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Stroke and Vascular Neurology Dec 2022Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is the second-leading cause of dementia worldwide, which is caused by cerebrovascular diseases or relevant risk factors. However,...
BACKGROUND
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is the second-leading cause of dementia worldwide, which is caused by cerebrovascular diseases or relevant risk factors. However, there are no appropriate animal models, which can be used to study changes of neuropathology in the human VCI. To better understand the development of VCI, we modified three mouse models of chronical vascular diseases, and further compared the advantage and disadvantage of these models. We hope to establish a more suitable mouse model mimicking VCI in human beings.
METHODS
Adult male C57/BL6 mice (n=98) were used and animals underwent transient bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (tBCCAO), or bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS), or right unilateral common carotid artery occlusion, respectively. Haemodynamic changes of surface cerebral blood flow (CBF) were examined up to 4 weeks. Spatial cognitive impairment was evaluated to determine the consequence of chronic cerebral ischaemia.
RESULTS
These mouse models showed different extents of CBF reduction and spatial reference memory impairment from 1 week up to 4 weeks postoperation compared with the control group (p<0.05). We found that (1) bilaterally ligation of common carotid artery caused decrease of 90% CBF in C57/BL6 mice (p<0.05) and caused acute instead of prolonged impairment of spatial reference memory (p<0.05); (2) unilateral ligation of common carotid artery did not cause severe ipsilateral ischaemia as seen in the tBCCAO mice and caused minor but significant spatial reference memory disturbance (p<0.05); and (3) 20% decrease in the bilateral CBF did not cause spatial reference memory impairment 4 weeks postoperation (p>0.05), while 30% decrease in bilateral or unilateral CBF led to significant memory disturbance in mice (p<0.05).
CONCLUSION
We demonstrated that BCAS using 0.16/0.18 mm microcoils is an alternative VCI mouse model when studying the mechanism and developing therapy of VCI.
Topics: Humans; Mice; Male; Animals; Cognitive Dysfunction; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Brain Ischemia; Carotid Stenosis; Carotid Artery, Common
PubMed: 35817499
DOI: 10.1136/svn-2022-001594 -
Computational and Mathematical Methods... 2021Carotid stenting near the bifurcation carina is associated with adverse events, especially in-stent restenosis, thrombosis, and side branch occlusion in clinical data....
Carotid stenting near the bifurcation carina is associated with adverse events, especially in-stent restenosis, thrombosis, and side branch occlusion in clinical data. This study is aimed at determining the potential biomechanical mechanisms for these adverse events after carotid stenting. The patient-specific carotid models were constructed with different stenting scenarios to study the flow distribution and hemodynamic parameters, such as wall shear stress (WSS), flow velocity, relative residence time (RRT), and oscillating shear index (OSI) in the carotid bifurcation. The results suggested that the existing stents surely reduced blood flow to the external carotid artery (ECA) but enhanced local flow disturbance both in ECA and stented internal carotid artery (ICA), and the inner posterior wall of the stented ICA and the outer posterior wall of ECA might endure a relatively low level of WSS and remarkably elevated OSI and RRT. In addition, the implanted stent leads to more ECA adverse flow than ICA after stenting. While disturbed flow near the strut increased as stent length increased, blood flow and areas of local flow disturbance in ECA slightly decreased as stent length increased. In conclusion, the results revealed that ECA might be in relatively high levels of abnormal local hemodynamics after stenting, followed by stented ICA, leading to potential adverse events after intervention.
Topics: Blood Flow Velocity; Carotid Artery, Common; Carotid Artery, External; Carotid Artery, Internal; Carotid Stenosis; Computational Biology; Computer Simulation; Heart Disease Risk Factors; Hemodynamics; Humans; Models, Cardiovascular; Postoperative Complications; Recurrence; Stents; Stress, Mechanical
PubMed: 34868344
DOI: 10.1155/2021/7604532 -
The Kurume Medical Journal Apr 2018We encountered a case of duplicated right vertebral artery during an anatomical dissection course for medical students in 2015. Two vertebral arteries were found in the... (Review)
Review
We encountered a case of duplicated right vertebral artery during an anatomical dissection course for medical students in 2015. Two vertebral arteries were found in the right neck of a 91-year-old female cadaver. The proximal leg of the arteries arose from the area between the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery that diverged from the brachiocephalic artery. The distal leg arose from the right subclavian artery as expected. The proximal leg entered the transverse foramen of the fourth cervical vertebra and the distal leg entered the transverse foramen of the sixth cervical vertebra. The two right vertebral arteries joined to form one artery just after the origin of the right vertebral artery of the brachiocephalic artery entered the transverse foramen of the fourth cervical vertebra. This artery then traveled up in the transverse foramina and became the basilar artery, joining with the left vertebral artery. We discuss the embryological origin of this case and review previously reported cases.
Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Cadaver; Carotid Artery, Common; Dissection; Female; Humans; Subclavian Artery; Vertebral Artery
PubMed: 29553097
DOI: 10.2739/kurumemedj.MS643004 -
Endocrinology and Metabolism (Seoul,... Oct 2022Excessive proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which contributes to the development of occlusive vascular diseases, requires elevated...
BACKGRUOUND
Excessive proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which contributes to the development of occlusive vascular diseases, requires elevated mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to meet the increased requirements for energy and anabolic precursors. Therefore, therapeutic strategies based on blockade of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation are considered promising for treatment of occlusive vascular diseases. Here, we investigated whether DN200434, an orally available estrogen receptor-related gamma inverse agonist, inhibits proliferation and migration of VSMCs and neointima formation by suppressing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
METHODS
VSMCs were isolated from the thoracic aortas of 4-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. Oxidative phosphorylation and the cell cycle were analyzed in fetal bovine serum (FBS)- or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated VSMCs using a Seahorse XF-24 analyzer and flow cytometry, respectively. A model of neointimal hyperplasia was generated by ligating the left common carotid artery in male C57BL/6J mice.
RESULTS
DN200434 inhibited mitochondrial respiration and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activity and consequently suppressed FBS- or PDGF-stimulated proliferation and migration of VSMCs and cell cycle progression. Furthermore, DN200434 reduced carotid artery ligation-induced neointima formation in mice.
CONCLUSION
Our data suggest that DN200434 is a therapeutic option to prevent the progression of atherosclerosis.
Topics: Rats; Mice; Male; Animals; Neointima; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Cell Proliferation; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Cells, Cultured; Carotid Artery, Common; Carotid Arteries; Atherosclerosis; Mammals
PubMed: 36168774
DOI: 10.3803/EnM.2022.1462 -
Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences Jun 2019To prepare a porcine model of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and observe the pathological and hemodynamic changes in the common carotid artery.
BACKGROUND/AIM
To prepare a porcine model of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and observe the pathological and hemodynamic changes in the common carotid artery.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twelve male miniature pigs were randomly divided into the model and control group (n = 6). Pigs in the model group were kept in an air-flow negative pressure chamber at 0.96 ± 0.01 kPa, and the air oxygen content, temperature, and humidity were kept at normal culture conditions in both groups. After pigs in the model group presented symptoms of OSAHS, changes in the hemodynamics and morphology of the carotid artery were analyzed using color Doppler, and light and electron microscopy.
RESULTS
An animal model of OSAHS was successfully created. The internal diameter of the carotid artery of pigs in the model group was decreased, while the intima thickness, peak-systolic mean velocity, and resistance index were increased when compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The results of the light and electron microscopy revealed an incomplete elastic plate, increased media thickness, irregular morphology of the smooth muscle cells, increased collagen fiber bundles, partially disordered elastic fibers, and smooth muscle layers. The quantitative analysis showed significantly increased elastic fibers in the media of the carotid artery in the model group (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION
Pathological changes in the tissue structure and hemodynamics in the negative pressure-induced pig OSAHS model were observed. We suggest that alterations in the upper airway pressure during OSAHS may lead to cardiovascular conditions through its pathological effects on the carotid artery.
