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Oncogene Aug 2018E-cadherin is a key component of the adherens junctions that are integral in cell adhesion and maintaining epithelial phenotype of cells. Homophilic E-cadherin binding... (Review)
Review
E-cadherin is a key component of the adherens junctions that are integral in cell adhesion and maintaining epithelial phenotype of cells. Homophilic E-cadherin binding between cells is important in mediating contact inhibition of proliferation when cells reach confluence. Loss of E-cadherin expression results in loss of contact inhibition and is associated with increased cell motility and advanced stages of cancer. In this review we discuss the role of E-cadherin and its downstream signaling in regulation of contact inhibition and the development and progression of cancer.
Topics: Animals; Cadherins; Cell Adhesion; Cell Movement; Contact Inhibition; Disease Progression; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Neoplasms; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 29780167
DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0304-2 -
Physiological Reviews Jan 2014Tight coupling between biochemical and mechanical properties of the actin cytoskeleton drives a large range of cellular processes including polarity establishment,... (Review)
Review
Tight coupling between biochemical and mechanical properties of the actin cytoskeleton drives a large range of cellular processes including polarity establishment, morphogenesis, and motility. This is possible because actin filaments are semi-flexible polymers that, in conjunction with the molecular motor myosin, can act as biological active springs or "dashpots" (in laymen's terms, shock absorbers or fluidizers) able to exert or resist against force in a cellular environment. To modulate their mechanical properties, actin filaments can organize into a variety of architectures generating a diversity of cellular organizations including branched or crosslinked networks in the lamellipodium, parallel bundles in filopodia, and antiparallel structures in contractile fibers. In this review we describe the feedback loop between biochemical and mechanical properties of actin organization at the molecular level in vitro, then we integrate this knowledge into our current understanding of cellular actin organization and its physiological roles.
Topics: Actin Cytoskeleton; Actins; Animals; Cell Movement; Humans; Morphogenesis; Tight Junctions
PubMed: 24382887
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2013 -
Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE Jun 2014Migration is a key property of live cells and critical for normal development, immune response, and disease processes such as cancer metastasis and inflammation. Methods...
Migration is a key property of live cells and critical for normal development, immune response, and disease processes such as cancer metastasis and inflammation. Methods to examine cell migration are very useful and important for a wide range of biomedical research such as cancer biology, immunology, vascular biology, cell biology and developmental biology. Here we use tumor cell migration and invasion as an example and describe two related assays to illustrate the commonly used, easily accessible methods to measure these processes. The first method is the cell culture wound closure assay in which a scratch is generated on a confluent cell monolayer. The speed of wound closure and cell migration can be quantified by taking snapshot pictures with a regular inverted microscope at several time intervals. More detailed cell migratory behavior can be documented using the time-lapse microscopy system. The second method described in this paper is the transwell cell migration and invasion assay that measures the capacity of cell motility and invasiveness toward a chemo-attractant gradient. It is our goal to describe these methods in a highly accessible manner so that the procedures can be successfully performed in research laboratories even just with basic cell biology setup.
Topics: Animals; Cell Movement; Chemotaxis; Cytological Techniques; Melanoma, Experimental; Mice; NIH 3T3 Cells; Neoplasm Invasiveness
PubMed: 24962652
DOI: 10.3791/51046 -
Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology 2012
Topics: Animals; Cell Movement; Humans; Mice; Molecular Motor Proteins; Muscle Contraction; Myocardial Contraction
PubMed: 22500082
DOI: 10.1155/2012/257812 -
Cells Mar 2023Since the discovery of their role in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton 30 years ago, Rho GTPases have taken center stage in cell motility research [...].
Since the discovery of their role in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton 30 years ago, Rho GTPases have taken center stage in cell motility research [...].
Topics: rho GTP-Binding Proteins; Actin Cytoskeleton; Cell Movement
PubMed: 36899915
DOI: 10.3390/cells12050779 -
The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology Sep 2022The generation of efficient fluid flow is crucial for organismal development and homeostasis, sexual reproduction, and motility. Multi-ciliated cells possess fields of... (Review)
Review
The generation of efficient fluid flow is crucial for organismal development and homeostasis, sexual reproduction, and motility. Multi-ciliated cells possess fields of motile cilia that beat in synchrony to propel fluid. Ciliary arrays are remarkably conserved in their organization and function. Ciliates have polarized multi-ciliary arrays (MCAs) to promote fluid flow for cell motility. The ciliate cortex is decorated with hundreds of basal bodies (BB) forming linear rows along the cell's anterior-posterior axis. BBs scaffold and position cilia to form the organized ciliary array. Nascent BBs assemble at the base of BBs. As nascent BBs mature, they integrate into the cortical BB and cytoskeletal network and nucleate their own cilium. The organization of MCAs is balanced between cortical stability and cortical dynamism. The cortical cytoskeletal network both establishes and maintains a stable organization of the MCA in the face of mechanical forces exerted by ciliary beating. At the same time, MCA organization is plastic, such that it remodels for optimal ciliary mobility during development and in response to environmental conditions. Such plasticity promotes effective feeding and ecological behavior required for these organisms. Together, these properties allow an organism to effectively sense, adapt to, and move through its environment.
