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Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Jan 2021
Review
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Carbohydrates; Disaccharides; Fructose; Gluconeogenesis; Glucose; Glycogen; Glycolysis; Homeostasis; Humans; Insulin; Monosaccharides
PubMed: 33397651
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040568 -
The Biochemical Journal Feb 2012Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose that acts as a store of energy in times of nutritional sufficiency for utilization in times of need. Its metabolism has been... (Review)
Review
Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose that acts as a store of energy in times of nutritional sufficiency for utilization in times of need. Its metabolism has been the subject of extensive investigation and much is known about its regulation by hormones such as insulin, glucagon and adrenaline (epinephrine). There has been debate over the relative importance of allosteric compared with covalent control of the key biosynthetic enzyme, glycogen synthase, as well as the relative importance of glucose entry into cells compared with glycogen synthase regulation in determining glycogen accumulation. Significant new developments in eukaryotic glycogen metabolism over the last decade or so include: (i) three-dimensional structures of the biosynthetic enzymes glycogenin and glycogen synthase, with associated implications for mechanism and control; (ii) analyses of several genetically engineered mice with altered glycogen metabolism that shed light on the mechanism of control; (iii) greater appreciation of the spatial aspects of glycogen metabolism, including more focus on the lysosomal degradation of glycogen; and (iv) glycogen phosphorylation and advances in the study of Lafora disease, which is emerging as a glycogen storage disease.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Biology; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Concept Formation; Gluconeogenesis; Glycogen; Glycogenolysis; Humans; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Mice; Models, Biological; Models, Molecular; Molecular Sequence Data; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
PubMed: 22248338
DOI: 10.1042/BJ20111416 -
BMC Plant Biology Feb 2023Low phosphorus (P) is one of the limiting factors in sustainable cotton production. However, little is known about the performance of contrasting low P tolerant cotton...
Low phosphorus (P) is one of the limiting factors in sustainable cotton production. However, little is known about the performance of contrasting low P tolerant cotton genotypes that might be a possible option to grow in low P condition. In the current study, we characterized the response of two cotton genotypes, Jimian169 a strong low P tolerant, and DES926 a weak low P tolerant genotypes under low and normal P conditions. The results showed that low P greatly inhibited growth, dry matter production, photosynthesis, and enzymatic activities related to antioxidant system and carbohydrate metabolism and the inhibition was more in DES926 as compared to Jimian169. In contrast, low P improved root morphology, carbohydrate accumulation, and P metabolism, especially in Jimian169, whereas the opposite responses were observed for DES926. The strong low P tolerance in Jimian169 is linked with a better root system and enhanced P and carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting that Jimian169 is a model genotype for cotton breeding. Results thus indicate that the Jimian169, compared with DES926, tolerates low P by enhancing carbohydrate metabolism and by inducing the activity of several enzymes related to P metabolism. This apparently causes rapid P turnover and enables the Jimian169 to use P more efficiently. Moreover, the transcript level of the key genes could provide useful information to study the molecular mechanism of low P tolerance in cotton.
Topics: Phosphorus; Plant Breeding; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Photosynthesis; Genotype
PubMed: 36792994
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04100-6 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2021has a strong carbohydrate utilization ability. This characteristic plays an important role in its gastrointestinal tract colonization and probiotic effects. LP-F1...
has a strong carbohydrate utilization ability. This characteristic plays an important role in its gastrointestinal tract colonization and probiotic effects. LP-F1 presents a high carbohydrate utilization capacity. The genome analysis of 165 strains indicated the species has a plenty of carbohydrate metabolism genes, presenting a strain specificity. Furthermore, two-component systems (TCSs) analysis revealed that the species has more TCSs than other lactic acid bacteria, and the distribution of TCS also shows the strain specificity. In order to clarify the sugar metabolism mechanism under different carbohydrate fermentation conditions, the expressions of 27 carbohydrate metabolism genes, catabolite control protein A (CcpA) gene and TCSs genes were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR technology. The correlation analysis between the expressions of regulatory genes and sugar metabolism genes showed that some regulatory genes were correlated with most of the sugar metabolism genes, suggesting that some TCSs might be involved in the regulation of sugar metabolism.
