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Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2023Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycosylated cell surface oncofetal protein involved in adhesion, proliferation, and migration that is highly upregulated in multiple... (Review)
Review
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a glycosylated cell surface oncofetal protein involved in adhesion, proliferation, and migration that is highly upregulated in multiple carcinomas and has long been a promising target for cancer vaccination. This review summarizes the progress to date in the development of CEA vaccines, examining both pre-clinical and clinical studies across a variety of vaccine platforms that in aggregate, begin to reveal some critical insights. These studies demonstrate the ability of CEA vaccines to break immunologic tolerance and elicit CEA-specific immunity, which associates with improved clinical outcomes in select individuals. Approaches that have combined replicating viral vectors, with heterologous boosting and different adjuvant strategies have been particularly promising but, these early clinical trial results will require confirmatory studies. Collectively, these studies suggest that clinical efficacy likely depends upon harnessing a potent vaccine combination in an appropriate clinical setting to fully realize the potential of CEA vaccination.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Neoplasms; Genetic Vectors; Vaccination; Cancer Vaccines; Vaccines, Synthetic; Mice, Inbred C57BL
PubMed: 38087989
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2291857 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2021Recently, electrochemistry- and photoelectrochemistry-based biosensors have been regarded as powerful tools for trace monitoring of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) due to... (Review)
Review
Recently, electrochemistry- and photoelectrochemistry-based biosensors have been regarded as powerful tools for trace monitoring of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) due to the fact of their intrinsic advantages (e.g., high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, small background, and low cost), which play an important role in early cancer screening and diagnosis and benefit people's increasing demands for medical and health services. Thus, this mini-review will introduce the current trends in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical biosensors for CEA assay and classify them into two main categories according to the interactions between target and biorecognition elements: immunosensors and aptasensors. Some recent illustrative examples are summarized for interested readers, accompanied by simple descriptions of the related signaling strategies, advanced materials, and detection modes. Finally, the development prospects and challenges of future electrochemical and photoelectrochemical biosensors are considered.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Electrochemical Techniques; Electrochemistry; Humans; Immunoassay
PubMed: 34833818
DOI: 10.3390/s21227742 -
Clinical significance of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and carcinoembryonic antigen in gastric cancer.Journal of Medicine and Life Jan 2022Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α plays an important role in inflammatory, infectious, and tumor processes, and it is closely related to the early stages of gastric... (Review)
Review
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α plays an important role in inflammatory, infectious, and tumor processes, and it is closely related to the early stages of gastric cancer. It is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, produced not only by macrophages and monocytes but also by the lymphocytes, mast cells, neutrophils, keratinocytes, smooth muscle cells, and some tumor cell lines. Large amounts of TNF are released upon contact of macrophages, CD4 + T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells with lipopolysaccharides, bacterial products, and interleukin 1. TNF-alpha inducing protein (Tipa) is a unique carcinogenic factor of Helicobacter pylori, secreted into culture broth. The biological activities of TNF alpha and deletion mutant were studied. TNF alpha protein specifically binds to cell-surface nucleolin and then enters the gastric cancer cells, where TNF-a and chemokine gene expressions are induced by NF-jB activation. Nucleolin localizes on the surface of gastric cancer cells, and interaction between TNF alpha and cell-surface nucleolin causes a cancer-oriented microenvironment that increases the risk of gastric cancer. This paper discusses a mechanism of gastric cancer development and the clinical significance of tumor necrosis-alpha and carcinoembryonic antigen in gastric cancer.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Stomach Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 35186129
DOI: 10.25122/jml-2020-0098 -
ACS Synthetic Biology Mar 2022Advances in synthetic biology enable the reprogramming of bacteria as smart agents to specifically target tumors and locally release anticancer drugs in a highly...
Advances in synthetic biology enable the reprogramming of bacteria as smart agents to specifically target tumors and locally release anticancer drugs in a highly controlled manner. However, the bench-to-bedside translation of engineered bacteria is often impeded by genetic instability and the potential risk of uncontrollable replication of engineered bacteria inside the patient. SimCells (simple cells) are chromosome-free bacteria controlled by designed gene circuits, which can bypass the interference of the native gene network in bacteria and eliminate the risk of bacterial uncontrolled growth. Here, we describe the reprogramming of SimCells and mini-SimCells to serve as "safe and live drugs" for targeted cancer therapy. We engineer SimCells to display nanobodies on the surface for the binding of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), which is an important biomarker found commonly in colorectal cancer cells. We show that SimCells and mini-SimCells with surface display of anti-CEA nanobody can specifically bind CEA-expressing Caco2 cancer cells while leaving the non-CEA-expressing SW80 cancer cells untouched. These cancer-targeting SimCells and mini-SimCells induced cancer cell death by compromising the plasma membrane of cancer cells. The cancer-killing effect can be further enhanced by an aspirin/salicylate inducible gene circuit that converts salicylate into catechol, a potent anticancer. This work highlights the potential of SimCells and mini-SimCells for targeted cancer therapy and lays the foundation for the application of synthetic biology to medicine.