Topics: Animals; Basal Bodies; Cell Movement; Cilia; Ciliophora; Vertebrates
PubMed: 34897878
DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12880 -
The Journal of Experimental Medicine Mar 2022Leukocyte trafficking between blood and tissues is an essential function of the immune system that facilitates humoral and cellular immune responses. Within tissues,... (Review)
Review
Leukocyte trafficking between blood and tissues is an essential function of the immune system that facilitates humoral and cellular immune responses. Within tissues, leukocytes perform surveillance and effector functions via cell motility and migration toward sites of tissue damage, infection, or inflammation. Neurotransmitters that are produced by the nervous system influence leukocyte trafficking around the body and the interstitial migration of immune cells in tissues. Neural regulation of leukocyte dynamics is influenced by circadian rhythms and altered by stress and disease. This review examines current knowledge of neuro-immune interactions that regulate leukocyte migration and consequences for protective immunity against infections and cancer.
Topics: Cell Movement; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Circadian Rhythm; Humans; Leukocytes; Models, Immunological; Models, Neurological; Neural Pathways; Neuroimmunomodulation; Sympathetic Nervous System; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 35195682
DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211604 -
ELife Nov 2022The movement trajectories of organisms serve as dynamic read-outs of their behaviour and physiology. For microorganisms this can be difficult to resolve due to their...
The movement trajectories of organisms serve as dynamic read-outs of their behaviour and physiology. For microorganisms this can be difficult to resolve due to their small size and fast movement. Here, we devise a novel droplet microfluidics assay to encapsulate single micron-sized algae inside closed arenas, enabling ultralong high-speed tracking of the same cell. Comparing two model species - (freshwater, 2 cilia), and (marine, 8 cilia), we detail their highly-stereotyped yet contrasting swimming behaviours and environmental interactions. By measuring the rates and probabilities with which cells transition between a trio of motility states (smooth-forward swimming, quiescence, tumbling or excitable backward swimming), we reconstruct the control network that underlies this gait switching dynamics. A simplified model of cell-roaming in circular confinement reproduces the observed long-term behaviours and spatial fluxes, including novel boundary circulation behaviour. Finally, we establish an assay in which pairs of droplets are fused on demand, one containing a trapped cell with another containing a chemical that perturbs cellular excitability, to reveal how aneural microorganisms adapt their locomotor patterns in real-time.
Topics: Microfluidics; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; Cilia; Movement; Cell Movement
PubMed: 36416411
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.76519 -
Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) Oct 2017
Topics: Actins; Cell Movement
PubMed: 28820330
DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1360655 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021The trafficking of T-cells through peripheral tissues and into afferent lymphatic vessels is essential for immune surveillance and an adaptive immune response. Glycogen...
The trafficking of T-cells through peripheral tissues and into afferent lymphatic vessels is essential for immune surveillance and an adaptive immune response. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is a serine/threonine kinase and regulates numerous cell/tissue-specific functions, including cell survival, metabolism, and differentiation. Here, we report a crucial involvement of GSK3β in T-cell motility. Inhibition of GSK3β by CHIR-99021 or siRNA-mediated knockdown augmented the migratory behavior of human T-lymphocytes stimulated an engagement of the T-cell integrin LFA-1 with its ligand ICAM-1. Proteomics and protein network analysis revealed ongoing interactions among GSK3β, the surface receptor Notch1 and the cytoskeletal regulator CRMP2. LFA-1 stimulation in T-cells reduced Notch1-dependent GSK3β activity by inducing phosphorylation at Ser9 and its nuclear translocation accompanied by the cleaved Notch1 intracellular domain and decreased GSK3β-CRMP2 association. LFA-1-induced or pharmacologic inhibition of GSK3β in T-cells diminished CRMP2 phosphorylation at Thr514. Although substantial amounts of CRMP2 were localized to the microtubule-organizing center in resting T-cells, this colocalization of CRMP2 was lost following LFA-1 stimulation. Moreover, the migratory advantage conferred by GSK3β inhibition in T-cells by CHIR-99021 was lost when CRMP2 expression was knocked-down by siRNA-induced gene silencing. We therefore conclude that GSK3β controls T-cell motility through interactions with CRMP2 and Notch1, which has important implications in adaptive immunity, T-cell mediated diseases and LFA-1-targeted therapies.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Cell Movement; Cells, Cultured; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; Humans; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Phosphorylation; Protein Interaction Mapping; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Pyridines; Pyrimidines; Receptor, Notch1; Recombinant Proteins; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 34975828
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680071