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Journal of Vascular Surgery Jan 2021
Topics: Humans; Indigo Carmine; Ischemia; Thrombectomy
PubMed: 33349393
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2020.08.025 -
Journal of Xenobiotics Sep 2023Dyes, such as indigo carmine, have become indispensable to modern life, being widely used in the food, textile, pharmaceutical, medicine, and cosmetic industry. Although... (Review)
Review
Dyes, such as indigo carmine, have become indispensable to modern life, being widely used in the food, textile, pharmaceutical, medicine, and cosmetic industry. Although indigo carmine is considered toxic and has many adverse effects, it is found in many foods, and the maximum permitted level is 500 mg/kg. Indigo carmine is one of the most used dyes in the textile industry, especially for dyeing denim, and it is also used in medicine due to its impressive applicability in diagnostic methods and surgical procedures, such as in gynecological and urological surgeries and microsurgery. It is reported that indigo carmine is toxic for humans and can cause various pathologies, such as hypertension, hypotension, skin irritations, or gastrointestinal disorders. In this review, we discuss the structure and properties of indigo carmine; its use in various industries and medicine; the adverse effects of its ingestion, injection, or skin contact; the effects on environmental pollution; and its toxicity testing. For this review, 147 studies were considered relevant. Most of the cited articles were those about environmental pollution with indigo carmine (51), uses of indigo carmine in medicine (45), and indigo carmine as a food additive (17).
PubMed: 37754845
DOI: 10.3390/jox13030033 -
Biotechnic & Histochemistry : Official... Jul 2016The variable quality of histochemical and immunohistochemical staining of tissues may be attributed to pre-analytical and analytical variables. Both categories of...
The variable quality of histochemical and immunohistochemical staining of tissues may be attributed to pre-analytical and analytical variables. Both categories of variables frequently are undefined or inadequately controlled during specimen collection and preparation. Pre-analytical variables may alter the molecular composition of tissues, which results in variable staining; such variations may cause problems when different tissues are used as staining controls. We developed a standard tissue for use as a staining control. Our standard tissue contains five components: 1) nine combined human cell lines mixed with stroma from human spleen; 2) a squamous cancer cell line, A431; 3) fungus; 4) transverse sections of the mosquitofish and 5) normal human spleen. The first three components were embedded in HistoGel(™) and all components were processed to paraffin and used to construct a single standard paraffin block. The muscles of mosquitofish and arteries of the spleen are positive controls for eosin staining, while other tissues are useful for assessing hematoxylin staining. The mosquitofish tissues also are excellent controls for the Masson trichrome stain and all mucin-related histochemical stains that we tested. The goblet cells of the intestine and skin stained strongly with Alcian blue, pH 2.5 (AB-2.5), mucicarmine, colloidal iron, periodic acid Schiff (PAS) or PAS-hematoxylin (PASH) and combination stains such as colloidal iron-PASH. Cell lines were not useful for evaluating histochemical stains except for PASH. The splenic stroma was a useful control for AB-2.5; however, eosin and mucin stains stained cell lines poorly, probably due to their rapid growth and associated loss of some differentiated characteristics such as production of mucins. Nevertheless, the cell lines were a critical control for immunohistochemical stains. Immunostaining of specific cell lines was consistent with the presence of markers, e.g., EGFr in DU145 cells. The cell lines expressed a wide range of markers, so they were useful controls for immunohistochemical staining including EGFr, HER2, E-cadherin, cytokeratins, Ki67, PCNA, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, CD3, CD20 and CD45, activated (cleaved) caspase 3 and Bcl-2. The cell lines also were a control for the TUNEL stain.
Topics: Biomarkers; Cadherins; Carmine; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Keratins; Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 27149658
DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2016.1179342 -
Postepy Dermatologii I Alergologii Feb 2022Carmine, a commonly used natural red dye, can cause immediate and delayed allergic reactions, which are frequently overlooked.
INTRODUCTION
Carmine, a commonly used natural red dye, can cause immediate and delayed allergic reactions, which are frequently overlooked.
AIM
To assess the incidence of carmine allergy and its clinical significance based on the placebo-controlled oral challenge in urticaria patients and suspected hypersensitivity to food additives.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Patients' histories were recorded by means of a standardized questionnaire. The subjects underwent skin prick tests and patch tests for carmine, while the level of specific IgE was measured in 52 patients. The patients with at least one positive carmine test or with suspected hypersensitivity to carmine were suggested to undergo a placebo-controlled oral challenge test.
RESULTS
One hundred and ten patients were enrolled in the study. Carmine skin testing was positive in 22 patients: skin prick tests were positive in 17% ( = 19), while patch tests were doubtful in 6% ( = 6). In 25/52 patients, the level of specific IgE was min. 0.01 kU/l. Oral challenge was performed in 33 subjects. Allergy to carmine was diagnosed in 9 (8%) patients; all of them suffered from chronic inducible urticaria.
CONCLUSIONS
Carmine is a potential allergen in patients with chronic inducible urticaria especially with concomitant systemic symptoms. Skin tests and specific IgE level measurement may be helpful tools to diagnose E120 hypersensitivity.
PubMed: 35369613
DOI: 10.5114/ada.2020.100821 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Feb 2020Indigo is one of the oldest textile dyes and was originally prepared from plant material. Nowadays, indigo is chemically synthesized at a large scale to satisfy the... (Review)
Review
Indigo is one of the oldest textile dyes and was originally prepared from plant material. Nowadays, indigo is chemically synthesized at a large scale to satisfy the demand for dyeing jeans. The current indigo production processes are based on fossil feedstocks; therefore, it is highly attractive to develop a more sustainable and environmentally friendly biotechnological process for the production of this popular dye. In the past decades, a number of natural and engineered enzymes have been identified that can be used for the synthesis of indigo. This mini-review provides an overview of the various microbial enzymes which are able to produce indigo and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each biocatalytic system.
