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International Journal of Environmental... Apr 2022This study aimed to assess the physicochemical, microbiological and toxicological hazards at an illegal landfill in central Poland. The research included the analysis of...
This study aimed to assess the physicochemical, microbiological and toxicological hazards at an illegal landfill in central Poland. The research included the analysis of airborne dust (laser photometer), the number of microorganisms in the air, soil and leachate (culture method) and the microbial diversity in the landfill environment (high-throughput sequencing on the Illumina Miseq); the cytotoxicity () and genotoxicity (alkaline comet assay) of soil and leachate were tested. Moreover, an analysis of UHPLC-Q-ToF-UHRMS (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry) was performed to determine the toxic compounds and microbial metabolites. The PM dust fraction constituted 99.89% and 99.99% of total dust and exceeded the threshold of 0.025 mg m at the tested locations. In the air, the total number of bacteria was 9.33 × 10-1.11 × 10 CFU m, while fungi ranged from 1.17 × 10 to 4.73 × 10 CFU m. Psychrophilic bacteria were detected in the largest number in leachates (3.3 × 10 to 2.69 × 10 CFU mL) and in soil samples (8.53 × 10 to 1.28 × 10 CFU g). Bacteria belonging to Proteobacteria (42-64.7%), Bacteroidetes (4.2-23.7%), Actinobacteria (3.4-19.8%) and Firmicutes (0.7-6.3%) dominated. In the case of fungi, Basidiomycota (23.3-27.7%), Ascomycota (5.6-46.3%) and Mortierellomycota (3.1%) have the highest abundance. Bacteria (, , , , ) and fungi (, , , , , , , , , ) that are potentially hazardous to human health were detected in samples collected from the landfill. Tested leachates and soils were characterised by varied cyto/genotoxins. Common pesticides (carbamazepine, prometryn, terbutryn, permethrin, carbanilide, pyrethrin, carbaryl and prallethrin), quaternary ammonium compounds (benzalkonium chlorides), chemicals and/or polymer degradation products (melamine, triphenylphosphate, diphenylphtalate, insect repellent diethyltoluamide, and drugs (ketoprofen)) were found in soil and leachate samples. It has been proven that the tested landfill is the source of the emission of particulate matter; microorganisms (including potential pathogens) and cyto/genotoxic compounds.
Topics: Air Microbiology; Bacteria; Dust; Fungi; Humans; Poland; Soil; Waste Disposal Facilities
PubMed: 35457694
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084826 -
Toxics Apr 2022Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease that affects people all over the world and can be caused by a variety of factors. Exposure to pesticides is one of the risk... (Review)
Review
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease that affects people all over the world and can be caused by a variety of factors. Exposure to pesticides is one of the risk factors for the development of RA. However, the evidence of exposure to pesticides linked with the development of RA is still controversial. This study aimed to investigate the association between exposure to pesticides and RA by a systematic review of relevant literature and a meta-analysis. Full-text articles published in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar between 1956 and 2021 were reviewed and evaluated. A total of eight studies were eligible for inclusion (two cohort studies, four case-control studies, and two cross-sectional studies). The adjusted odds ratio for pesticide exposure on RA was 1.20 for insecticides (95% CI = 1.12-1.28), 0.98 for herbicides (95% CI = 0.89-1.08), 1.04 for fungicides (95% CI = 0.86-1.27), and 1.15 in for non-specific pesticides (95% CI = 1.09-1.21). There is some evidence to suggest that exposure to insecticides (especially fonofos, carbaryl, and guanidines) contributes to an increased risk of RA. However, the evidence is limited because of a small number of studies. Therefore, further epidemiological studies are needed to substantiate this conclusion.
PubMed: 35622621
DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050207 -
The Journal of Pharmacology and... Feb 2021Integrated in silico chemical clustering and melatonin receptor molecular modeling combined with in vitro 2-[I]-iodomelatonin competition binding were used to identify...