Topics: Artificial Cells; Caco-2 Cells; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Humans; Neoplasms; Salicylates; Synthetic Biology
PubMed: 35255684
DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00631 -
Biomolecules Dec 2021A major barrier to the diagnosis and effective treatment of solid-tumor cancers is the difficulty in detection and visualization of tumor margins in primary and... (Review)
Review
A major barrier to the diagnosis and effective treatment of solid-tumor cancers is the difficulty in detection and visualization of tumor margins in primary and metastatic disease. The use of fluorescence can augment the surgeon's ability to detect cancer and aid in its resection. Several cancer types express carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) including colorectal, pancreatic and gastric cancer. Antibodies to CEA have been developed and tagged with near-infrared fluorescent dyes. This review article surveyed the use of CEA antibodies conjugated to fluorescent probes for in vivo studies since 1990. PubMed and Google Scholar databases were queried, and 900 titles and abstracts were screened. Fifty-nine entries were identified as possibly meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria and were reviewed in full. Forty articles were included in the review and their citations were screened for additional entries. A total of 44 articles were included in the final review. The use of fluorescent anti-CEA antibodies has been shown to improve detection and resection of tumors in both murine models and clinically. The cumulative results indicate that fluorescent-conjugated anti-CEA antibodies have important potential to improve cancer diagnosis and surgery. In an emerging technology, anti-CEA fluorescent antibodies have also been successfully used for photoimmunotherapy treatment for cancer.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Fluorescent Dyes; GPI-Linked Proteins; Optical Imaging
PubMed: 34944463
DOI: 10.3390/biom11121819 -
Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 2014Colonoscopy is essential for synchronous and metachronous cancer detection. Carcinoembryonic antigen is a colorectal cancer tumor marker, important as a follow-up tool...
CONTEXT
Colonoscopy is essential for synchronous and metachronous cancer detection. Carcinoembryonic antigen is a colorectal cancer tumor marker, important as a follow-up tool in patients with previous colorectal cancer. False-positive carcinoembryonic antigen elevation results in multiples exams and in patient anxiety. In literature, there is reference to transient carcinoembryonic antigen increase with colonoscopy.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the influence of bowel preparation and colonoscopy in carcinoembryonic antigen blood levels.
METHODS
We prospectively studied subjects that underwent routine colonoscopy in our institution. Blood samples were collected (1) before bowel cleaning, (2) before colonoscopy and (3) immediately after colonoscopy. Blood carcinoembryonic antigen levels were determined by "Sandwich" immunoassay. The statistical methods used were the paired t-test and ANOVA.
RESULTS
Thirty-seven patients (22M/15F) were included; age range 28-84 (mean 56 years). Mean carcinoembryonic antigen values were 1.9, 2 and 1.8 for (1), (2) and (3), respectively. An increase in value (2) compared with (1) was observed in 20/37 patients (P = 0.018), mainly in younger patients and in patients requiring more endoluminal interventions. In 29/37 patients, the CEA value decreased from (2) to (3) (P = 1.3x10-7).
CONCLUSIONS
A trend for carcinoembryonic antigen increase after bowel cleaning was observed, especially in younger patients and in patients with more endoluminal interventions, but without clinical meaning.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Colonoscopy; Colorectal Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 24760068
DOI: 10.1590/s0004-28032014000100014 -
Polski Przeglad Chirurgiczny Jun 2018The aim of the study was to determine of carcinoembryonal antigen and matrix metalloproteinase 2 peritoneal washes and serum concentration in patients suffering from... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PURPOSE
The aim of the study was to determine of carcinoembryonal antigen and matrix metalloproteinase 2 peritoneal washes and serum concentration in patients suffering from colorectal cancer concerning tumor staging and 5-year survival rate in these patients.
METHODS
80 patients who underwent curative surgery for colorectal cancer were included into the study. Preoperative serum and intraoperative peritoneal washes CEA and MMP-2 concentrations were measured.