Topics: Carbohydrate Metabolism; Fermentation; Lactobacillaceae; Lactobacillus; Lactobacillus plantarum; Probiotics
PubMed: 34948249
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413452 -
Sub-cellular Biochemistry 2022Altered metabolism has become an emerging feature of cancer cells impacting their proliferation and metastatic potential in myriad ways. Proliferating heterogeneous...
Altered metabolism has become an emerging feature of cancer cells impacting their proliferation and metastatic potential in myriad ways. Proliferating heterogeneous tumor cells are surrounded by other resident or infiltrating cells, along with extracellular matrix proteins, and other secretory factors constituting the tumor microenvironment. The diverse cell types of the tumor microenvironment exhibit different molecular signatures that are regulated at their genetic and epigenetic levels. The cancer cells elicit intricate crosstalks with these supporting cells, exchanging essential metabolites which support their anabolic processes and can promote their survival, proliferation, EMT, angiogenesis, metastasis and even therapeutic resistance. In this context, carbohydrate metabolism ensures constant energy supply being a central axis from which other metabolic and biosynthetic pathways including amino acid and lipid metabolism and pentose phosphate pathway are diverged. In contrast to normal cells, increased glycolytic flux is a distinguishing feature of the highly proliferative cancer cells, which supports them to adapt to a hypoxic environment and also protects them from oxidative stress. Such rewired metabolic properties are often a result of epigenetic alterations in the cancer cells, which are mediated by several factors including, DNA, histone and non-histone protein modifications and non-coding RNAs. Conversely, epigenetic landscapes of the cancer cells are also dictated by their diverse metabolomes. Altogether, this metabolic and epigenetic interplay has immense potential for the development of efficient anti-cancer therapeutic strategies. In this book chapter we emphasize upon the significance of reprogrammed carbohydrate metabolism in regulating the tumor microenvironment and cancer progression, with an aim to explore the different metabolic and epigenetic targets for better cancer treatment.
Topics: Humans; Tumor Microenvironment; Neoplasms; Glycolysis; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Histones
PubMed: 36301490
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07634-3_1 -
British Medical Journal Feb 1964
Topics: Biological Transport, Active; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Intestines; Kidney; Monosaccharides; Proteins
PubMed: 14079028
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5379.322 -
Plant Signaling & Behavior Mar 2021Global warming has induced higher frequencies of excessively high-temperature weather episodes, which pose damage risk to rice growth and production. Past studies seldom... (Review)
Review
Global warming has induced higher frequencies of excessively high-temperature weather episodes, which pose damage risk to rice growth and production. Past studies seldom specified how high temperature-induced carbohydrate metabolism disturbances from both source and sink affect rice fertilization and production. Here we discuss the mechanism of heat-triggered damage to rice quality and production through disturbance of carbohydrate generation and consumption under high temperatures. Furthermore, we provide strong evidence from past studies that rice varieties that maintain high photosynthesis and carbohydrate usage efficiencies under high temperatures will suffer less heat-induced damage during reproductive developmental stages. We also discuss the complexity of expressional regulation of rice genes in response to high temperatures, while highlighting the important roles of heat-inducible post-transcriptional regulations of gene expression. Lastly, we predict future directions in heat-tolerant rice breeding and also propose challenges that need to be conquered in the future.
Topics: Carbohydrate Metabolism; Energy Metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Hot Temperature; Oryza; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 33470154
DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2020.1862564 -
Plant Physiology Aug 2019Floral nectar is a sugary solution produced by plants to entice pollinator visitation. A general mechanism for nectar secretion has been established from genetic studies...
