest bioconcentration factor (1848), indicating its hyperaccumulating capability. Sunflower responded to carbaryl exposure differently, with the highest carbaryl accumulation (8.7 mg kg) in roots within 4 days of cultivation, leading to a partial toxicity effect. Sunn hemp exhibited severe toxicity, having the highest carbaryl accumulation (91.7 mg kg) that was biotransformed to 1-naphthol in the sunn hemp shoots. In addition, the different models were discussed on plant hormone formation in response to carbaryl exposure.

Topics: Helianthus; Hydroponics; Carbaryl; Cannabis; Plants

PubMed: 36554374
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416482

Authors: Daniel Elias, Melody J Bernot

Atrazine, metolachlor, carbaryl, and chlorothalonil are detected in streams throughout the U.S. at concentrations that may have adverse effects on benthic microbes. Sediment samples were exposed to these pesticides to quantify responses of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate uptake by the benthic microbial community. Control uptake rates of sediments had net remineralization of nitrate (-1.58 NO3 µg gdm⁻¹ h⁻¹), and net assimilation of phosphate (1.34 PO4 µg gdm⁻¹ h⁻¹) and ammonium (0.03 NH4 µg gdm⁻¹ h⁻¹). Metolachlor decreased ammonium and phosphate uptake. Chlorothalonil decreased nitrate remineralization and phosphate uptake. Nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate uptake rates are more pronounced in the presence of these pesticides due to microbial adaptations to toxicants. Our interpretation of pesticide availability based on their water/solid affinities supports no effects for atrazine and carbaryl, decreasing nitrate remineralization, and phosphate assimilation in response to chlorothalonil. Further, decreased ammonium and phosphate uptake in response to metolachlor is likely due to affinity. Because atrazine target autotrophs, and carbaryl synaptic activity, effects on benthic microbes were not hypothesized, consistent with results. Metolachlor and chlorothalonil (non-specific modes of action) had significant effects on sediment microbial nutrient dynamics. Thus, pesticides with a higher affinity to sediments and/or broad modes of action are likely to affect sediment microbes' nutrient dynamics than pesticides dissolved in water or specific modes of action. Predicted nutrient uptake rates were calculated at mean and peak concentrations of metolachlor and chlorothalonil in freshwaters using polynomial equations generated in this experiment. We concluded that in natural ecosystems, peak chlorothalonil and metolachlor concentrations could affect phosphate and ammonium by decreasing net assimilation, and nitrate uptake rates by decreasing remineralization, relative to mean concentrations of metolachlor and chlorothalonil. Our regression equations can complement models of nitrogen and phosphorus availability in streams to predict potential changes in nutrient dynamics in response to pesticides in freshwaters.

Topics: Acetamides; Atrazine; Carbaryl; Nitrates; Nitriles; Phosphates; Water Microbiology; Water Pollutants, Chemical

PubMed: 25275369
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109190

Authors: Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka

The majority of studies concerning the environmental behavior of hydrophobic pollutants in soil consider soil organic matter (SOM) content as a main factor influencing chemical retention, whereas the composition of SOM and its individual fraction share are often neglected. In the present paper, carbaryl, carbofuran and metolachlor retention by loamy sand and loam topsoil materials is compared and referred to humic acids (CHA) and the residual carbon (CR) content of SOM. Additionally, the sorption-desorption behavior of agrochemicals in soils was tested at a pH of three to seven. Calculated isothermal parameters point to favorable, spontaneous and physical pesticide sorption. Groundwater ubiquity score (GUS) indexes confirmed the low leaching ability of metolachlor on soils and moderate of carbofuran. The high affinity of carbaryl to CR may explain its pronounced sorption in loam soil and the lowest percolation potential. Carbofuran retention in soils was associated with montmorillonite (Mt) and CR fractions. Meanwhile, metolachlor uptake was related to humic acid and Mt content of the soils. Lower pH enhanced retention of the agrochemicals, except for carbaryl sorption in sandy loam soil. Results of this study highlight that SOM composition and mutual share of individual organic carbon fractions alongside pH may play a crucial role in predicting non-ionic pesticide behavior in soil.

PubMed: 37513424
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145552

Development of a Sensitive and Fast Determination Method for Trace Carbaryl Residues in Food Samples Based on Magnetic COF (TpPa-NH)@FeO Nanoparticles and Fluorescence Detection.

Authors: Juanli Du, Hao Wu, Xu Jing...