RESULTS
Concerning tumor penetration CEA-s and CEA-p concentration was higher in subsequent stages from T2 to T4. Both CEA-s and CEA-p concentration was lower in T2 comparing to T3 and T4. Significant difference of CEA-s and CEA-p was noted between T2 and T4 stages. MMP2-s concentration was higher in T3 comparing to T2, the highest MMP2-p concentration was in T4, with no statistical significance. Concerning nodular status significant difference of CEA-s was noted between N0 and N1. For CEA-p significance was found between N0 and N2 as between N1 and N2. MMP2-s concentration was the highest in N1, MMP2-p concentration was the highest in T4, with no statistical significance. 5-year survival rate for all patients was 63,53%. There were significant differences in CEA-s and CEA-p concentration between patients with negative and positive 5-year survival.
CONCLUSION
Intraoperative peritoneal washes concentration of CEA may potentially serve as an important factor for more precise colorectal cancer staging. CEA-p and CEA-s concentration correlates with survival rate in patients suffering from colorectal cancer and can be useful as an additional prognostic factor. Usefulness of MMP2 measurement still requires further studies.
Topics: Aged; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Colonic Neoplasms; Colorectal Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Male; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Peritoneum; Postoperative Period; Preoperative Period; Prognosis; Survival Rate
PubMed: 30426942
DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.1269 -
Gut Feb 1986
Topics: Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Colonic Neoplasms; Humans; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Rectal Neoplasms
PubMed: 3949243
DOI: 10.1136/gut.27.2.117 -
The American Journal of Tropical... Jun 2018Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a malignant tumor of the bile duct, is a major public health problem in many Southeast Asian countries, particularly Thailand. The slow...
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a malignant tumor of the bile duct, is a major public health problem in many Southeast Asian countries, particularly Thailand. The slow progression makes it difficult for early diagnosis and most patients are detected in advanced stages. This study aimed to review all relevant articles related to the biomarkers for the diagnosis of CCA and point out potential biomarkers. A thorough search was performed in PubMed and ScienceDirect for CCA biomarker articles. Required data were extracted. A total of 46 articles that fulfilled the inclusion and had none of the exclusion criteria were included in the analysis (17, 22, 3, 4, and 1 articles on blood, tissue, bile, both blood and tissue, and urine biomarkers, respectively). Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), either alone or in combination with other biomarkers, are the most commonly studied biomarkers in the serum. Their sensitivity and specificity ranged from 47.2% to 98.2% and 89.7% to 100%, respectively. However, in the tissue, gene methylations and DNA-related markers were the most studied CCA biomarkers. Their sensitivity and specificity ranged from 58% to 87% and 98% to 100%, respectively. Some articles investigated biomarkers both in blood and tissues, particularly CA19-9 and CEA, with sensitivity and specificity ranging from 33% to 100% and 50% to 97.7%, respectively. Although quite a number of biomarkers with a potential role in the early detection of CCA have been established, it is difficult to single out any particular marker that could be used in the routine clinical settings.
Topics: Bile Duct Neoplasms; Biomarkers, Tumor; CA-19-9 Antigen; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Cholangiocarcinoma; Humans; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 29637880
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0879 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2019Phagocytosis is one of the key innate defense mechanisms executed by specialized cells in multicellular animals. Recent evidence suggests that a particular phagocytic... (Review)
Review
Phagocytosis is one of the key innate defense mechanisms executed by specialized cells in multicellular animals. Recent evidence suggests that a particular phagocytic receptor expressed by human polymorphonuclear granulocytes, the carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 3 (CEACAM3), is one of the fastest-evolving human proteins. In this focused review, we will try to resolve the conundrum why a conserved process such as phagocytosis is conducted by a rapidly changing receptor. Therefore, we will first summarize the biochemical and structural details of this immunoglobulin-related glycoprotein in the context of the human CEACAM family. The function of CEACAM3 for the efficient, opsonin-independent detection and phagocytosis of highly specialized, host-restricted bacteria will be further elaborated. Taking into account the decisive role of CEACAM3 in the interaction with pathogenic bacteria, we will discuss the evolutionary trajectory of the CEACAM3 gene within the primate lineage and highlight the consequences of CEACAM3 polymorphisms in human populations. From a synopsis of these studies, CEACAM3 emerges as an important component of human innate immunity and a prominent example of a dedicated receptor for professional phagocytosis.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Biological Evolution; Carcinoembryonic Antigen; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Phagocytosis; Primates
PubMed: 32117212
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03160