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Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery Aug 2022Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe disease that is still associated with high mortality despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. HACEK organisms... (Review)
Review
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe disease that is still associated with high mortality despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. HACEK organisms (Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella kingae) are gram-negative bacteria that are part of the normal flora of the mouth and upper respiratory tract in humans. These organisms cause a wide range of infections, of which IE is one of the most notable. In order to control and prevent endocarditis caused by HACEK, measures such as oral hygiene and the use of prophylactic drugs should be used for people at risk, including people with underlying heart disease and people with artificial valves. This review is a summary of the main aspects of IE focusing on HACEK organisms.
Topics: Eikenella corrodens; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Haemophilus; Heart Diseases; Humans
PubMed: 35986339
DOI: 10.1186/s13019-022-01932-5 -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 2016The HACEK group of bacteria - Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Aggregatibacter spp. (A. actinomycetemcomitans, A. aphrophilus, A. paraphrophilus, and A. segnis),... (Review)
Review
The HACEK group of bacteria - Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Aggregatibacter spp. (A. actinomycetemcomitans, A. aphrophilus, A. paraphrophilus, and A. segnis), Cardiobacterium spp. (C. hominis, C. valvarum), Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella spp. (K. kingae, K. denitrificans) - are fastidious gram-negative bacteria, part of the normal microbiota of oral and upper respiratory tract in humans. Although their pathogenicity is limited, they are responsible for 1-3% of all infective endocarditis. HACEK endocarditis mostly affect patients with underlying heart disease or prosthetic valves, and are characterized by an insidious course, with a mean diagnosis delay of 1 month (Haemophilus spp.) to 3 months (Aggregatibacter and Cardiobacterium spp.). The advent of continuously monitored blood culture systems with enriched media has erased the need for extended incubation for the diagnosis of HACEK endocarditis. Medical treatment relies on third-generation cephalosporin, with a favorable outcome in 80-90% of cases, with or without cardiac surgery.
Topics: Cephalosporins; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 26953488
DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2016.1164032 -
The Open Microbiology Journal 2016and are well known, though rare, etiologic agents of infective endocarditis. Cardiac devices are increasingly implanted.
INTRODUCTION
and are well known, though rare, etiologic agents of infective endocarditis. Cardiac devices are increasingly implanted.
CASE REPORTS
Two cases of infective episodes in pacemaker (PM) treated patients with respectively and are presented. In one case blood-culture bottles yielded growth of at two episodes with two years apart. At the second episode a vegetation was recognized at the PM lead and the PM device and lead was removed. In the case, echocardiography revealed a bicuspid aortic valve with severe regurgitation and a more than 1 cm sized vegetation.
CONCLUSION
The cases illustrate the diversity in disease severity by Careful follow up has to be performed in order not to overlook a relatively silent relapsing infection.
PubMed: 28077974
DOI: 10.2174/1874285801610010183 -
American Heart Journal Plus :... Feb 2023is a member of the HACEK group, which causes infective endocarditis (IE) but is rarely associated with other infections. It is difficult to biologically identify... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
is a member of the HACEK group, which causes infective endocarditis (IE) but is rarely associated with other infections. It is difficult to biologically identify because of its slow growth in culture. However, the clinical features of IE remain unclear.
METHOD
We searched the PubMed database for all articles of IE published between January 2000 and July 2022.
RESULTS
The major clinical features of 44 previously reported cases of IE were as follows: the median age was 59 years, of which 36 were men; the initial presenting symptoms were chest discomfort (30 %), followed by fever (27 %), night sweats (20 %), fatigability (18 %), weight loss (16 %), and dyspnea (16 %). Almost half of the patients were febrile upon admission. The major predisposing factors were postsurgical valve treatment (57 %), dental treatment or caries (20 %), and congenital valve abnormality (5 %). The median time to identify in the blood culture was 4 days, but the longest time was 42 days. The most commonly infected valve was the aortic valve, and the most common complication was systemic embolism. Surgical treatment was performed in 23 (52 %) patients. The most frequent initial treatment regimen was cephem antibiotics, with a median treatment duration of 6 weeks. The overall mortality and recovery rates of IE were 9 % and 91 %, respectively.