Developing a simple and effective method for measuring carbaryl residues in food is urgent due to its widespread use and the associated health risks in agriculture, as well as various defects in existing detection techniques. The COF (TpPa-NH)@FeO nanocomposite (amino modification) was synthesized via a two-step method and used as an adsorbent for the extraction of carbaryl from food samples in this study. The results indicated that COF (TpPa-NH)@FeO can rapidly and successfully capture carbaryl directly from samples via π-π stacking and hydrophobic interactions, achieving maximum adsorption within 5 min under a small adsorbent quantity using a fluorescence spectrophotometer. Under the optimized conditions, carbaryl exhibited good linearity in the range of 0.2-120 µg·kg, and the limit of detection was 0.012 µg·kg. The recoveries of the samples were 96.0-107.4%. This method has broad application prospects for the monitoring of carbaryl in food.

PubMed: 36230207
DOI: 10.3390/foods11193130

Review

Authors: Jiraporn Chittrakul, Ratana Sapbamrer, Wachiranun Sirikul...

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease that affects people all over the world and can be caused by a variety of factors. Exposure to pesticides is one of the risk factors for the development of RA. However, the evidence of exposure to pesticides linked with the development of RA is still controversial. This study aimed to investigate the association between exposure to pesticides and RA by a systematic review of relevant literature and a meta-analysis. Full-text articles published in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar between 1956 and 2021 were reviewed and evaluated. A total of eight studies were eligible for inclusion (two cohort studies, four case-control studies, and two cross-sectional studies). The adjusted odds ratio for pesticide exposure on RA was 1.20 for insecticides (95% CI = 1.12-1.28), 0.98 for herbicides (95% CI = 0.89-1.08), 1.04 for fungicides (95% CI = 0.86-1.27), and 1.15 in for non-specific pesticides (95% CI = 1.09-1.21). There is some evidence to suggest that exposure to insecticides (especially fonofos, carbaryl, and guanidines) contributes to an increased risk of RA. However, the evidence is limited because of a small number of studies. Therefore, further epidemiological studies are needed to substantiate this conclusion.

PubMed: 35622621
DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050207

Authors: Min-Ling Liu, Zi-Jian Chen, Xiao-Qing Huang...

The simultaneous determination of carbaryl and its metabolite 1-naphthol is essential for risk assessment of pesticide exposure in agricultural and environmental samples. Herein, several bispecific nanobodies (BsNbs) with different lengths of hydrophilic linkers and junction sites were prepared and characterized for the simultaneous recognition of carbaryl and its metabolite 1-naphthol. It was found that the affinity of BsNbs to the analytes could be regulated by controlling linker length and linking terminal. Additionally, molecular simulation revealed that linker lengths affected the conformation of BsNbs, leading to alteration in sensitivity. The BsNb with GS linker, named GS-C-N-VHH, showing good thermal stability and sensitivity was used to develop a bispecific indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Bic-ELISA). The assay demonstrated a limit of detection of 0.8 ng/mL for carbaryl and 0.4 ng/mL for 1-naphthol in buffer system. Good recoveries from soil and rice samples were obtained, ranging from 80.0% to 112.7% (carbaryl) and 76.5%-110.8% (1-naphthol), respectively. Taken together, this study firstly provided a BsNb with high sensitivity and efficiency against environmental pesticide and its metabolite, and firstly used molecular dynamics simulation to explore the influence of linker on recognition. The results are valuable for the application of immunoassay with high efficiency in the fields of environment and agriculture.

Topics: Carbaryl; Insecticides; Oryza; Soil; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

PubMed: 37517641
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122265

Authors: Nurul Illya Muhamad Fauzi, Yap Wing Fen, Faten Bashar Kamal Eddin...

In this study, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite was prepared and then coated on the surface of gold thin film via the spin coating technique. Subsequently, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) were adopted to understand the structure, surface morphology, and optical properties of the prepared samples. The FT-IR spectral analysis revealed important bands, such as O-H stretching, C=O stretching, C-H stretching, and O=C=O stretching vibrations. The surface roughness of the GQDs-PVA composite thin film was found to be increased after exposure to carbaryl. On the other hand, the optical absorbance of the GQDs-PVA thin film was obtained and further analysis was conducted, revealing a band gap value of 4.090 eV. The sensing potential of the thin film was analyzed using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. The findings demonstrated that the developed sensor's lowest detection limit for carbaryl was 0.001 ppb, which was lower than that previously reported, i.e., 0.007 ppb. Moreover, other sensing performance parameters, such as full width at half maximum, detection accuracy, and signal-to-noise ratio, were also investigated to evaluate the sensor's efficiency.

