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Frontiers in Microbiology 2023Dandelion (Pugongying) is one of the most frequently used Chinese herbs for treating lactational mastitis (LM). Pugongying granules, a patented medication primarily...
INTRODUCTION
Dandelion (Pugongying) is one of the most frequently used Chinese herbs for treating lactational mastitis (LM). Pugongying granules, a patented medication primarily comprised of dandelion extract, have been approved by CFDA for LM treatment in China. The aims of this study were to investigate the etiology of LM and the mechanism by which Pugongying granules decrease LM symptoms, with a particular focus on the microbial communities found in breastmilk.
METHODS
Participants were recruited from a previously performed randomized controlled trial (Identifier: NCT03756324, ClinicalTrials.gov). Between 2019 and 2020, women diagnosed with unilateral LM at the Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital were enrolled. In total, 42 paired breastmilk samples from the healthy and affected breasts of the participants were collected. Additionally, 37 paired pre- and post-treatment breastmilk samples from the affected breast were collected from women who received a 3-day course of either Pugongying granules (20 women) or cefdinir (17 women). Clinical outcomes [e.g., body temperature, visual analogue scale (VAS) score for breast pain, the percentage of neutrophils (NE%)] were analyzed pre- and post-treatment, and the breastmilk samples were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing to analyze the alpha and beta diversities and identify significant bacteria. Finally, the relationship between microorganisms and clinical outcomes was analyzed.
RESULTS
There was no significant difference in fever and pain between the Pugongying group and cefdinir group. The most prevalent bacterial genera in breastmilk were and . Compared to healthy breastmilk, microbial diversity was reduced in affected breastmilk, and there was a higher relative abundance of . After Pugongying treatment, there was an increase in microbial diversity with significantly higher abundance of . A negative correlation was found between , VAS score, and NE%. Treatment with cefdinir did not affect microbial diversity. Taken together, our results show a correlation between LM and reduced microbial diversity, as well as an increased abundance of in affected breastmilk.
CONCLUSION
Pugongying granules enhanced microbial diversity in breastmilk samples. Given the substantial variation in individual microbiomes, identifying specific species of and associated with LM may provide additional insight into LM pathogenesis and treatment.
PubMed: 38029215
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1247868 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022Pharmaceuticals are known for their great effects and applications in the treatment and suppression of various diseases in human and veterinary medicine. The development...
Pharmaceuticals are known for their great effects and applications in the treatment and suppression of various diseases in human and veterinary medicine. The development and modernization of science and technologies have led to a constant increase in the production and consumption of various classes of pharmaceuticals, so they pose a threat to the environment, which can be subjected to the sorption process on the solid phase. The efficiency of sorption is determined by various parameters, of which the physicochemical properties of the compound and the sorbent are very important. One of these parameters that determine pharmaceutical mobility in soil or sediment is the soil−water partition coefficient normalized to organic carbon (Koc), whose determination was the purpose of this study. The influence of organic matter, suspended in an aqueous solution of pharmaceutical (more precisely: cefdinir, memantine, and praziquantel), was studied for five different types of soil and sediment samples from Croatia. The linear, Freundlich, and Dubinin−Raduskevich sorption isotherms were used to determine specific constants such as the partition coefficient Kd, which directly describes the strength of sorbate and sorbent binding. The linear model proved to be the best with the highest correlation coefficients, R2 > 0.99. For all three pharmaceuticals, a positive correlation between sorption affinity described by Kd and Koc and the amount of organic matter was demonstrated.
Topics: Humans; Soil; Praziquantel; Soil Pollutants; Memantine; Cefdinir; Adsorption; Pharmaceutical Preparations
PubMed: 36432112
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228008 -
Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical... 2023An accurate and sensitive determination procedure has been established for the quantification of cefdinir in pure and pharmacological formulas. The approach was...
An accurate and sensitive determination procedure has been established for the quantification of cefdinir in pure and pharmacological formulas. The approach was dependent on derivatizing cefdinir with sodium anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (SAS) in an alkaline medium to produce a magenta-colored derivative with a maximum absorbance at 517 nm against the reagent blank. Different factors affecting the interaction of cefdinir with SAS were studied carefully and optimized, such as the buffer value, medium acidity, the duration of hydrolysis, and the reagent percentage. Under optimized conditions, a linear calibration curve with a correlation coefficient of = 0.9995 was obtained over the concentration range of cefdinir 0.5-100 μg/mL. The values of the parameters that represented the sensitivity of the method were satisfactory, i.e., the limit of detection, the limit of quantification, as well as Sandell's sensitivity () were 0.1 μg/mL, 0.5 μg/mL, and 0.064 μg/cm/0.001 Au, respectively. The relative standard deviation was below 1.35%, while the percentage recovery was 99.930%-102.257%. The mole ratio of the colored complex was estimated by following Job's method of continuous variation, which indicated that the cefdinir-SAS ratio was 1:1. The suggested approach was proven to be adequately accurate, precise, and without interfering with common excipients and additives. Thus, it could be implemented successfully for the standard determination of cefdinir in its pure and pharmaceutical forms.