Topics: Animals; Carotid Artery, Common; Disease Models, Animal; Hemodynamics; Male; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Swine; Swine, Miniature
PubMed: 31195789
DOI: 10.3906/sag-1807-170 -
Medical Science Monitor : International... Nov 2022BACKGROUND In elderly patients, spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension (SAH) can be frequently caused by reduced preload and stiff ventricles. The primary purpose of this... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND In elderly patients, spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension (SAH) can be frequently caused by reduced preload and stiff ventricles. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of ultrasonographic carotid artery flow measurements during the passive leg raise (PLR) test to predict SAH in elderly patients. The correlation between preoperative transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) measurements and SAH was also investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS The patients aged over 65 years scheduled for elective surgery under spinal anesthesia were recruited. Preoperative TTE was performed in all patients. Corrected carotid flow time and carotid blood flow were measured in the supine, semirecumbent, and PLR positions. Ultrasonographic carotid artery flow and preoperative TTE measurements were compared between patients who developed SAH and those who did not. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to test the association with SAH. RESULTS SAH occurred in 17 of 50 patients. Carotid blood flow in the semirecumbent position and preoperative mitral inflow E velocity could predict SAH, showing an area under the ROC curve of 0.754 (95% CI, 0.612-0.865) and 0.775 (95% CI, 0.634-0.881), respectively. However, according to the multivariate analysis, the independent risk factor for SAH was mitral inflow E velocity (OR 0.918, 95% CI 0.858-0.982, P=0.013). CONCLUSIONS In elderly patients, ultrasonographic carotid artery flow measurements failed to predict the occurrence of SAH. Only preoperative mitral inflow E velocity of TTE was selected as an independent risk factor for SAH.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Anesthesia, Spinal; Hypotension, Controlled; Carotid Arteries; Carotid Artery, Common; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 36437555
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.938714 -
Brain and Behavior Jun 2023To determine whether the blood-brain barrier (BBB) opens to enhance drug delivery during the acute stage of unsaturated fat embolism.
AIMS
To determine whether the blood-brain barrier (BBB) opens to enhance drug delivery during the acute stage of unsaturated fat embolism.
METHODS
We infused oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid emulsions through the right common carotid artery of rats, followed by trypan blue for gross and lanthanum for electron microscopic (EM) examination. Doxorubicin and temozolomide were also administered, and then the rats were euthanized at 30 min, 1 h, and 2 h. Trypan blue hue was analyzed to semiquantitatively measure BBB opening. Desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) imaging was used to evaluate drug delivery.
RESULTS
Trypan blue staining observed in each group 30 min after emulsion infusion increased at 1 h and decreased after 2 h in the oleic acid group. The linoleic and linolenic acid groups showed weak staining over time. The hue and trypan blue analysis results were corroborative. EM showed tight junction opening, whereas DESI-MS imaging showed increased doxorubicin and temozolomide signal intensities in ipsilateral hemispheres of all three groups.
CONCLUSION
We demonstrated that oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid emulsions opened the BBB, promoting drug delivery to the brain. Hue analysis and DESI-MS imaging are appropriate for analysis of doxorubicin and temozolomide concentrations in brain tissue.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Emulsions; Temozolomide; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Trypan Blue; Brain; Carotid Arteries; Carotid Artery, Common; Doxorubicin
PubMed: 37218399
DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2994 -
Journal of Vascular Surgery Nov 2021Although conventional angiography remains the reference standard for the grading of carotid stenosis, carotid duplex ultrasound (CDUS) is the most commonly used modality... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Although conventional angiography remains the reference standard for the grading of carotid stenosis, carotid duplex ultrasound (CDUS) is the most commonly used modality for determining the degree of carotid stenosis. The validity of CDUS findings for patients after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation is questionable, because the velocities are often altered secondary to the continuous flow nature of the devices.
METHODS
A retrospective review was performed of all patients who had undergone LVAD implantation from January 2007 to December 2019. All patients who had undergone CDUS before and after LVAD implantation were included. Patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, those with unusable carotid imaging studies, and those with internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion were excluded. The peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end-diastolic velocity (EDV) in the ICA and common carotid artery (CCA) and the ICA/CCA ratios were compared before and after LVAD implantation.
RESULTS
A total of 36 patients (mean age 59 years; 30 men; 6 women) had undergone CDUS both before and after LVAD implantation (mean, 647 days between imaging studies). A total of 61 ICAs had met the criteria for inclusion. Before LVAD, 7 carotid arteries (13%) had had >50% carotid stenosis and 53 (87%) had had 0% to 50% stenosis. The mean changes in the velocities after LVAD were as follows. The ICA PSV had decreased by 6.12 ± 4.34 cm/s, and the ICA EDV had increased by 13.44 ± 4.23 cm/s. The CCA PSV had decreased by 17.22 ± 4.95 cm/s, and the CCA EDV had increased by 10.83 ± 2.59 cm/s. The mean ICA/CCA ratio had increased by 0.18 ± 0.05. All the mean changes in velocity were significant (P < .01), except for the ICA PSV (P = .167). Among four patients with known stenosis of 60% to 69%, the degree of increase in the ICA and CCA EDVs (75.8 and 13.3 cm/s, respectively) was significantly greater than that for patients with <50% or no stenosis. Carotid artery laterality did not significantly affect the differences in mean velocity. Centrifugal LVADs resulted in a significantly larger increase in the ICA EDV compared with axial LVADs (26.0 vs 6.3 cm/s; P < .01).