PubMed: 36432389
DOI: 10.3390/nano12224105

Authors: Sipho Sithole, Ngitheni Winnie-Kate Nyoka, Michel Mathurin Kamdem...

Dietary restriction (DR) and dietary deprivation (DD) have been shown to be significantly beneficial in terms of lifespan gains and stress alleviation in invertebrate and vertebrate species. Such beneficial effects, however, have yet to be clearly assessed in the presence of chemical stressors. We conducted a comparative evaluation of the toxicity of carbaryl in Eisenia fetida individuals subjected to a full diet (FD), DR and DD. For 14 days, groups of ten worms subjected to FD received 5 g oatmeal, those subjected to DR received 2.5 g oatmeal, and those subjected to DD received 0 g oatmeal weekly. We evaluated concentrations of 0, 7, 14 and 28 mg carbaryl.kg soil and measured effects on survival, reproduction, biomass and biomarkers (Catalase- CAT and acetylcholine esterase- AChE). Carbaryl caused a total inhibition of reproduction in all the treatments. For each diet level, the 14-day LC were higher than 28 mg.kg, but the 14-day LC for the earthworms subjected to FD, DR, and DD were 11.24, 20.51 and > 28 mg.kg, respectively. This showed that the toxicity of carbaryl consistently decreased with the reduction in nutrients. Carbaryl caused a significant weight loss in the worms subjected to FD in the 7 mg.kg treatment (P = 0.0065). Such weight loss was not found in any of the other treatments and diets. Both CAT and AChE were significantly inhibited in the two highest treatments (P = 0.0071 and P = 0.0073, respectively). Interestingly, the earthworms subjected to DD showed relatively lower biomarker inhibition, indicating a greater tolerance to oxidative and neurotoxic stresses in these starved earthworms. For all endpoints investigated, aside from reproduction, the starved earthworms fared better under carbaryl toxicity than those given the other diets. Overall, a positive correlation was observed between the amount of food and chemical toxicity as mortality rates, AChE and CAT inhibition increased with the increased amount of nutrients given to the worms. These results show that, in the presence of a chemical stressor, the beneficial effects of DR and DD were variably manifest for select lifecycle parameters and biomarker responses, further suggesting dietary reduction as a non-genetic intervention that could help extend lifespan and alleviate stress even under a chemical insult.

Topics: Animals; Carbaryl; Acetylcholinesterase; Oligochaeta; Catalase; Diet; Biomarkers; Soil Pollutants; Soil

PubMed: 37517307
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115293

Authors: Marcía N Snyder, W Matthew Henderson, Donna A Glinski...

One of the biggest challenges in ecological risk assessment is determining the impact of multiple stressors on individual organisms and populations in real world scenarios. Frequently, data derived from laboratory studies of single stressors are used to estimate risk parameters and do not adequately address scenarios where other stressors exist. Emerging 'omic technologies, notably metabolomics, provide an opportunity to address the uncertainties surrounding ecological risk assessment of multiple stressors. The objective of this study was to use metabolomic profiling to investigate the effect of multiple stressors on amphibian metamorphs. We exposed post-metamorphosis (180 days) southern leopard frogs (Lithobates sphenocephala) to the insecticide carbaryl (480 μg/L), predation stress, and a combined pesticide and predation stress treatment. Corticosterone analysis revealed mild support for an induction in response to predation stress alone but strongly suggests that carbaryl exposure, alone or in combination with predation cues, can significantly elevate this known biomarker in amphibians. Metabolomics analysis accurately classed, based on relative nearness, carbaryl and predation induced changes in the hepatic metabolome and biochemical fluxes appear to be associated with a similar biological response. Support vector machine analysis with recursive feature elimination of the acquired metabolomic spectra demonstrated 85-96% classification accuracy among control and all treatment groups when using the top 75 ranked retention time bins. Biochemical fluxes observed in the groups exposed to carbaryl, predation, and the combined treatment include amino acids, sugar derivatives, and purine nucleotides. Ultimately, this methodology could be used to interpret short-term toxicity assays and the presence of environmental stressors to overall metabolomic effects in non-target organisms.

Topics: Animals; Carbaryl; Larva; Metabolomics; Pesticides; Ranidae

PubMed: 35598671
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155666