PubMed: 37692006
DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_285_23 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy May 1998A multicenter, randomized, controlled, investigator-blind study was performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral cefdinir versus oral penicillin V for the... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial
A multicenter, randomized, controlled, investigator-blind study was performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral cefdinir versus oral penicillin V for the treatment of pharyngitis due to group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS). Patients 13 years of age and older were randomized to receive either oral cefdinir (300 mg twice a day) for 5 days followed by placebo for 5 days or oral penicillin V (250 mg four times a day) for 10 days. Throat cultures were obtained, and signs and symptoms of pharyngitis were recorded at study admission and follow-up visits on study days 11 to 15, 16 to 20, and 25 to 31. Patients kept a diary to record medication intake and their assessment of throat pain at admission and at each day of study treatment. Five hundred fifty-eight patients were enrolled, of whom 432 (77.4%) were clinically and microbiologically evaluable. The GABHS eradication rates 5 to 10 days after completion of therapy were 193 of 218 (88.5%) in the cefdinir group and 176 of 214 (82.2%) in the penicillin group (P = 0.053). Clinical cure rates were 89.0 and 84.6%, respectively (P = 0.80). By the time of the long-term follow-up visit, 2 to 3 weeks after completion of treatment, 156 of 191 (81.7%) of the assessable cefdinir patients and 152 of 195 (77.9%) of the penicillin patients remained free of GABHS. Both treatments were well tolerated, with adverse reaction rates of 18.3% in the cefdinir study arm and 15.0% in the penicillin study arm (P = 0.278). Five-day treatment with cefdinir is safe and effective therapy for GABHS pharyngitis. Based on its twice-a-day dosage and shorter course of therapy, leading to potentially greater patient compliance, cefdinir may be considered for use in the treatment of pharyngitis caused by GABHS.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cefdinir; Cephalosporins; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pharyngitis; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus pyogenes
PubMed: 9593129
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.42.5.1073 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Jul 1997Cefdinir is an extended-spectrum oral cephalosporin that is active against pathogens commonly seen in acute community-acquired bacterial sinusitis (ACABS), including... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
Cefdinir is an extended-spectrum oral cephalosporin that is active against pathogens commonly seen in acute community-acquired bacterial sinusitis (ACABS), including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Two randomized, investigator-blind, multicenter trials (one in the United States and one in Europe) compared two dosage regimens of cefdinir (600 mg once a day for 10 days and 300 mg twice a day for 10 days) to amoxicillin-clavulanate (A-C) (500 mg three times a day for 10 days) for adult and adolescent patients with ACABS. Twelve hundred twenty-nine patients entered the U.S. study, 698 with antral puncture; 569 patients entered the European study, all with antral puncture. Clinical response (cure or improvement) was determined 7 to 14 days and 3 to 5 weeks posttherapy. Microbiologic eradication rates were determined 10 to 30 days posttherapy in a subset of patients who underwent pre- and posttherapy sinus aspirate culture. Rates of adverse events and treatment discontinuations due to adverse events were examined. Cefdinir, given once or twice daily, was as effective clinically (approximately 90% cure rate) as amoxicillin-clavulanate given three times daily in the treatment of ACABS. Microbiologic eradication rates were also similar in the three groups. The major side effect was mild diarrhea, occurring in approximately 20% of each group. Cefdinir caused fewer adverse events requiring treatment discontinuation.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Amoxicillin; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Bacterial Infections; Cefdinir; Cephalosporins; Child; Clavulanic Acids; Community-Acquired Infections; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Single-Blind Method; Sinusitis; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 9210677
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.41.7.1517 -
Computational and Structural... 2021Probiotics administration can facilitate the restoration of host gut microbiota/metabolome after antibiotic treatment. Yet, the mechanism behind such beneficial effects...
Probiotics administration can facilitate the restoration of host gut microbiota/metabolome after antibiotic treatment. Yet, the mechanism behind such beneficial effects remains unclear. This study constructed a rat model of antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis to monitor the effects and mechanism of probiotic ( Zhang) treatment in maintaining gut homeostasis and restoring the gut microbiota/metabolome. Forty rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10 per group): control receiving only saline (Ctrl), antibiotic (AB-Ctrl), antibiotic followed by probiotic (AB-Prob), and antibiotic plus probiotic followed by probiotic (AB + Prob). Rat fecal microbiota and sera were collected at four time points from pre-treatment to post-treatment. The probiotic-treated group (AB + Prob) had significantly more (.) after one week of antibiotic and probiotic intervention but fewer antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs)-possessing bacteria ( and bacterium). Consistently, metabolomics data revealed that both probiotic groups had more acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid post treatment. Moreover, a potential probiotic species, , strongly correlated with , as well as propionic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid. Furthermore, administering probiotic lowered the serum IL-1α level. In contrast, the antibiotic-recipients had a higher irreversible level of IL-1α, suggesting inflammation of the rats. Thus, antibiotic treatment not only led to host gut dysbiosis, but inflammatory responses and an increase in gut ARGs. Daily Zhang supplementation could alleviate the side effect of cefdinir intervention and facilitate the restoration of gut microbial homeostasis, and these probiotic effects might involve -mediated beneficial activities.
