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Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Jan 2021
Review
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Carbohydrates; Disaccharides; Fructose; Gluconeogenesis; Glucose; Glycogen; Glycolysis; Homeostasis; Humans; Insulin; Monosaccharides
PubMed: 33397651
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040568 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2020Carbohydrate-active enzymes are responsible for both the biosynthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates [...].
Carbohydrate-active enzymes are responsible for both the biosynthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates [...].
Topics: Bacteria; Carbohydrates; Fungi; Glycoconjugates; Glycoside Hydrolases; Glycosyltransferases
PubMed: 32326403
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082727 -
Drug Discovery Today. Technologies Dec 2020Carbohydrate adjuvants are safe and biocompatible compounds usable as sustained delivery systems and stimulants of ongoing humoral and cellular immune responses, being... (Review)
Review
Carbohydrate adjuvants are safe and biocompatible compounds usable as sustained delivery systems and stimulants of ongoing humoral and cellular immune responses, being especially suitable for the development of vaccines against intracellular pathogens where alum is useless. The development of new adjuvants is difficult and expensive, however, in the last two years, seven new carbohydrate-based adjuvants have been patented, also there are twelve ongoing clinical trials of vaccines that contain carbohydrate-based adjuvants, as well as numerous publications on their mechanism of action and safety. More research is necessary to improve the existent adjuvants and develop innovative ones.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Carbohydrates; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Development; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Humoral; Models, Animal; Vaccination
PubMed: 33388128
DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.09.005 -
Genes and Immunity Aug 2020Carbohydrate-specific antibodies are widespread among all classes of immunoglobulins. Despite their broad occurrence, little is known about their formation and... (Review)
Review
Carbohydrate-specific antibodies are widespread among all classes of immunoglobulins. Despite their broad occurrence, little is known about their formation and biological significance. Carbohydrate-specific antibodies are often classified as natural antibodies under the assumption that they arise without prior exposure to exogenous antigens. On the other hand, various carbohydrate-specific antibodies, including antibodies to ABO blood group antigens, emerge after the contact of immune cells with the intestinal microbiota, which expresses a vast diversity of carbohydrate antigens. Here we explore the development of carbohydrate-specific antibodies in humans, addressing the definition of natural antibodies and the production of carbohydrate-specific antibodies upon antigen stimulation. We focus on the significance of the intestinal microbiota in shaping carbohydrate-specific antibodies not just in the gut, but also in the blood circulation. The structural similarity between bacterial carbohydrate antigens and surface glycoconjugates of protists, fungi and animals leads to the production of carbohydrate-specific antibodies protective against a broad range of pathogens. Mimicry between bacterial and human glycoconjugates, however, can also lead to the generation of carbohydrate-specific antibodies that cross-react with human antigens, thereby contributing to the development of autoimmune disorders.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Antigen Presentation; Autoimmunity; Carbohydrates; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Glycoconjugates; Humans
PubMed: 32753697
DOI: 10.1038/s41435-020-0105-9 -
Chemical Society Reviews May 2013In the last decade, carbohydrate microarrays have been core technologies for analyzing carbohydrate-mediated recognition events in a high-throughput fashion. A number of... (Review)
Review
In the last decade, carbohydrate microarrays have been core technologies for analyzing carbohydrate-mediated recognition events in a high-throughput fashion. A number of methods have been exploited for immobilizing glycans on the solid surface in a microarray format. This microarray-based technology has been widely employed for rapid analysis of the glycan binding properties of lectins and antibodies, the quantitative measurements of glycan-protein interactions, detection of cells and pathogens, identification of disease-related anti-glycan antibodies for diagnosis, and fast assessment of substrate specificities of glycosyltransferases. This review covers the construction of carbohydrate microarrays, detection methods of carbohydrate microarrays and their applications in biological and biomedical research.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Bacterial Proteins; Biomarkers; Carbohydrates; Humans; Lectins; Microarray Analysis; Polysaccharides; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 23192235
DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35401b -
Chemical Reviews Sep 2018
Topics: Carbohydrates; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Organic
PubMed: 30205688
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00512 -
The British Journal of Nutrition Oct 2013Intermittent energy restriction may result in greater improvements in insulin sensitivity and weight control than daily energy restriction (DER). We tested two... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Intermittent energy restriction may result in greater improvements in insulin sensitivity and weight control than daily energy restriction (DER). We tested two intermittent energy and carbohydrate restriction (IECR) regimens, including one which allowed ad libitum protein and fat (IECR+PF). Overweight women (n 115) aged 20 and 69 years with a family history of breast cancer were randomised to an overall 25 % energy restriction, either as an IECR (2500-2717 kJ/d, < 40 g carbohydrate/d for 2 d/week) or a 25 % DER (approximately 6000 kJ/d for 7 d/week) or an IECR+PF for a 3-month weight-loss period and 1 month of weight maintenance (IECR or IECR+PF for 1 d/week). Insulin resistance reduced with the IECR diets (mean - 0·34 (95% CI - 0·66, - 0·02) units) and the IECR+PF diet (mean - 0·38 (95% CI - 0·75, - 0·01) units). Reductions with the IECR diets were significantly greater compared with the DER diet (mean 0·2 (95% CI - 0·19, 0·66) μU/unit, P= 0·02). Both IECR groups had greater reductions in body fat compared with the DER group (IECR: mean - 3·7 (95% CI - 2·5, - 4·9) kg, P= 0·007; IECR+PF: mean - 3·7 (95% CI - 2·8, - 4·7) kg, P= 0·019; DER: mean - 2·0 (95% CI - 1·0, 3·0) kg). During the weight maintenance phase, 1 d of IECR or IECR+PF per week maintained the reductions in insulin resistance and weight. In the short term, IECR is superior to DER with respect to improved insulin sensitivity and body fat reduction. Longer-term studies into the safety and effectiveness of IECR diets are warranted.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adiposity; Adult; Aged; Body Weight; Breast Neoplasms; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Diet, Reducing; Dietary Carbohydrates; Energy Intake; Family Health; Female; Homeostasis; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Metabolic Diseases; Middle Aged; Overweight; Patient Compliance; Weight Loss
PubMed: 23591120
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114513000792 -
Accounts of Chemical Research Apr 2013The recognition of saccharides by proteins has far reaching implications in biology, technology, and drug design. Within the past two decades, researchers have directed...