Topics: Bacteria; Biocatalysis; Biotechnology; Coloring Agents; Indigo Carmine; Oxygenases
PubMed: 31834440
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10292-5 -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Oct 2022Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the re-evaluation of the safety and efficacy of carmine (sensory...
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the re-evaluation of the safety and efficacy of carmine (sensory additive, functional group: colourants - substances that add or restore colour in feeds) for cats and dogs. The additive consists of aluminium lakes of carminic acid (carmines), which are complexes of aluminium and carminic acid. Carminic acid, produced from the female insect Costa, is the colouring principle and is present in the final additive at 50%. The additive does not pose a risk concerning genotoxicity and is considered safe for dogs and cats at 264 and 220 mg Carmine/kg feed, respectively (which correspond to 132 and 110 mg carminic acid/kg feed, respectively). Due to the nature of the additive, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that allergic reactions may occur in the target species following the ingestion of feeds containing the additive. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the exposure of users by inhalation is very likely, and that carmine is a respiratory and skin sensitiser; however, due to the lack of data, a conclusion cannot be reached on the potential skin and eye irritation of the additive. The additive is considered to be efficacious in feeds for dogs and cats under the proposed conditions of use.
PubMed: 36312449
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7609 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2022Indigo carmine is a commonly used industrial blue dye. To determine its concentration in a commercially available food dye composed of a mixture of indigo carmine and...
Indigo carmine is a commonly used industrial blue dye. To determine its concentration in a commercially available food dye composed of a mixture of indigo carmine and D-glucose, this paper characterizes it through (ATR, KBr) FTIR micro-Raman as well as UV/Vis and clock: Briggs-Rauscher (BR) oscillatory reaction methods. The indigo carmine was detected in the bulk food dye only by applying micro-Raman spectroscopy, indicating a low percentage of the indigo carmine present. This research provides an improvement in the deviations from the experimental Raman spectrum as calculated by the B97D/cc-pVTZ level of theory one, resulting in a better geometrical optimization of the indigo carmine molecule compared to data within the literature. The analytical curves used to determine indigo carmine concentrations (and quantities) in an aqueous solution of food dye were applied by means of UV/Vis and BR methods. BR yielded significantly better analytical parameters: 100 times lower LOD and LOQ compared to commonly used UV/Vis. The remarkable sensitivity of the BR reaction towards indigo carmine suggests that not only does indigo carmine react in an oscillatory reaction but also its decomposition products, meaning that the multiple oxidation reactions have an important role in the BR's indigo carmine mechanism. The novelty of this research is the investigation of indigo carmine using a clock BR reaction, opening new possibilities to determine indigo carmine in other complex samples (pharmaceutical, food, etc.).
Topics: Coloring Agents; Indigo Carmine; Oxidation-Reduction; Spectrum Analysis, Raman
PubMed: 35956810
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154853 -
Annali Di Igiene : Medicina Preventiva... 2017
Topics: History, 20th Century; Humans; Hygiene; Italy; Occupational Health
PubMed: 28715045
DOI: 10.7416/ai.2017.2164 -
Cureus Oct 2021Certain contemporary histology stains and methods are not the same as those used in the past. This progression has delved into the requirement for more precise, less... (Review)
Review
Certain contemporary histology stains and methods are not the same as those used in the past. This progression has delved into the requirement for more precise, less complex, and efficient staining procedures. The objective of this study is to assess historical and contemporary stains and procedures, as well as the challenges surrounding their improvement. Carmine, hematoxylin, silver nitrate, Giemsa, trichome stain, Gram stain, and mauveine were among the first histological stains discovered in nature. Aside from their utility in the study of tissues at the time, they also laid the groundwork for the development of commercial dyes that are still in use today. Hematoxylin and eosin, Ziehl-Nielsen (ZN) stain, periodic acid-Schiff stain, and Grocott-Gomori methenamine silver stain are some of the most recently developed histological stains. The future of histological stains and processes appears to be influenced by technological advancements and the demand for cost-effective diagnostic approaches in the healthcare system. Thus, currently used histological stains appear to be economical, quick, and reliable tools for interpreting, archiving, and delivering essential diagnoses that could not be achieved by any other means.
PubMed: 34754648
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18486 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Sep 2022: As the number of minimally invasive surgeries, including video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, increases, small, deeply located lung nodules are difficult to visualize...
: As the number of minimally invasive surgeries, including video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, increases, small, deeply located lung nodules are difficult to visualize or palpate; therefore, localization is important. We studied the use of a mixture of indigo-carmine and lipiodol, coupled with a transbronchial approach-to achieve accurate localization and minimize patient discomfort and complications. : A total of 60 patients were enrolled from May 2019 to April 2022, and surgery was performed after the bronchoscopy procedure. Wedge resection or segmentectomy was performed, depending on the location and size of the lesion. : In 58/60 (96.7%) patients, the localization of the nodules was successful after localization, and 2/60 required c-arm assistance. None of the patients complained of discomfort during the procedure; in all cases, margins were found to be free from carcinoma, as determined by the final pathology results. : We recommend this localization technique using mixture of indigo carmine and lipiodol, in concert with the transbronchial approach, because the procedure time is short, patient's discomfort is low, and success rate is high.
Topics: Carmine; Ethiodized Oil; Humans; Indigo Carmine; Lung Neoplasms; Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
PubMed: 36143912
DOI: 10.3390/medicina58091235