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Matrix Biology : Journal of the... Oct 2018Hyaline cartilages, fibrocartilages and elastic cartilages play multiple roles in the human body including bearing loads in articular joints and intervertebral discs,... (Review)
Review
Hyaline cartilages, fibrocartilages and elastic cartilages play multiple roles in the human body including bearing loads in articular joints and intervertebral discs, providing joint lubrication, forming the external ears and nose, supporting the trachea, and forming the long bones during development and growth. The structure and organization of cartilage's extracellular matrix (ECM) are the primary determinants of normal function. Most diseases involving cartilage lead to dramatic changes in the ECM which can govern disease progression (e.g., in osteoarthritis), cause the main symptoms of the disease (e.g., dwarfism caused by genetically inherited mutations) or occur as collateral damage in pathological processes occurring in other nearby tissues (e.g., osteochondritis dissecans and inflammatory arthropathies). Challenges associated with cartilage diseases include poor understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis, delayed diagnoses due to the aneural nature of the tissue and drug delivery challenges due to the avascular nature of adult cartilages. This narrative review provides an overview of the clinical and pathological features as well as current treatment options available for various cartilage diseases. Late breaking advances are also described in the quest for development and delivery of effective disease modifying drugs for cartilage diseases including osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis that affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide.
Topics: Cartilage Diseases; Cartilage, Articular; Disease Progression; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Mutation
PubMed: 29803938
DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.05.005 -
Cell and Tissue Research Oct 2017The degradation of cartilage in the human body is impacted by aging, disease, genetic predisposition and continued insults resulting from daily activity. The burden of... (Review)
Review
The degradation of cartilage in the human body is impacted by aging, disease, genetic predisposition and continued insults resulting from daily activity. The burden of cartilage defects (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, intervertebral disc damage, knee replacement surgeries, etc.) is daunting in light of substantial economic and social stresses. This review strives to broaden the scope of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering approaches used for cartilage repair by comparing and contrasting the anatomical and functional nature of the meniscus, articular cartilage (AC) and nucleus pulposus (NP). Many review papers have provided detailed evaluations of these cartilages and cartilage-like tissues individually but none have comprehensively examined the parallels and inconsistencies in signaling, genetic expression and extracellular matrix composition between tissues. For the first time, this review outlines the importance of understanding these three tissues as unique entities, providing a comparative analysis of anatomy, ultrastructure, biochemistry and function for each tissue. This novel approach highlights the similarities and differences between tissues, progressing research toward an understanding of what defines each tissue as distinctive. The goal of this paper is to provide researchers with the fundamental knowledge to correctly engineer the meniscus, AC and NP without inadvertently developing the wrong tissue function or biochemistry.
Topics: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Cartilage, Articular; Collagen; Humans; Meniscus; Nucleus Pulposus; Regeneration; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 28413859
DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2613-0 -
Stem Cell Research & Therapy Nov 2019With the increasing incidence of cartilage-related diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA) and intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), heavier financial and social burdens... (Review)
Review
With the increasing incidence of cartilage-related diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA) and intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), heavier financial and social burdens need to be faced. Unfortunately, there is no satisfactory clinical method to target the pathophysiology of cartilage-related diseases. Many gene expressions, signaling pathways, and biomechanical dysregulations were involved in cartilage development, degeneration, and regeneration. However, the underlying mechanism was not clearly understood. Recently, lots of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were identified in the biological processes, including cartilage development, degeneration, and regeneration. It is clear that lncRNAs were important in regulating gene expression and maintaining chondrocyte phenotypes and homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the recent researches studying lncRNAs' expression and function in cartilage development, degeneration, and regeneration and illustrate the potential mechanism of how they act in the pathologic process. With continued efforts, regulating lncRNA expression in the cartilage regeneration may be a promising biological treatment approach.
