-
Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery Aug 2022Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe disease that is still associated with high mortality despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. HACEK organisms... (Review)
Review
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe disease that is still associated with high mortality despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. HACEK organisms (Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella kingae) are gram-negative bacteria that are part of the normal flora of the mouth and upper respiratory tract in humans. These organisms cause a wide range of infections, of which IE is one of the most notable. In order to control and prevent endocarditis caused by HACEK, measures such as oral hygiene and the use of prophylactic drugs should be used for people at risk, including people with underlying heart disease and people with artificial valves. This review is a summary of the main aspects of IE focusing on HACEK organisms.
Topics: Eikenella corrodens; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Haemophilus; Heart Diseases; Humans
PubMed: 35986339
DOI: 10.1186/s13019-022-01932-5 -
American Heart Journal Plus :... Feb 2023is a member of the HACEK group, which causes infective endocarditis (IE) but is rarely associated with other infections. It is difficult to biologically identify... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
is a member of the HACEK group, which causes infective endocarditis (IE) but is rarely associated with other infections. It is difficult to biologically identify because of its slow growth in culture. However, the clinical features of IE remain unclear.
METHOD
We searched the PubMed database for all articles of IE published between January 2000 and July 2022.
RESULTS
The major clinical features of 44 previously reported cases of IE were as follows: the median age was 59 years, of which 36 were men; the initial presenting symptoms were chest discomfort (30 %), followed by fever (27 %), night sweats (20 %), fatigability (18 %), weight loss (16 %), and dyspnea (16 %). Almost half of the patients were febrile upon admission. The major predisposing factors were postsurgical valve treatment (57 %), dental treatment or caries (20 %), and congenital valve abnormality (5 %). The median time to identify in the blood culture was 4 days, but the longest time was 42 days. The most commonly infected valve was the aortic valve, and the most common complication was systemic embolism. Surgical treatment was performed in 23 (52 %) patients. The most frequent initial treatment regimen was cephem antibiotics, with a median treatment duration of 6 weeks. The overall mortality and recovery rates of IE were 9 % and 91 %, respectively.
CONCLUSION
If infection is confirmed, physicians should check for the presence of vegetations of the heart valves and understand these characteristics.
PubMed: 38510192
DOI: 10.1016/j.ahjo.2022.100248 -
The Open Microbiology Journal 2016and are well known, though rare, etiologic agents of infective endocarditis. Cardiac devices are increasingly implanted.
INTRODUCTION
and are well known, though rare, etiologic agents of infective endocarditis. Cardiac devices are increasingly implanted.
CASE REPORTS
Two cases of infective episodes in pacemaker (PM) treated patients with respectively and are presented. In one case blood-culture bottles yielded growth of at two episodes with two years apart. At the second episode a vegetation was recognized at the PM lead and the PM device and lead was removed. In the case, echocardiography revealed a bicuspid aortic valve with severe regurgitation and a more than 1 cm sized vegetation.
CONCLUSION
The cases illustrate the diversity in disease severity by Careful follow up has to be performed in order not to overlook a relatively silent relapsing infection.
PubMed: 28077974
DOI: 10.2174/1874285801610010183 -
IDCases 2022is a member of the HACEK group of bacteria, responsible for infective endocarditis, mainly in patients with damaged or prosthetic valves. The low virulence of this...
is a member of the HACEK group of bacteria, responsible for infective endocarditis, mainly in patients with damaged or prosthetic valves. The low virulence of this organism can explain the insidious presentation and subacute or chronic progression of infective endocarditis. Here, a 41-year-old man with a past history of surgery for a Waldhausen type aortic coarctation was hospitalised with dyspnea and chest pains revealing an acute pulmonary oedema, without fever. Transesophageal echocardiography indicated a 20 mm vegetation on biscuspid aortic valve. Six sets of blood culture were positive with . In case of lack of fever, the diagnosis of infectious endocarditis is difficult because other symptoms are non-specific and biological markers of inflammatory syndrome are quiet or non-existent. This is the first case of infectious endocarditis with a clinical presentation of acute pulmonary oedema in the literature. We report here an apyretic pulmonary oedema revealing endocarditis and a review of the literature on apyretic infective endocarditis due to
PubMed: 35669524
DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01506 -
IDCases 2023() is a fastidious, pleomorphic, gram-negative bacillus that causes infective endocarditis. Identification of is difficult because it grows very slowly in culture...
() is a fastidious, pleomorphic, gram-negative bacillus that causes infective endocarditis. Identification of is difficult because it grows very slowly in culture media. is also known to cause large friable vegetations in the heart valves, complicated by systemic embolism. Here, we report a case of infective endocarditis associated with cerebral, renal, and splenic infarctions. A 58-year-old Japanese man with a medical history of diabetes mellitus presented with acute right-sided back pain. Enhanced abdominal computed tomography scan showed a right renal infarction and splenic embolism, and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple infarctions. Transesophageal echocardiography revealed the presence of a vegetation and severe aortic regurgitation. was detected in the blood culture; thus, a diagnosis of infective endocarditis was made. The patient received antibiotic therapy and surgical aortic valve replacement, and he was doing well without major complications. We also reviewed the cases of systemic emboli caused by infective endocarditis.