Integrated in silico chemical clustering and melatonin receptor molecular modeling combined with in vitro 2-[I]-iodomelatonin competition binding were used to identify carbamate insecticides with affinity for human melatonin receptor 1 (hMT) and human melatonin receptor 2 (hMT). Saturation and kinetic binding studies with 2-[I]-iodomelatonin revealed lead carbamates (carbaryl, fenobucarb, bendiocarb, carbofuran) to be orthosteric ligands with antagonist apparent efficacy at hMT and agonist apparent efficacy at hMT Furthermore, using quantitative receptor autoradiography in coronal brain slices from C3H/HeN mice, carbaryl, fenobucarb, and bendiocarb competed for 2-[I]-iodomelatonin binding in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT), and pars tuberalis (PT) with affinities similar to those determined for the hMT receptor. Carbaryl (10 mg/kg i.p.) administered in vivo also competed ex vivo for 2-[I]-iodomelatonin binding to the SCN, PVT, and PT, demonstrating the ability to reach brain melatonin receptors in C3H/HeN mice. Furthermore, the same dose of carbaryl given to C3H/HeN mice in constant dark for three consecutive days at subjective dusk (circadian time 10) phase-advanced circadian activity rhythms (mean = 0.91 hours) similar to melatonin (mean = 1.12 hours) when compared with vehicle (mean = 0.04 hours). Carbaryl-mediated phase shift of overt circadian activity rhythm onset is likely mediated via interactions with SCN melatonin receptors. Based on the pharmacological actions of carbaryl and other carbamate insecticides at melatonin receptors, exposure may modulate time-of-day information conveyed to the master biologic clock relevant to adverse health outcomes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In silico chemical clustering and molecular modeling in conjunction with in vitro bioassays identified several carbamate insecticides (i.e., carbaryl, carbofuran, fenobucarb, bendiocarb) as pharmacologically active orthosteric melatonin receptor 1 and 2 ligands. This work further demonstrated that carbaryl competes for melatonin receptor binding in the master biological clock (suprachiasmatic nucleus) and phase-advances overt circadian activity rhythms in C3H/HeN mice, supporting the relevance of circadian effects when interpreting toxicological findings related to carbamate insecticide exposure.
Topics: Animals; Binding Sites; Brain; CHO Cells; Carbamates; Circadian Rhythm; Cricetinae; Cricetulus; Humans; Insecticides; Male; Mice; Molecular Docking Simulation; Protein Binding; Receptors, Melatonin
PubMed: 33203660
DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000065 -
The Science of the Total Environment Sep 2022One of the biggest challenges in ecological risk assessment is determining the impact of multiple stressors on individual organisms and populations in real world...
One of the biggest challenges in ecological risk assessment is determining the impact of multiple stressors on individual organisms and populations in real world scenarios. Frequently, data derived from laboratory studies of single stressors are used to estimate risk parameters and do not adequately address scenarios where other stressors exist. Emerging 'omic technologies, notably metabolomics, provide an opportunity to address the uncertainties surrounding ecological risk assessment of multiple stressors. The objective of this study was to use metabolomic profiling to investigate the effect of multiple stressors on amphibian metamorphs. We exposed post-metamorphosis (180 days) southern leopard frogs (Lithobates sphenocephala) to the insecticide carbaryl (480 μg/L), predation stress, and a combined pesticide and predation stress treatment. Corticosterone analysis revealed mild support for an induction in response to predation stress alone but strongly suggests that carbaryl exposure, alone or in combination with predation cues, can significantly elevate this known biomarker in amphibians. Metabolomics analysis accurately classed, based on relative nearness, carbaryl and predation induced changes in the hepatic metabolome and biochemical fluxes appear to be associated with a similar biological response. Support vector machine analysis with recursive feature elimination of the acquired metabolomic spectra demonstrated 85-96% classification accuracy among control and all treatment groups when using the top 75 ranked retention time bins. Biochemical fluxes observed in the groups exposed to carbaryl, predation, and the combined treatment include amino acids, sugar derivatives, and purine nucleotides. Ultimately, this methodology could be used to interpret short-term toxicity assays and the presence of environmental stressors to overall metabolomic effects in non-target organisms.
Topics: Animals; Carbaryl; Larva; Metabolomics; Pesticides; Ranidae
PubMed: 35598671
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155666 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Dec 2018Carbaryl is the most widely used carbamate family pesticide, and its persistent nature causes it to pollute both soil and water ecosystems. Microbes maintain the Earth's...