CONCLUSIONS
LVADs were associated with significant changes in CCA PSV, ICA and CCA EDV, and ICA/CCA ratios. However, the magnitude of these changes in patients with <50% stenosis was minimal and might not be clinically significant. The LVAD type might only have an effect on EDV measurements in the CCA, and the left and right carotid arteries did not appear to have different degrees of change in velocity. The currently used criteria for determining carotid stenosis might result in an under- or overestimation of carotid stenosis in patients with an LVAD.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Flow Velocity; Carotid Artery, Common; Carotid Artery, Internal; Carotid Stenosis; Female; Heart Failure; Heart-Assist Devices; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Predictive Value of Tests; Regional Blood Flow; Retrospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; Ventricular Function, Left; Young Adult
PubMed: 33957226
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2021.03.062 -
Journal of Vascular Surgery Mar 2007Correlation of carotid duplex ultrasound (DUS) flow velocities with carotid artery stenosis before and after carotid endarterectomy is well established. With the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
Correlation of carotid duplex ultrasound (DUS) flow velocities with carotid artery stenosis before and after carotid endarterectomy is well established. With the evolution of catheter-based techniques, carotid stenosis increasingly is being treated with angioplasty and stenting (CAS). CAS changes the physical properties of the arterial wall, which may alter blood flow velocities compared with the nonstented carotid. Opinions differ about whether DUS is a reliable tool to assess technical outcome and recurrent stenosis after CAS. This study correlated carotid DUS flow velocity findings with carotid arteriography after CAS.
METHODS
Data from 77 pairs of carotid arteriograms with corresponding DUS after CAS in 68 patients were reviewed. Preintervention and postintervention DUS and carotid arteriogram data were evaluated for each patient. Peak systolic velocities (PSV), end-diastolic velocities (EDV), and internal carotid artery/common carotid artery ratios (ICA/CCA) were correlated with the post-CAS arteriogram.
RESULTS
The mean preintervention PSV was 390 +/- 110 cm/s (range, 216 to 691 cm/s), and the average EDV was 134 +/- 51 cm/s (range, 35 to 314 cm/s). Postintervention DUS was obtained a mean of 5 days after CAS (range, 1 to 30 days). Sixty (81%) post-CAS arteriograms were normal, and each corresponded to a normal postintervention DUS (PSV range, 30 to 118 cm/s; EDV range, 18 to 60 cm/s). In 14 arteries (19%), completion arteriograms revealed residual stenoses of 20% to 40% in 13, and 50% in one. The mean PSV was 175 cm/s (range, 137 to 195 cm/s), and the mean EDV was 44 cm/s (range, 20 to 62 cm/s). All velocities exceeded the threshold of a 50% stenosis by DUS criteria for a nonstented carotid artery. In three arteries (2 patients), high-grade recurrent stenoses detected by DUS developed that required reintervention during follow-up. This high-grade restenosis was confirmed by arteriography in each patient, providing an additional three correlations.
CONCLUSIONS
Normal DUS imaging reliably identifies arteriographically normal carotid arteries after CAS. Carotid velocities are disproportionately elevated with mild and moderate degrees of stenoses, and velocity criteria for quantitating stenoses in these patients require modification. However, DUS appropriately identifies severe recurrent stenoses after CAS.
Topics: Angioplasty; Angioplasty, Balloon; Blood Flow Velocity; Carotid Artery, Common; Carotid Artery, Internal; Carotid Stenosis; Cohort Studies; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Ohio; Radiography; Recurrence; Registries; Reoperation; Severity of Illness Index; Stents; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex
PubMed: 17257803
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2006.11.044 -
Anatolian Journal of Cardiology Jan 2015
Topics: Breast Diseases; Calcinosis; Carotid Artery, Common; Female; Humans; Mammary Arteries
PubMed: 25789379
DOI: No ID Found