PubMed: 36478667
DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01655 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) Jan 2020
Topics: Cardiobacterium; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Humans; Intracranial Hemorrhages
PubMed: 31484906
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.3077-19 -
European Journal of Clinical... Sep 2006Cardiobacterium hominis, a member of the HACEK group (Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus aphrophilus, and Haemophilus paraphrophilus, Actinobacillus... (Review)
Review
Cardiobacterium hominis, a member of the HACEK group (Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus aphrophilus, and Haemophilus paraphrophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, C. hominis, Eikenella corrodens, and Kingella species), is a rare cause of endocarditis. There are 61 reported cases of C. hominis infective endocarditis in the English-language literature, 15 of which involved prosthetic valve endocarditis. There is one reported case of C. hominis after upper endoscopy and none reported after colonoscopy. Presented here are two cases of C. hominis prosthetic valve endocarditis following colonoscopy and a review of the microbiological and clinical features of C. hominis endocarditis. Patients with C. hominis infection have a long duration of symptoms preceding diagnosis (138+/-128 days). The most common symptoms were fever (74%), fatigue/malaise (53%), weight loss/anorexia (40%), night sweats (24%), and arthralgia/myalgia (21%). The most common risk factors were pre-existing cardiac disease (61%), the presence of a prosthetic valve (28%), and history of rheumatic fever (20%). Of the 61 cases reviewed here, the aortic valve was infected in 24 (39%) and the mitral valve in 19 (31%) patients. The average duration of blood culture incubation before growth was detected was 6.3 days (range, 2-21 days). Complications were congestive heart failure (40%), central nervous system (CNS) emboli (21%), arrhythmia (16%), and mycotic aneurysm (9%). C. hominis is almost always susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics. Ceftriaxone is recommended by the recently published American Heart Association guidelines. The prognosis of C. hominis native valve and prosthetic valve endocarditis is favorable. The cure rate among 60 patients reviewed was 93% (56/60). For prosthetic valve endocarditis, the cure rate was 16/17 (94%). Valve replacement was required in 27 (45%) cases.
Topics: Aged; Cardiobacterium; Colonoscopy; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Female; Heart Valve Prosthesis; Humans; Male; Risk Factors
PubMed: 16955250
DOI: 10.1007/s10096-006-0189-9 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) May 2019Acute infectious endocarditis (IE) is a complex disease that presents as a serious clinical condition associated with a high mortality rate, especially due to... (Review)
Review
Acute infectious endocarditis (IE) is a complex disease that presents as a serious clinical condition associated with a high mortality rate, especially due to intracranial hemorrhaging (ICH). The most common causative organism is Staphylococcus aureus. We herein report a patient with ICH following subacute IE with a positive blood culture for Cardiobacterium hominis. A review of the existing literature revealed that acute IE associated with Cardiobacterium has been reported to cause ICH in only seven previous cases. Prolonged culture-specific antibiotic therapy along with extended surveillance of blood culture is therefore essential for timely intervention.
Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cardiobacterium; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Female; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Intracranial Hemorrhages; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 30626838
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.2111-18 -
IDCases 2022() is the part of the HACEK group ( that accounts for the majority of the Gram-negative infective endocarditis cases. Historically, the fastidious characteristics of...
BACKGROUND
() is the part of the HACEK group ( that accounts for the majority of the Gram-negative infective endocarditis cases. Historically, the fastidious characteristics of these microorganisms proved challenging to many clinicians. Advances in microbiological identification of culture-negative endocarditis; however, may be the reason for the rising incidence of these infections. Here, we report an incidentally diagnosed endocarditis following an aortic valve replacement.
CASE REPORT
A healthy 54-year-old gentleman presented after several months of generalized weakness and exertional intolerance. He was found to have a bicuspid aortic valve with regurgitation and underwent aortic valve replacement surgery. Intraoperatively, the patient was found to have a large perforation of the fused leaflet associated with abnormal pink tissue in the aortic valve area. The aortic valve tissue was cultured. Gram-negative rods were isolated 48 h later and were ultimately identified as . He was successfully treated with 6 weeks of intravenous ceftriaxone with sterile blood cultures throughout the hospital stay. In retrospect, the patient's valve failure was likely secondary to subacute endocarditis from complicated by leaflet perforation.
CONCLUSION
is a rare cause of infective endocarditis with an excellent prognosis when timely diagnosed and managed. By reporting this case, we wish to raise awareness of potential asymptomatic infection, particularly amongst patients with underlying native valve abnormalities, new leaflet perforation, and valve insufficiency.
PubMed: 35693329
DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01529 -
BMJ Case Reports Dec 2021We present a case of polymicrobial subacute bacterial endocarditis and bacteremia with and in a 72-year-old man with pre-existing mitral valve disease and prior mitral...
We present a case of polymicrobial subacute bacterial endocarditis and bacteremia with and in a 72-year-old man with pre-existing mitral valve disease and prior mitral valve repair who presented with renal failure and glomerulonephritis. is often a contaminant in blood cultures but has been rarely implicated in patients with invasive infections such as endocarditis. Intravenous drug use, prosthetic heart valves, valvular heart disease and venous catheters are the most frequently described risk factors for bacteremia and endocarditis in the medical literature. Management is challenging as is resistant to penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics due to production of beta-lactamase. Polymicrobial endocarditis is uncommon and when it occurs typically involves species. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of polymicrobial endocarditis in which both and a HACEK organism are implicated.
Topics: Aged; Bacillus cereus; Cardiobacterium; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Humans; Male
PubMed: 34853044
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-245417