Topics: Animals; Cartilage; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration; Osteoarthritis; RNA, Long Noncoding; Regeneration
PubMed: 31753016
DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1458-8 -
Cartilage Dec 2022The increasing prevalence of degenerative cartilage disorders in young patients is a growing public concern worldwide. Cartilage's poor innate regenerative capacity has... (Review)
Review
The increasing prevalence of degenerative cartilage disorders in young patients is a growing public concern worldwide. Cartilage's poor innate regenerative capacity has inspired the exploration and development of cartilage replacement treatments such as tissue-engineered cartilages and osteochondral implants as potential solutions to cartilage loss. The clinical application of tissue-engineered implants is hindered by the lack of long-term follow-up demonstrating efficacy, biocompatibility, and bio-integration. The historically reported immunological privilege of cartilage tissue was based on histomorphological observations pointing out the lack of vascularity and the presence of a tight extracellular matrix. However, clinical studies in humans and animals do not unequivocally support the immune-privilege theory. More in-depth studies on cartilage immunology are needed to make clinical advances such as tissue engineering more applicable. This review analyzes the literature that supports and opposes the concept that cartilage is an immune-privileged tissue and provides insight into mechanisms conferring various degrees of immune privilege to other, more in-depth studied tissues such as testis, eyes, brain, and cancer.
Topics: Male; Animals; Humans; Immune Privilege; Cartilage; Tissue Engineering; Extracellular Matrix
PubMed: 36250484
DOI: 10.1177/19476035221126349 -
Journal of Biomedical Optics Aug 2011Laser radiation provides a means to control the fields of temperature and thermo mechanical stress, mass transfer, and modification of fine structure of the cartilage... (Review)
Review
Laser radiation provides a means to control the fields of temperature and thermo mechanical stress, mass transfer, and modification of fine structure of the cartilage matrix. The aim of this outlook paper is to review physical and biological aspects of laser-induced regeneration of cartilage and to discuss the possibilities and prospects of its clinical applications. The problems and the pathways of tissue regeneration, the types and features of cartilage will be introduced first. Then we will review various actual and prospective approaches for cartilage repair; consider possible mechanisms of laser-induced regeneration. Finally, we present the results in laser regeneration of joints and spine disks cartilages and discuss some future applications of lasers in regenerative medicine.
Topics: Animals; Cartilage; Humans; Laser Therapy; Regeneration; Regenerative Medicine; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 21895308
DOI: 10.1117/1.3614565 -
Cell Proliferation Mar 2020Cartilage is a connective tissue in the skeletal system and has limited regeneration ability and unique biomechanical reactivity. The growth and development of cartilage... (Review)
Review
Cartilage is a connective tissue in the skeletal system and has limited regeneration ability and unique biomechanical reactivity. The growth and development of cartilage can be affected by different physical, chemical and biological factors, such as mechanical stress, inflammation, osmotic pressure, hypoxia and signalling transduction. Primary cilia are multifunctional sensory organelles that regulate diverse signalling transduction and cell activities. They are crucial for the regulation of cartilage development and act in a variety of ways, such as react to mechanical stress, mediate signalling transduction, regulate cartilage-related diseases progression and affect cartilage tumorigenesis. Therefore, research on primary cilia-mediated cartilage growth and development is currently extremely popular. This review outlines the role of primary cilia in cartilage development in recent years and elaborates on the potential regulatory mechanisms from different aspects.
Topics: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Cartilage; Chondrogenesis; Cilia; Humans; Mechanotransduction, Cellular; Osteogenesis; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 32034931
DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12765 -
Cartilage 2022Nasal septum cartilage is a hyaline cartilage that provides structural support to the nasal cavity and midface. Currently, information on its cellular and mechanical... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Nasal septum cartilage is a hyaline cartilage that provides structural support to the nasal cavity and midface. Currently, information on its cellular and mechanical properties is widely dispersed and has often been inferred from studies conducted on other cartilage types such as the knee. A detailed understanding of nasal cartilage properties is important for several biological, clinical, and engineering disciplines. The objectives of this scoping review are to (1) consolidate actual existing knowledge on nasal cartilage properties and (2) identify gaps of knowledge and research questions requiring future investigations.
