Review

Authors: Yamini Krishnan, Alan J Grodzinsky

Hyaline cartilages, fibrocartilages and elastic cartilages play multiple roles in the human body including bearing loads in articular joints and intervertebral discs, providing joint lubrication, forming the external ears and nose, supporting the trachea, and forming the long bones during development and growth. The structure and organization of cartilage's extracellular matrix (ECM) are the primary determinants of normal function. Most diseases involving cartilage lead to dramatic changes in the ECM which can govern disease progression (e.g., in osteoarthritis), cause the main symptoms of the disease (e.g., dwarfism caused by genetically inherited mutations) or occur as collateral damage in pathological processes occurring in other nearby tissues (e.g., osteochondritis dissecans and inflammatory arthropathies). Challenges associated with cartilage diseases include poor understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis, delayed diagnoses due to the aneural nature of the tissue and drug delivery challenges due to the avascular nature of adult cartilages. This narrative review provides an overview of the clinical and pathological features as well as current treatment options available for various cartilage diseases. Late breaking advances are also described in the quest for development and delivery of effective disease modifying drugs for cartilage diseases including osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis that affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide.

Topics: Cartilage Diseases; Cartilage, Articular; Disease Progression; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Mutation

PubMed: 29803938
DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.05.005

Review

Authors: Yikai Liu, Zian Zhang, Tao Li...

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related cartilage degenerative disease, and chondrocyte senescence has been extensively studied in recent years. Increased numbers of senescent chondrocytes are found in OA cartilage. Selective clearance of senescent chondrocytes in a post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) mouse model ameliorated OA development, while intraarticular injection of senescent cells induced mouse OA. However, the means and extent to which senescence affects OA remain unclear. Here, we review the latent mechanism of senescence in OA and propose potential therapeutic methods to target OA-related senescence, with an emphasis on immunotherapies. Natural killer (NK) cells participate in the elimination of senescent cells in multiple organs. A relatively comprehensive discussion is presented in that section. Risk factors for OA are ageing, obesity, metabolic disorders and mechanical overload. Determining the relationship between known risk factors and senescence will help elucidate OA pathogenesis and identify optimal treatments.

Topics: Animals; Cartilage Diseases; Cartilage, Articular; Cellular Senescence; Chondrocytes; Mice; Osteoarthritis

PubMed: 35869508
DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02859-x

Review

Authors: Joyce Bj van Meurs, Cindy G Boer, Laura Lopez-Delgado...

Phenotypic variation in skeletal traits and diseases is the product of genetic and environmental factors. Epigenetic mechanisms include information-containing factors, other than DNA sequence, that cause stable changes in gene expression and are maintained during cell divisions. They represent a link between environmental influences, genome features, and the resulting phenotype. The main epigenetic factors are DNA methylation, posttranslational changes of histones, and higher-order chromatin structure. Sometimes non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are also included in the broad term of epigenetic factors. There is rapidly expanding experimental evidence for a role of epigenetic factors in the differentiation of bone cells and the pathogenesis of skeletal disorders, such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. However, different from genetic factors, epigenetic signatures are cell- and tissue-specific and can change with time. Thus, elucidating their role has particular difficulties, especially in human studies. Nevertheless, epigenomewide association studies are beginning to disclose some disease-specific patterns that help to understand skeletal cell biology and may lead to development of new epigenetic-based biomarkers, as well as new drug targets useful for treating diffuse and localized disorders. Here we provide an overview and update of recent advances on the role of epigenomics in bone and cartilage diseases. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Topics: Animals; Cartilage Diseases; DNA Methylation; Epigenesis, Genetic; Epigenomics; Humans; MicroRNAs; RNA, Long Noncoding

PubMed: 30715766
DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3662

Review

Authors: J Li, H Chen, D Zhang...

Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), also known as CXC motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), is recognized as a homeostatic cytokine with strong chemotactic potency. It plays an important role in physiological and pathological processes, such as the development of multiple tissues and organs, the regulation of cell distribution, and tumour metastasis. SDF-1 has two receptors, CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and CXC chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR7). SDF-1 affects the proliferation, survival, differentiation and maturation of chondrocytes by binding to CXCR4 on chondrocytes. Therefore, SDF-1 has been used as an exogenous regulatory target in many studies to explore the mechanism of cartilage development. SDF-1 is also a potential therapeutic target for osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), because of its role in pathological initiation and regulation. In addition, SDF-1 shows potent capacity in the repair of cartilage defects by recruiting endogenous stem cells in a cartilage tissue engineering context. To summarize the specific role of SDF-1 on cartilage development and disease, all articles had been screened out in PubMed by May 30, 2020. The search was limited to studies published in English. Search terms included SDF-1; CXCL12; CXCR4; chondrocyte; cartilage; OA; RA, and forty-seven papers were studied. Besides, we reviewed references in the articles we searched to get additional relevant backgrounds. The review aims to conclude the current knowledge regarding the physiological and pathological role of SDF-1 on the cartilage and chondrocyte. More investigations are required to determine methods targeted SDF-1 to cartilage development and interventions to cartilage diseases.

Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Cartilage Diseases; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Chemokine CXCL12; Chondrocytes; Chondrogenesis; Humans; Osteoarthritis; Receptors, CXCR; Receptors, CXCR4

PubMed: 33253889
DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.10.010

Comparative Study Review

Authors: L Sokoloff

Zonal necrosis of chondrocytes is a characteristic feature of Kashin-Beck disease. Inferences about chondronecrosis in several spontaneous and experimental arthropathies of other species may be relevant to the cause of Kashin-Beck disease and conceivably, too, banal osteoarthritis in man.

Topics: Animals; Cartilage Diseases; Dogs; Humans; Necrosis; Osteochondritis

PubMed: 2187418
DOI: 10.1136/ard.49.4.262

Review

Authors: Bouchra Edderkaoui

Cartilage plays a crucial role in the human body by forming long bones during development and growth to bear loads on joints and intervertebral discs. However, the increasing prevalence of cartilage degenerative disorders is a growing public health concern, especially due to the poor innate regenerative capacity of cartilage. Chondrocytes are a source of several inflammatory mediators that play vital roles in the pathogenesis of cartilage disorders. Among these mediators, chemokines have been explored as potential contributors to cartilage degeneration and regeneration. Our review focuses on the progress made during the last ten years in identifying the regulators and roles of chemokines and their receptors in different mechanisms related to chondrocytes and cartilage. Recent findings have demonstrated that chemokines influence cartilage both positively and negatively. Their induction and involvement in either process depends on the local molecular environment and is both site- and time-dependent. One of the challenges in defining the role of chemokines in cartilage pathology or regeneration is the apparent redundancy in the interaction of chemokines with their receptors. Hence, it is crucial to determine, for each situation, whether targeting specific chemokines or their receptors will help in developing effective therapeutic strategies for cartilage repair.

Topics: Humans; Cartilage; Chondrocytes; Chemokines; Cartilage Diseases; Inflammation Mediators

PubMed: 38203552
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010381

Review

Authors: Weiwei Zhao, Shanxing Zhang, Baoli Wang...

The homeostasis of skeletal tissues requires tight regulation of a variety of signaling pathways, and the onset and progression of skeletal diseases are often caused by signaling abnormalities. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNA molecules that have emerged as a new dimension of gene regulation. MiRNAs have been shown to play an important role in the regulation of the differentiation of embryonic and hematopoietic stem cells. However, the role of specific miRNAs and their target genes has not been fully defined in the regulation of mesenchymal stem cells. Runx2 is a key transcription factor controlling MSC differentiation and bone and cartilage function. This article reviews work on Runx2 and miRNA regulation in bone and cartilage diseases.

Topics: Animals; Bone Diseases; Cartilage Diseases; Cell Differentiation; Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; Humans; MicroRNAs

PubMed: 27526290
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13206

Review

Authors: X Yuan, S Yang

Primary cilia, present on most mammalian cells, function as a sensor to sense the environment change and transduce signaling. Loss of primary cilia causes a group of human pleiotropic syndromes called Ciliopathies. Some of the ciliopathies display skeletal dysplasias, implying the important role of primary cilia in skeletal development and homeostasis. Emerging evidence has shown that loss or malfunction of primary cilia or ciliary proteins in bone and cartilage is associated with developmental and function defects. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins are essential for cilia formation and/or function. In this review, we discuss the role of primary cilia and IFT proteins in the development of bone and cartilage, as well as the differentiation and mechanotransduction of mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. We also include the role of primary cilia in tooth development and highlight the current advance of primary cilia and IFT proteins in the pathogenesis of cartilage diseases, including osteoarthritis, osteosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma.

Topics: Animals; Bone Diseases; Carrier Proteins; Cartilage; Cartilage Diseases; Cell Differentiation; Cilia; Flagella; Humans; Mechanotransduction, Cellular; Odontogenesis; Osteogenesis; Protein Transport

PubMed: 27250654
DOI: 10.1177/0022034516652383

Review

Authors: André de Paula Fernandez, Ivan de Castro Neto, Christiane Ribeiro Anias...

UNLABELLED

Piercing has become more and more popular among adolescents. The procedure is generally performed by unqualified professionals and carries its risk. Non-sterilized material or inappropiate hygiene increases the possibility of perichondritis and celulitis. The disease is characterized by erythema of the auricula pinna, unbearable pain and fever. Left untreated, the condition progresses with edema along the auricula and abscess formation that may result in ischemic necrosis and a cauliflower anesthetic deformation. The most common bacteria is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In cases with abscesses, drainage is necessary along with antibiotic therapy guided by cultures and antibiogram.

AIM

The aim of this case report was to review the past 10 years of published papers dealing with anatomical aspects of the auricular pinna, the history of piercing and its most common complications.

METHODS

A case report of perichondritis after 'high' ear piercing that required surgical treatment and that progressed with no esthetic loss.

RESULTS

Theoretical and practical experience based on a review and a report of a case that progressed satisfactorily.

CONCLUSIONS

The increased incidence of perichondritis in adolescents should require more elaborated primary prevention measures.

Topics: Adolescent; Body Piercing; Cartilage Diseases; Ear Cartilage; Female; Humans; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa

PubMed: 19582352
DOI: 10.1016/S1808-8694(15)30156-7

Authors:

Topics: Adolescent; Cartilage Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Osteoarthritis; Patella

PubMed: 6783225
DOI: No ID Found