Floral nectar is a sugary solution produced by plants to entice pollinator visitation. A general mechanism for nectar secretion has been established from genetic studies in Arabidopsis (); however, supporting metabolic and biochemical evidence for this model is scarce in other plant species. We used squash () to test whether the genetic model of nectar secretion in Arabidopsis is supported at the metabolic level in other species. As such, we analyzed the expression and activity of key enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism in squash nectaries throughout floral maturation and the associated starch and soluble sugars, as well as nectar volume and sugar under different growth conditions. Here we show that the steps that are important for nectar secretion in Arabidopsis, including nectary starch degradation, Suc synthesis, and Suc export, are supported by metabolic and biochemical data in Additionally, our findings suggest that sugars imported from the phloem during nectar secretion, without prior storage as starch, are important for generating nectar. Finally, we predict that trehalose and trehalose 6-P play important regulatory roles in nectary starch degradation and nectar secretion. These data improve our understanding of how nectar is produced in an agronomically relevant species with the potential for use as a model to help us gain insight into the biochemistry and metabolism of nectar secretion in flowering plants.
Topics: Carbohydrate Metabolism; Cucurbita; Flowers; Plant Nectar; Pollination; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 31213512
DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00470 -
Microbiology and Molecular Biology... Mar 2014The metabolism of Archaea, the third domain of life, resembles in its complexity those of Bacteria and lower Eukarya. However, this metabolic complexity in Archaea is... (Review)
Review
The metabolism of Archaea, the third domain of life, resembles in its complexity those of Bacteria and lower Eukarya. However, this metabolic complexity in Archaea is accompanied by the absence of many "classical" pathways, particularly in central carbohydrate metabolism. Instead, Archaea are characterized by the presence of unique, modified variants of classical pathways such as the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway and the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway. The pentose phosphate pathway is only partly present (if at all), and pentose degradation also significantly differs from that known for bacterial model organisms. These modifications are accompanied by the invention of "new," unusual enzymes which cause fundamental consequences for the underlying regulatory principles, and classical allosteric regulation sites well established in Bacteria and Eukarya are lost. The aim of this review is to present the current understanding of central carbohydrate metabolic pathways and their regulation in Archaea. In order to give an overview of their complexity, pathway modifications are discussed with respect to unusual archaeal biocatalysts, their structural and mechanistic characteristics, and their regulatory properties in comparison to their classic counterparts from Bacteria and Eukarya. Furthermore, an overview focusing on hexose metabolic, i.e., glycolytic as well as gluconeogenic, pathways identified in archaeal model organisms is given. Their energy gain is discussed, and new insights into different levels of regulation that have been observed so far, including the transcript and protein levels (e.g., gene regulation, known transcription regulators, and posttranslational modification via reversible protein phosphorylation), are presented.
Topics: Archaea; Bacteria; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Enzymes; Gene Expression Regulation, Archaeal; Gluconeogenesis; Glycolysis; Hexoses; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Methanosarcina; Pentoses; Pyrococcus furiosus; Sulfolobus; Thermococcus
PubMed: 24600042
DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00041-13 -
The Journal of Nutrition Mar 2007Much research on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in farm animals conducted over the second half of the 20th century has focused primarily on increasing the production... (Review)
Review
Much research on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in farm animals conducted over the second half of the 20th century has focused primarily on increasing the production efficiency and improving the quality and acceptability of animal-derived foods. Research was also performed with the express interest in greater understanding of biochemistry and metabolism of livestock species with ultimate application in the food industry. Knowledge about basic nutritional concepts and differences in metabolism among farm animals, however, has been accumulated and has been used successfully to better understand different health problems in humans such as obesity, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and others that are associated with disturbances in metabolism and nutrition. Here we focus on researchers who made major contributions to our understanding of the synthesis and degradation including digestion of carbohydrates and lipids during the past half-century and to our understanding of the growth and development of meat-producing animals (e.g., pigs and cattle) and milk-producing dairy cattle. These findings will serve as the basis for current and future animal biologists to develop newer concepts and methods for use in improving the efficiency of conversion of animal feed to food and the healthfulness of that food for human consumers.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Digestion; Fermentation; Gluconeogenesis; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Lipogenesis; Models, Animal; Research; Rumen; Sus scrofa
PubMed: 17311965
DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.3.702