DESIGN
This scoping review incorporated articles identified using PROSPERO, Cochrane Library (CDSR and Central), WOS BIOSIS, WOS Core Collection, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global databases. Following the screening process, 86 articles were considered. Articles were categorized into three groups: growth, extracellular matrix, and mechanical properties.
RESULTS
Most articles investigated growth properties followed by extracellular matrix and mechanical properties. NSC cartilage is not uniform. Nasal cartilage growth varies with age and location. Similarly, extracellular matrix composition and mechanical properties are location-specific within the NSC. Moreover, most articles included in the review investigate these properties in isolation and only very few articles demonstrate the interrelationship between multiple cartilage properties.
CONCLUSIONS
This scoping review presents a first comprehensive description of research on NSC properties with a focus on NSC growth, extracellular matrix and mechanical properties. It additionally identifies the needs (1) to understand how these various cartilage properties intersect and (2) for more granular, standardized assessment protocols to describe NSC.
Topics: Extracellular Matrix; Hyaline Cartilage; Knee Joint; Nasal Cartilages
PubMed: 35345900
DOI: 10.1177/19476035221087696 -
Journal of Anatomy Nov 1976Visceral cartilage is found in the airways and appendages of the respiratory tract. It has a characteristic arrangement at various airway levels. Cartilage maintains the... (Review)
Review
Visceral cartilage is found in the airways and appendages of the respiratory tract. It has a characteristic arrangement at various airway levels. Cartilage maintains the large airways patent and since muscle attachment is in part to cartilage, its arrangement influences the effect of muscle contraction. Bronchi are defined as the airways proximal to the last plate of cartilage. The intra-uterine development of cartilage, its distribution in the adult, change in disease and the bronchial arterial supply of large airways are considered.
Topics: Airway Obstruction; Bronchi; Cartilage; Humans; Muscle, Smooth; Pulmonary Ventilation; Respiratory System; Trachea
PubMed: 794047
DOI: No ID Found -
European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology,... Nov 2020The difficulty of correcting nasal septum deformities using the classical Killian or Cottle techniques or derivatives has led in recent years to new suggestions such as...
The difficulty of correcting nasal septum deformities using the classical Killian or Cottle techniques or derivatives has led in recent years to new suggestions such as extracorporeal septoplasty or various apposition grafts to counteract refractory deformity of the quadrangular cartilage. Naturally occurring septal deformities result from conflicts in growth between the quadrangular cartilage, perpendicular ethmoidal plate and vomer, which each have their own different evo-devo origin. Septoplasty by disarticulation consistently restores a level septum by completely resolving the growth conflicts. Conserving the quadrangular cartilage is essential for the stability of the nasal pyramid on condition that 1) the lateral flare of the superior edge of both the component septolateral cartilages that suspend it at the roof of the piriform orifice and 2) the height of its anterior edge are respected. The anterior edge is always high enough (except in case of fracture or malformation to project the retrolobular nasal dorsum in proportion to the height of the alar cartilage when it is repositioned on its natural premaxillary base.
Topics: Disarticulation; Humans; Nasal Cartilages; Nasal Septum; Rhinoplasty; Vomer
PubMed: 33020044
DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2020.07.014 -
Cells Sep 2021Cell-based therapy represents a promising treatment strategy for cartilage defects. Alone or in combination with scaffolds/biological signals, these strategies open many... (Review)
Review
Cell-based therapy represents a promising treatment strategy for cartilage defects. Alone or in combination with scaffolds/biological signals, these strategies open many new avenues for cartilage tissue engineering. However, the choice of the optimal cell source is not that straightforward. Currently, various types of differentiated cells (articular and nasal chondrocytes) and stem cells (mesenchymal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells) are being researched to objectively assess their merits and disadvantages with respect to the ability to repair damaged articular cartilage. In this paper, we focus on the different cell types used in cartilage treatment, first from a biological scientist's perspective and then from a clinician's standpoint. We compare and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of these cell types and offer a potential outlook for future research and clinical application.
Topics: Cartilage; Cartilage, Articular; Cell Differentiation; Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; Chondrocytes; Humans; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Regeneration; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 34572145
DOI: 10.3390/cells10092496