Carbaryl is the most widely used carbamate family pesticide, and its persistent nature causes it to pollute both soil and water ecosystems. Microbes maintain the Earth's biogeochemical cycles by metabolizing various compounds present in the matter, including xenobiotics, as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy. Soil isolate sp. strain C5pp metabolizes carbaryl efficiently as the carbon source. Periplasmic carbaryl hydrolase catalyzes the conversion of carbaryl to 1-naphthol and methylamine. 1-Naphthol was further used as a carbon source via gentisate, whereas the metabolic fate of methylamine is not known. Here, we demonstrate that strain C5pp showed efficient growth on carbaryl when supplied as a carbon and nitrogen source, suggesting that the methylamine generated was used as the nitrogen source. Genes involved in the methylamine metabolism were annotated and characterized at the biochemical and molecular level. Transcriptional and enzyme activity studies corroborate that the γ-glutamylmethylamide/-methylglutamate (GMA/NMG) pathway is involved in the metabolism of carbaryl and methylamine as a nitrogen source. Compared to carbaryl, methylamine was found to be an effective inducer for the metabolic and transporter genes. Strain C5pp also harbored genes involved in sarcosine metabolism that were cotranscribed and induced by sarcosine. The presence of inducible pathways for metabolism of carbaryl as a nitrogen and carbon source helps in complete and efficient mineralization of carbaryl by strain C5pp, thereby maintaining the biogeochemical cycles. The degradation of xenobiotics plays a significant role in the environment to maintain ecological systems as well as to prevent the imbalance of biogeochemical cycles via carbon-nitrogen cycling. Carbaryl is the most widely used pesticide from the carbamate family. sp. strain C5pp, capable of utilizing carbaryl as a carbon and nitrogen source for its growth, subsequently helps in complete remediation of carbaryl. Thus, it maintains the ecosystem by balancing the biogeochemical cycles. The metabolic versatility and genetic diversity of strain C5pp for the transformation of contaminants like carbaryl and 1-naphthol into less harmful products make it a suitable candidate from the perspective of bioremediation.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Bacterial Proteins; Biodegradation, Environmental; Carbamates; Carbaryl; Carbon; Carbon Cycle; Cloning, Molecular; Ecosystem; Escherichia coli; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Gentisates; Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase; Hydrolases; Kinetics; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Methylamines; Multigene Family; Naphthols; Nitrogen; Nitrogen Cycle; Periplasm; Pseudomonas; Sarcosine; Sequence Alignment; Soil Microbiology; Xenobiotics
PubMed: 30315077
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01866-18 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2022The phytoextraction ability and responses of sunn hemp, sunflower, and marigold plants were investigated toward carbaryl insecticide at 10 mg L and its degradative...
The phytoextraction ability and responses of sunn hemp, sunflower, and marigold plants were investigated toward carbaryl insecticide at 10 mg L and its degradative product (1-naphthol). All test plants exhibited significant carbaryl removal capability (65-93%) with different mechanisms. Marigold had the highest translocation factor, with carbaryl taken up, translocated and accumulated in the shoots, where it was biotransformed into 1-naphthol. Consequently, marigold had the least observable toxicity symptoms caused by carbaryl and the highest bioconcentration factor (1848), indicating its hyperaccumulating capability. Sunflower responded to carbaryl exposure differently, with the highest carbaryl accumulation (8.7 mg kg) in roots within 4 days of cultivation, leading to a partial toxicity effect. Sunn hemp exhibited severe toxicity, having the highest carbaryl accumulation (91.7 mg kg) that was biotransformed to 1-naphthol in the sunn hemp shoots. In addition, the different models were discussed on plant hormone formation in response to carbaryl exposure.
Topics: Helianthus; Hydroponics; Carbaryl; Cannabis; Plants
PubMed: 36554374
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416482 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Aug 2021Carbaryl is the representative of carbamate insecticide. As an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, it poses potential threat to humans and other non-target organisms....
Carbaryl is the representative of carbamate insecticide. As an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, it poses potential threat to humans and other non-target organisms. Agrobacterium sp. XWY-2, which could grow with carbaryl as the sole carbon source, was isolated and characterized. The carH gene, encoding a carbaryl hydrolase, was cloned from strain XWY-2 and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). CarH was able to hydrolyze carbamate pesticides including carbaryl, carbofuran, isoprocarb, propoxur and fenobucarb efficiently, while it hydrolyzed oxamyl and aldicarb poorly. The optimal pH of CarH was 8.0 and the optimal temperature was 30 ℃. The apparent K and k values of CarH for carbaryl were 38.01 ± 2.81 μM and 0.33 ± 0.01 s, respectively. The point mutation experiment demonstrated that His341, His343, His346, His416 and D437 are the key sites for CarH to hydrolyze carbaryl.
PubMed: 34416635
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112666 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Feb 2022Previously, a LysR family transcriptional regulator, McbG, that activates the gene cluster involved in the upstream pathway (from carbaryl to salicylate) of carbaryl...
Two LysR Family Transcriptional Regulators, McbH and McbN, Activate the Operons Responsible for the Midstream and Downstream Pathways, Respectively, of Carbaryl Degradation in Pseudomonas sp. Strain XWY-1.
