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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Feb 2008Developing technologies to reduce the rate of increase of atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) from annual emissions of 8.6PgCyr-1 from energy, process... (Review)
Review
Developing technologies to reduce the rate of increase of atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) from annual emissions of 8.6PgCyr-1 from energy, process industry, land-use conversion and soil cultivation is an important issue of the twenty-first century. Of the three options of reducing the global energy use, developing low or no-carbon fuel and sequestering emissions, this manuscript describes processes for carbon (CO2) sequestration and discusses abiotic and biotic technologies. Carbon sequestration implies transfer of atmospheric CO2 into other long-lived global pools including oceanic, pedologic, biotic and geological strata to reduce the net rate of increase in atmospheric CO2. Engineering techniques of CO2 injection in deep ocean, geological strata, old coal mines and oil wells, and saline aquifers along with mineral carbonation of CO2 constitute abiotic techniques. These techniques have a large potential of thousands of Pg, are expensive, have leakage risks and may be available for routine use by 2025 and beyond. In comparison, biotic techniques are natural and cost-effective processes, have numerous ancillary benefits, are immediately applicable but have finite sink capacity. Biotic and abiotic C sequestration options have specific nitches, are complementary, and have potential to mitigate the climate change risks.
Topics: Agriculture; Air Pollution; Biomass; Carbon Dioxide; Environmental Monitoring; Greenhouse Effect; Vehicle Emissions
PubMed: 17761468
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2185 -
Nature Nov 2019The capture and use of carbon dioxide to create valuable products might lower the net costs of reducing emissions or removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Here we... (Review)
Review
The capture and use of carbon dioxide to create valuable products might lower the net costs of reducing emissions or removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Here we review ten pathways for the utilization of carbon dioxide. Pathways that involve chemicals, fuels and microalgae might reduce emissions of carbon dioxide but have limited potential for its removal, whereas pathways that involve construction materials can both utilize and remove carbon dioxide. Land-based pathways can increase agricultural output and remove carbon dioxide. Our assessment suggests that each pathway could scale to over 0.5 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide utilization annually. However, barriers to implementation remain substantial and resource constraints prevent the simultaneous deployment of all pathways.
Topics: Carbon Dioxide; Carbon Sequestration; Charcoal; Forests; Microalgae; Photosynthesis; Soil; Technology
PubMed: 31695213
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1681-6 -
Nature Communications Jul 2021Many studies project that climate change can cause a significant number of excess deaths. Yet, in integrated assessment models (IAMs) that determine the social cost of...
Many studies project that climate change can cause a significant number of excess deaths. Yet, in integrated assessment models (IAMs) that determine the social cost of carbon (SCC) and prescribe optimal climate policy, human mortality impacts are limited and not updated to the latest scientific understanding. This study extends the DICE-2016 IAM to explicitly include temperature-related mortality impacts by estimating a climate-mortality damage function. We introduce a metric, the mortality cost of carbon (MCC), that estimates the number of deaths caused by the emissions of one additional metric ton of CO2. In the baseline emissions scenario, the 2020 MCC is 2.26 × 10 [low to high estimate -1.71× 10 to 6.78 × 10] excess deaths per metric ton of 2020 emissions. This implies that adding 4,434 metric tons of carbon dioxide in 2020-equivalent to the lifetime emissions of 3.5 average Americans-causes one excess death globally in expectation between 2020-2100. Incorporating mortality costs increases the 2020 SCC from $37 to $258 [-$69 to $545] per metric ton in the baseline emissions scenario. Optimal climate policy changes from gradual emissions reductions starting in 2050 to full decarbonization by 2050 when mortality is considered.
Topics: Air Pollutants; Carbon Dioxide; Climate Change; Computer Simulation; Humans; Mortality; Temperature; United States
PubMed: 34326326
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24487-w -
Annual Review of Chemical and... Jun 2023Electrocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to valuable chemicals and fuels driven by renewable energy plays a crucial role in achieving net-zero carbon emissions.... (Review)
Review
Electrocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to valuable chemicals and fuels driven by renewable energy plays a crucial role in achieving net-zero carbon emissions. Understanding the structure-activity relationship and the reaction mechanism is significant for tuning electrocatalyst selectivity. Therefore, characterizing catalyst dynamic evolution and reaction intermediates under reaction conditions is necessary but still challenging. We first summarize the most recent progress in mechanistic understanding of heterogeneous CO/CO reduction using in situ/operando techniques, including surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopies, X-ray- and electron-based techniques, and mass spectroscopy, along with discussing remaining limitations. We then offer insights and perspectives to accelerate the future development of in situ/operando techniques.