CONCLUSION
If infection is confirmed, physicians should check for the presence of vegetations of the heart valves and understand these characteristics.
PubMed: 38510192
DOI: 10.1016/j.ahjo.2022.100248 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023Oral microbiota is closely related to the homeostasis of the oral cavity and lungs. To provide potential information for the prediction, screening, and treatment...
BACKGROUND
Oral microbiota is closely related to the homeostasis of the oral cavity and lungs. To provide potential information for the prediction, screening, and treatment strategies of individuals, this study compared and investigated the bacterial signatures in periodontitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We collected subgingival plaque and gingival crevicular fluid samples from 112 individuals (31 healthy controls, 24 patients with periodontitis, 28 patients with COPD, and 29 patients with both periodontitis and COPD). The oral microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and diversity and functional prediction analysis were performed.
RESULTS
We observed higher bacterial richness in individuals with periodontitis in both types of oral samples. Using LEfSe and DESeq2 analyses, we found differentially abundant genera that may be potential biomarkers for each group. is the predominant genus in COPD. Ten genera, including , , and were predominant in periodontitis. and were the signature of the healthy controls. The significantly different pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) between healthy controls and other groups were concentrated in genetic information processing, translation, replication and repair, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins.
CONCLUSIONS
We found the significant differences in the bacterial community and functional characterization of oral microbiota in periodontitis, COPD and comorbid diseases. Compared to gingival crevicular fluid, subgingival plaque may be more appropriate for reflecting the difference of subgingival microbiota in periodontitis patients with COPD. These results may provide potentials for predicting, screening, and treatment strategies for individuals with periodontitis and COPD.
Topics: Humans; Dysbiosis; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Periodontitis; Bacteria; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Chronic Periodontitis
PubMed: 36844402
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1121399 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) May 2019Acute infectious endocarditis (IE) is a complex disease that presents as a serious clinical condition associated with a high mortality rate, especially due to... (Review)
Review
Acute infectious endocarditis (IE) is a complex disease that presents as a serious clinical condition associated with a high mortality rate, especially due to intracranial hemorrhaging (ICH). The most common causative organism is Staphylococcus aureus. We herein report a patient with ICH following subacute IE with a positive blood culture for Cardiobacterium hominis. A review of the existing literature revealed that acute IE associated with Cardiobacterium has been reported to cause ICH in only seven previous cases. Prolonged culture-specific antibiotic therapy along with extended surveillance of blood culture is therefore essential for timely intervention.
Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cardiobacterium; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Female; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Intracranial Hemorrhages; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 30626838
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.2111-18 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Feb 2022It has been suggested that smoking affects the oral microbiome, but its effects on sites other than the subgingival microbiome remain unclear. This study investigated...
OBJECTIVES
It has been suggested that smoking affects the oral microbiome, but its effects on sites other than the subgingival microbiome remain unclear. This study investigated the composition of the salivary and tongue bacterial communities of smokers and nonsmokers in periodontally healthy adults.
METHODS
The study population included 50 healthy adults. The bacterial composition of resting saliva and the tongue coating was identified through barcoded pyrosequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. The Brinkman index (BI) was used to calculate lifetime exposure to smoking. The richness and diversity of the microbiome were evaluated using the t-test. Differences in the proportions of bacterial genera between smokers and nonsmokers were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test. The quantitative relationship between the proportions of genera and the BI was evaluated using Pearson's correlation analysis.