Previously, a LysR family transcriptional regulator, McbG, that activates the gene cluster involved in the upstream pathway (from carbaryl to salicylate) of carbaryl degradation in Pseudomonas sp. strain XWY-1 was identified by us (Z. Ke, Y. Zhou, W. Jiang, M. Zhang, et al., Appl Environ Microbiol 87:e02970-20, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02970-20). In this study, we identified McbH and McbN, which activate the cluster (responsible for the midstream pathway, from salicylate to gentisate) and the cluster (responsible for the downstream pathway, from gentisate to pyruvate and fumarate), respectively. They both belong to the LysR family of transcriptional regulators. Gene disruption and complementation study reveal that McbH is essential for transcription of the cluster in response to salicylate and McbN is indispensable for the transcription of the cluster in response to gentisate. The results of electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and DNase I footprinting showed that McbH binds to the 52-bp motif in the promoter area and McbN binds to the 58-bp motif in the promoter area. The key sequence of McbH binding to the promoter is a 13-bp motif that conforms to the typical characteristics of the LysR family. However, the 12-bp motif that is different from the typical characteristics of the LysR family regulator binding site sequence is identified as the key sequence for McbN to bind to the promoter. This study revealed the regulatory mechanisms for the midstream and downstream pathways of carbaryl degradation in strain XWY-1 and further our knowledge of (and the size of) the LysR transcription regulator family. The enzyme-encoding genes involved in the complete degradation pathway of carbaryl in Pseudomonas sp. strain XWY-1 include , , and . Previous studies demonstrated that the gene, responsible for hydrolysis of carbaryl to 1-naphthol, is constitutively expressed and that the transcription of was regulated by McbG. However, the transcription regulation mechanisms of and have not been investigated yet. In this study, we identified two LysR-type transcriptional regulators, McbH and McbN, which activate the cluster (responsible for the degradation of salicylate to gentisate) and the cluster (responsible for the degradation of gentisate to pyruvate and fumarate), respectively. The 13-bp motif is critical for McbH to bind to the promoter of , and 12-bp motif different from the typical characteristics of the LysR-type transcriptional regulator (LTTR) binding sequence affects the binding of McbN to the promoter. These findings help to expand the understanding of the regulatory mechanism of microbial degradation of carbaryl.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Carbaryl; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Gentisates; Operon; Pseudomonas; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 34936841
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02060-21 -
Bulletin of the World Health... 1971Methylcarbamate insecticides undergo hydrolysis, oxidation, dealkylation, and conjugation in animals, plants, and insects to form similar or identical products. Carbaryl... (Review)
Review
Methylcarbamate insecticides undergo hydrolysis, oxidation, dealkylation, and conjugation in animals, plants, and insects to form similar or identical products. Carbaryl is hydroxylated in biological systems to form hydroxy, dihydro-dihydroxy, and N-hydroxymethyl carbaryl and is hydrolysed to form 1-naphthol. The products are conjugated, stored, or excreted. Carbofuran is hydroxylated at the 3 position and propoxur at the 5 position to form hydroxylated derivatives. N-hydroxymethyl derivatives of these two carbamates may also be formed. Hydrolysis appears to be the major metabolic pathway of carbofuran in the animal. Aldicarb is oxidized to its sulfoxide and then hydrolysed to the oxime sulfoxide in animals and plants. Plants hydrolyse the oxime sulfoxide to form the corresponding aldehyde, which is an intermediate in the formation of 2-methyl-2-(methyl-sulfinyl)propanol. Methomyl, which is structurally similar to aldicarb, is metabolized in plants to acetonitrile, carbon dioxide, and methylamine. Bux and Meobal undergo hydrolysis and hydroxylation to form N-hydroxy methylcarbamates, as well as hydroxybutylphenyl and hydroxymethylphenyl methylcarbamates. Zectran, which contains a dimethylamino group, is converted to the methylamino, amino, and methylformamido derivatives by insects and plants. In soil and water, methylcarbamate insecticides are hydrolysed to their respective phenols or oximes.
Topics: 1-Propanol; Animals; Benzofurans; Carbamates; Carbaryl; Carbon Isotopes; Cattle; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Dogs; Hydrolysis; Imines; Insecta; Insecticides; Methylamines; Microsomes, Liver; Oxidation-Reduction; Oximes; Plants; Rats; Sulfides; Xylenes
PubMed: 4999481
DOI: No ID Found