The recognition of saccharides by proteins has far reaching implications in biology, technology, and drug design. Within the past two decades, researchers have directed considerable effort toward a detailed understanding of these processes. Early crystallographic studies revealed, not surprisingly, that hydrogen-bonding interactions are usually involved in carbohydrate recognition. But less expectedly, researchers observed that despite the highly hydrophilic character of most sugars, aromatic rings of the receptor often play an important role in carbohydrate recognition. With further research, scientists now accept that noncovalent interactions mediated by aromatic rings are pivotal to sugar binding. For example, aromatic residues often stack against the faces of sugar pyranose rings in complexes between proteins and carbohydrates. Such contacts typically involve two or three CH groups of the pyranoses and the π electron density of the aromatic ring (called CH/π bonds), and these interactions can exhibit a variety of geometries, with either parallel or nonparallel arrangements of the aromatic and sugar units. In this Account, we provide an overview of the structural and thermodynamic features of protein-carbohydrate interactions, theoretical and experimental efforts to understand stacking in these complexes, and the implications of this understanding for chemical biology. The interaction energy between different aromatic rings and simple monosaccharides based on quantum mechanical calculations in the gas phase ranges from 3 to 6 kcal/mol range. Experimental values measured in water are somewhat smaller, approximately 1.5 kcal/mol for each interaction between a monosaccharide and an aromatic ring. This difference illustrates the dependence of these intermolecular interactions on their context and shows that this stacking can be modulated by entropic and solvent effects. Despite their relatively modest influence on the stability of carbohydrate/protein complexes, the aromatic platforms play a major role in determining the specificity of the molecular recognition process. The recognition of carbohydrate/aromatic interactions has prompted further analysis of the properties that influence them. Using a variety of experimental and theoretical methods, researchers have worked to quantify carbohydrate/aromatic stacking and identify the features that stabilize these complexes. Researchers have used site-directed mutagenesis, organic synthesis, or both to incorporate modifications in the receptor or ligand and then quantitatively analyzed the structural and thermodynamic features of these interactions. Researchers have also synthesized and characterized artificial receptors and simple model systems, employing a reductionistic chemistry-based strategy. Finally, using quantum mechanics calculations, researchers have examined the magnitude of each property's contribution to the interaction energy.
Topics: Carbohydrates; Drug Design; Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; Hydrogen Bonding; Models, Molecular; Monosaccharides; Proteins; Thermodynamics; Water
PubMed: 22704792
DOI: 10.1021/ar300024d -
Acta Crystallographica. Section F,... Aug 2018An introduction to the special issue on glycoproteins and protein–carbohydrate complexes in which the contents, the current state of the field and the future of...
An introduction to the special issue on glycoproteins and protein–carbohydrate complexes in which the contents, the current state of the field and the future of glycan structural biology are briefly discussed.
Topics: Animals; Carbohydrates; Crystallography; Glycoproteins; Humans
PubMed: 30084392
DOI: 10.1107/S2053230X18010853 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2017Many carbohydrate-binding proteins contain aromatic amino acid residues in their binding sites. These residues interact with carbohydrates in a stacking geometry via... (Review)
Review
Many carbohydrate-binding proteins contain aromatic amino acid residues in their binding sites. These residues interact with carbohydrates in a stacking geometry via CH/π interactions. These interactions can be found in carbohydrate-binding proteins, including lectins, enzymes and carbohydrate transporters. Besides this, many non-protein aromatic molecules (natural as well as artificial) can bind saccharides using these interactions. Recent computational and experimental studies have shown that carbohydrate-aromatic CH/π interactions are dispersion interactions, tuned by electrostatics and partially stabilized by a hydrophobic effect in solvated systems.
Topics: Carbohydrates; Hydrogen Bonding; Lectins; Models, Molecular; Protein Binding
PubMed: 28644385
DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071038