RESULTS
The richness and diversity of the oral microbiome differed significantly between saliva and the tongue but not between smokers and nonsmokers. The saliva samples from smokers were enriched with the genera Treponema and Selenomonas. The tongue samples from smokers were enriched with the genera Dialister and Atopobium. The genus Cardiobacterium in saliva, and the genus Granulicatella on the tongue, were negatively correlated with BI values. On the other hand, the genera Treponema, Oribacterium, Dialister, Filifactor, Veillonella, and Selenomonas in saliva and Dialister, Bifidobacterium, Megasphaera, Mitsuokella, and Cryptobacterium on the tongue were positively correlated with BI values.
CONCLUSIONS
The saliva and tongue microbial profiles of smokers and nonsmokers differed in periodontally healthy adults. The genera associated with periodontitis and oral malodor accounted for high proportions in saliva and on the tongue of smokers without periodontitis and were positively correlated with lifetime exposure to smoking. The tongue might be a reservoir of pathogens associated with oral disease in smokers.
Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Cigarette Smoking; Humans; Microbiota; Periodontitis; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Tongue
PubMed: 34505401
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.489 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) Jan 2020
Topics: Cardiobacterium; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Humans; Intracranial Hemorrhages
PubMed: 31484906
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.3077-19 -
BMC Oral Health Oct 2022Down syndrome (DS), a most frequently occurring genetic disorder, is associated with oral morphological abnormalities and higher incidence rates of oral diseases. Recent...
BACKGROUND
Down syndrome (DS), a most frequently occurring genetic disorder, is associated with oral morphological abnormalities and higher incidence rates of oral diseases. Recent studies have analyzed the oral microbiome to elucidate their relationships with oral diseases and general health; however, reports on the oral microbiome in individuals with DS are scarce. This study aimed to characterize the oral microbiome in children with DS.
METHODS
A total of 54 children aged 1-13 years were enrolled in this case-control study. Of these children, 27 had DS (Case: DS group) and 27 were age-matched healthy children (Control: ND group). Saliva in the oral cavity was collected with a swab, cultured, and tested for cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) detection, and the salivary microbiome was analyzed using next-generation sequencing. The student's t-test, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, and permutational multivariate analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis.
RESULTS
Results of culture and qPCR detection tests for cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria showed no significant differences in the detected bacteria between the DS and ND groups, with the exception of a significantly higher detection rate of Candida albicans in children with DS with mixed dentition. A comparison of the salivary microbiomes by 16S sequencing showed no significant difference in α diversity; however, it showed a significant difference in β diversity. Children with DS had a higher relative abundance of Corynebacterium and Cardiobacterium, and lower relative abundance of TM7.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provided basic data on the salivary microbiome of children with DS and showed the microbiological markers peculiar to children with DS. However, further research to identify the relationship with oral diseases is warranted.
Topics: Bacteria; Case-Control Studies; Child; Down Syndrome; Humans; Microbiota; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Saliva
PubMed: 36203175
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02480-z -
IDCases 2022is a member of the HACEK group of bacteria, responsible for infective endocarditis, mainly in patients with damaged or prosthetic valves. The low virulence of this...
is a member of the HACEK group of bacteria, responsible for infective endocarditis, mainly in patients with damaged or prosthetic valves. The low virulence of this organism can explain the insidious presentation and subacute or chronic progression of infective endocarditis. Here, a 41-year-old man with a past history of surgery for a Waldhausen type aortic coarctation was hospitalised with dyspnea and chest pains revealing an acute pulmonary oedema, without fever. Transesophageal echocardiography indicated a 20 mm vegetation on biscuspid aortic valve. Six sets of blood culture were positive with . In case of lack of fever, the diagnosis of infectious endocarditis is difficult because other symptoms are non-specific and biological markers of inflammatory syndrome are quiet or non-existent. This is the first case of infectious endocarditis with a clinical presentation of acute pulmonary oedema in the literature. We report here an apyretic pulmonary oedema revealing endocarditis and a review of the literature on apyretic infective endocarditis due to
PubMed: 35669524
DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01506