Topics: Carbon Dioxide; Electrons; Mass Spectrometry; Catalysis
PubMed: 36888993
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101121-071735 -
Trends in Biochemical Sciences Sep 2019Submarine hydrothermal vents are rich in hydrogen (H), an ancient source of electrons and chemical energy for life. Geochemical H stems from serpentinization, a process... (Review)
Review
Submarine hydrothermal vents are rich in hydrogen (H), an ancient source of electrons and chemical energy for life. Geochemical H stems from serpentinization, a process in which rock-bound iron reduces water to H. Reactions involving H and carbon dioxide (CO) in hydrothermal systems generate abiotic methane and formate; these reactions resemble the core energy metabolism of methanogens and acetogens. These organisms are strict anaerobic autotrophs that inhabit hydrothermal vents and harness energy via H-dependent CO reduction. Serpentinization also generates native metals, which can reduce CO to formate and acetate in the laboratory. The enzymes that channel H, CO, and dinitrogen (N) into methanogen and acetogen metabolism are the backbone of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Their active sites share carbon-metal bonds which, although rare in biology, are conserved relics of primordial biochemistry present at the origin of life.
Topics: Carbon; Carbon Dioxide; Metals
PubMed: 31104860
DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.04.010 -
International Journal of Environmental... Aug 2022This paper explores the dynamic relationship among bank credit, house prices and carbon dioxide emissions in China by systematically analyzing related data from January...
This paper explores the dynamic relationship among bank credit, house prices and carbon dioxide emissions in China by systematically analyzing related data from January 2000 to December 2019 with the help of the time-varying parameter vector autoregression with stochastic volatility (TVP-SV-VAR) model and the Bayesian DCC-GARCH model. Empirical results show the expansion of bank credit significantly drives up house prices and increases carbon dioxide emissions in mosttimes. The rise in house prices inhibits the expansion of bank credit but increases carbon dioxide emissions and aggravates environment pollution, and that the increase in carbon dioxide is helpful to stimulate bank credit expansion and house price rise. In addition, bank credit and house prices are most relevant, followed by bank credit and carbon dioxide emissions, then by house prices and carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, we believe that in order to stabilize skyrocketing house prices, restrain carbon dioxide emissions, and secure a stable and healthy macro-economy, the government should strengthen management of bank credit, and effectively control its total volume.
Topics: Bayes Theorem; Carbon Dioxide; China; Economic Development; Environmental Pollution
PubMed: 36012063
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610428 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Jan 2023The rising trend in carbon dioxide emissions has implications on economic livelihoods through global warming and climate change. Attaining lower carbon...
The rising trend in carbon dioxide emissions has implications on economic livelihoods through global warming and climate change. Attaining lower carbon dioxide emissions is therefore crucial for the realization of the sustainable development goals. South Africa happens to be one of the leading countries in ICT and transport infrastructure in the sub-Saharan African region. Oppossing arguments on how ICT and tranport services affect carbon dioxide emissions exist. However, their effects on the rising trend in carbon emissions in the country has not received much empirical attention. The study analyses the role ICTs and the transportation sector play in the carbon dioxide emissions of South Africa. Regression analysis of data for the 1989-2018 period shows mobile adoption, internet usage, and telephone usage increases carbon dioxide emissions while transportation services in the country helps reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Income positively affects carbon dioxide emissions while urbanization has negative effects. Implications from the findings include the urgent need to have electricity that power ICT devices and equipment be generated from renewable and sustainable sources rather than from heavy polluting sources.