PubMed: 34815833
DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.10.026 -
Journal of Global Antimicrobial... Mar 2022The aim of this study was to determine and compare the efficacy of drugs to treat Mycobacterium kansasii (Mkn) pulmonary disease by performing minimum inhibitory...
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to determine and compare the efficacy of drugs to treat Mycobacterium kansasii (Mkn) pulmonary disease by performing minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination and time-kill studies.
METHODS
We determined the MICs to 13 drugs against the Mkn standard laboratory strain ATCC 12478 and 20 clinical isolates and performed time-kill studies with 18 drugs from different classes using the standard laboratory strain of Mkn. The β-lactam antibiotics were tested with or without the combination of the β-lactamase inhibitor avibactam. An inhibitory sigmoid E model was used to describe the relationship between drug concentrations and bacterial burden.
RESULTS
Among the 13 tested drugs in the MIC experiments, the lowest MIC was recorded for bedaquiline. Among the 18 drugs used in the time-kill studies, maximum kill with cefdinir, tebipenem, clarithromycin, azithromycin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, tedizolid, bedaquiline, pretomanid and telacebac was greater than that for some of the drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol) used in standard combination therapy.
CONCLUSION
We report preclinical data on the efficacy and potency of drugs that can potentially be repurposed to create a safe, effective and likely shorter-duration regimen for the treatment of Mkn pulmonary disease.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Lung Diseases; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Moxifloxacin; Mycobacterium kansasii
PubMed: 34933140
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.12.010 -
Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences Oct 2013The aim of the present study was to develop nonionic surfactant based vesicles (niosomes) to improve poor and variable oral bioavailability of cefdinir.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the present study was to develop nonionic surfactant based vesicles (niosomes) to improve poor and variable oral bioavailability of cefdinir.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cefdinir niosomes were formulated by sonication method using varying concentration of surfactant (span 60), with and without soya lecithin, but the cholesterol ratio was kept constant in all the formulations. The influence of formulation variables such as surfactant concentration, soya lecithin presence or absence were optimized for size and entrapment efficiency. Drug excipient interaction studies were performed using FTIR, indicating compatibility of excipients with drug.
RESULTS
The highest entrapment efficiency (74.56%) was observed when span 60, cefdinir, cholesterol and soya lecithin were used in the ratio of 5:1:1:1. The zeta sizer of the niosomal formulations showed the size range between 190 nm-1140 nm. The photomicrography showed round shape of vesicles and further nano size of niosomes was confirmed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The optimized niosomal formulations (F11 and F6) exhibited sustained in-vitro release of 94.91% and 94.07% respectively upto 12 h. The ex-vivo permeation studies of optimized formulation revealed that the niosomal dispersion improved cefdinir permeability across goat intestinal membrane as compared to plain drug solution and marketed suspension (Adcef®). Antimicrobial activity studies revealed that the niosomes potentiated bacteriostatic activity of cefdinir as compared to Adcef®.
CONCLUSION
The niosomal formulation could be one of the promising delivery system for cefdinir with improved oral bioavailability and controlled drug release profile.
PubMed: 24302841
DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.120080 -
Rapid and Sensitive Electrochemical Assay of Cefditoren with MWCNT/Chitosan NCs/FeO as a Nanosensor.Micromachines Aug 2022In this research, a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified by MWCNT/chitosan NCs/FeO was prepared for the determination of the cephalosporin antibiotic cefditoren (CFT)...
In this research, a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified by MWCNT/chitosan NCs/FeO was prepared for the determination of the cephalosporin antibiotic cefditoren (CFT) using adsorptive stripping differential pulse and cyclic voltammetry techniques. The effects of pH, the scan rate, the deposition potential, the accumulation time, and modification agents on the determination of CFT were analyzed. The results showed that the modified electrode significantly increased the oxidation peak current of CFT. Under optimized conditions, the MWCNT/chitosan NCs/FeO/GCE nanosensor exhibited a linear response between 0.2 µM and 10 µM toward CFT. The limit of detection and quantification were determined to be 1.65 nM and 5.50 nM, respectively. Model drugs (cefdinir, cefpodoxime, cephalexin, and ceftazidime compounds) were used to enlighten the CFT oxidation mechanism. Moreover, the nanosensor was used to analyze CFT in a pharmaceutical dosage form and commercial deproteinated human serum samples. The accuracy of these methods was proven in the recovery studies, with values of 96.98 and 98.62% for the pharmaceutical dosage form and commercial deproteinated human serum sample, respectively.
PubMed: 36014269
DOI: 10.3390/mi13081348