Topics: Carbon Dioxide; South Africa; Economic Development; Income; Global Warming
PubMed: 36071365
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22863-7 -
Critical Care (London, England) 2000Greater understanding of the pathophysiology of carbon dioxide kinetics during steady and nonsteady state should improve, we believe, clinical care during intensive care... (Review)
Review
Greater understanding of the pathophysiology of carbon dioxide kinetics during steady and nonsteady state should improve, we believe, clinical care during intensive care treatment. Capnography and the measurement of end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PETCO2) will gradually be augmented by relatively new measurement methodology, including the volume of carbon dioxide exhaled per breath (VCO2,br) and average alveolar expired PCO2. Future directions include the study of oxygen kinetics.
Topics: Blood Gas Analysis; Breath Tests; Capnography; Carbon Dioxide; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Critical Care; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Monitoring, Physiologic; Ventilator Weaning
PubMed: 11094503
DOI: 10.1186/cc696 -
Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Dec 2019Scrubbers in closed-circuit rebreather systems remove carbon dioxide (CO) from the exhaled gas. In an attempt to be more user-friendly and efficient, the ExtendAir®...
INTRODUCTION
Scrubbers in closed-circuit rebreather systems remove carbon dioxide (CO) from the exhaled gas. In an attempt to be more user-friendly and efficient, the ExtendAir® non-granular, pre-formed scrubber cartridge has been developed. The cartridge manufacturer claims twice the absorptive capacity of granular CO absorbent, with less variability, lower work of breathing, and reduced exposure to caustic chemicals after a flood. To our knowledge there are no published data that support these claims.
METHODS
Cartridge (ExtendAir®) and granular (Sofnolime® 797) scrubbers of equal volume and mass were tested five times in an immersed and mechanically ventilated O2ptima rebreather. Exercise protocols involving staged (90 minutes 6 MET, followed by 2 MET) and continuous (6 MET) activity were simulated. We compared: duration until breakthrough, and variability in duration, to endpoints of 1.0 kPa and 0.5 kPa inspired partial pressure of CO; inspiratory-expiratory pressure difference in the breathing loop; and pH of eluted water after a 5 minute flood.
RESULTS
Mean difference in scrubber endurance was 0-20% in favour of the ExtendAir® cartridge, depending on exercise protocol and chosen CO endpoint. There were no meaningful differences in endpoint variability, inspiratory-expiratory pressure in the loop, or pH in the eluted water after a flood.
CONCLUSIONS
Cartridge and granular scrubbers were very similar in duration, variability, ventilation pressures, and causticity after a flood. Our findings were not consistent with claims of substantial superiority for the ExtendAir® cartridge.
Topics: Carbon Dioxide; Diving; Humans; Partial Pressure; Respiration; Respiratory Protective Devices; Water
PubMed: 31828749
DOI: 10.28920/dhm49.4.298-303 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2022(1) Background: The anthropogenically induced rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) and associated climate change are considered a potential threat to human nutrition....
(1) Background: The anthropogenically induced rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) and associated climate change are considered a potential threat to human nutrition. Indeed, an elevated CO concentration was associated with significant alterations in macronutrient and micronutrient content in various dietary crops. (2) Method: In order to explore the impact of elevated CO on the nutritional-health properties of tomato, we used the dwarf tomato variety Micro-Tom plant model. Micro-Toms were grown in culture chambers under 400 ppm (ambient) or 900 ppm (elevated) carbon dioxide. Macronutrients, carotenoids, and mineral contents were analyzed. Biological anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivities were assessed in vitro on activated macrophages. (3) Results: Micro-Tom exposure to 900 ppm carbon dioxide was associated with an increased carbohydrate content whereas protein, minerals, and total carotenoids content were decreased. These modifications of composition were associated with an altered bioactivity profile. Indeed, antioxidant anti-inflammatory potential were altered by 900 ppm CO exposure. (4) Conclusions: Taken together, our results suggest that (i) the Micro-Tom is a laboratory model of interest to study elevated CO effects on crops and (ii) exposure to 900 ppm CO led to the decrease of nutritional potential and an increase of health beneficial properties of tomatoes for human health.
Topics: Carbon Dioxide; Carotenoids; Climate Change; Crops, Agricultural; Humans; Solanum lycopersicum; Minerals
PubMed: 35684524
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113592