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International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2021Macrophages are present in most human tissues and have very diverse functions. Activated macrophages are usually divided into two phenotypes, M1 macrophages and M2... (Review)
Review
Macrophages are present in most human tissues and have very diverse functions. Activated macrophages are usually divided into two phenotypes, M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages, which are altered by various factors such as microorganisms, tissue microenvironment, and cytokine signals. Macrophage polarity is very important for infections, inflammatory diseases, and malignancies; its management can be key in the prevention and treatment of diseases. In this review, we assess the current state of knowledge on macrophage polarity and report on its prospects as a therapeutic target.
Topics: Animals; Cell Polarity; Cytokines; Disease; Humans; Macrophages
PubMed: 35008577
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010144 -
Plant Physiology Jan 2018Auxin triggers diverse responses in plants, and this is reflected in quantitative and qualitative diversity in the auxin signaling machinery. (Review)
Review
Auxin triggers diverse responses in plants, and this is reflected in quantitative and qualitative diversity in the auxin signaling machinery.
Topics: Cell Polarity; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Indoleacetic Acids; Models, Biological; Signal Transduction; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 28818861
DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00765 -
Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) Dec 2016
Topics: Animals; Cell Membrane; Cell Polarity; Endocytosis; Exocytosis; Humans; Protein Transport
PubMed: 27885792
DOI: 10.1111/tra.12433 -
Aging Oct 2021
Topics: Adipokines; Aging; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Polarity; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans
PubMed: 34669587
DOI: 10.18632/aging.203621 -
Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE Jun 2013The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells...
The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.
Topics: Animals; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Differentiation; Cell Polarity; Cytological Techniques; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Macrophage Activation; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Macrophages; Mice
PubMed: 23851980
DOI: 10.3791/50323 -
Current Opinion in Cell Biology Feb 2020Most human cancers arise from epithelial tissues, which are apical-basally polarized and possess intercellular adhesive junctions. Epithelial cells grow to... (Review)
Review
Most human cancers arise from epithelial tissues, which are apical-basally polarized and possess intercellular adhesive junctions. Epithelial cells grow to characteristic densities, often from proliferative progenitors, which arrest as they mature. Homeostatic mechanisms can maintain this characteristic density if it is exceeded (crowding) or is too low (e.g. in response to wounding). During tumor initiation and progression this homeostatic mechanism is lost. Some aspects of cell polarity are also lost, although many carcinomas retain intercellular junctions and even apical domains. In other cases, and particularly in recurrent tumors, however, the cells become predominantly mesenchymal. A major question, still only incompletely answered, is whether the proteins that determine cell polarity function as tumor suppressors or tumor promoters. Here we discuss recent advances in understanding the role of polarity proteins and homeostasis in cancer.
Topics: Animals; Carcinogenesis; Cell Polarity; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Humans
PubMed: 31509786
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.07.016 -
Developmental Biology Jul 2022Cell polarity is regulated by both intrinsic properties of the cell and extrinsic factors in the environment. Wnts are secreted glycoproteins in graded distribution, and... (Review)
Review
Cell polarity is regulated by both intrinsic properties of the cell and extrinsic factors in the environment. Wnts are secreted glycoproteins in graded distribution, and they function as morphogens to instruct cell fate and as guidance cues to steer axon growth cone, respectively. Recent studies suggest that Wnts also instruct cell polarization in diverse contexts, by engaging cytoskeletal machineries or transcriptional mechanisms. Here we review the literature of cell polarity control by Wnt glycoproteins, with an emphasis on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a multi-cellular organism in which the importance of polarity-inducing factors can be verified in vivo. In both embryonic and postembryonic cell lineages that undergo asymmetric division, Wnts act as directional signals to instruct the asymmetry of mitosis. In C. elegans, Wnts polarize neuroblasts to control their directional migration, and they also specify axon-dendrite polarity by providing spatial instruction for postmitotic neurons. Together this review summarizes recent advances and unsolved issues in cell polarity control by Wnt glycoproteins.
Topics: Animals; Caenorhabditis elegans; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; Cell Polarity; Glycoproteins; Wnt Proteins
PubMed: 35461833
DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.04.007 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... 2013
Topics: Animals; Cell Movement; Cell Polarity; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Hydra; Neurons; Polar Bodies
PubMed: 24062591
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0419 -
Current Opinion in Plant Biology Oct 2018Protein polarization underlies directional cell growth, cell morphogenesis, cell division, fate specification and differentiation in plant development. Analysis of in... (Review)
Review
Protein polarization underlies directional cell growth, cell morphogenesis, cell division, fate specification and differentiation in plant development. Analysis of in vivo protein dynamics reveals differential mobility of polarized proteins in plant cells, which may arise from lateral diffusion, local protein-protein interactions, and is restricted by protein-membrane-cell wall connections. The asymmetric protein dynamics may provide a mechanism for the regulation of asymmetric cell division and cell differentiation. In light of recent evidence for preprophase band (PPB)-independent mechanisms for orienting division planes, polarity proteins and their dynamics might provide regulation on the PPB at the cell cortex to directly influence phragmoplast positioning or alternatively, impinge on cytoplasmic microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) for spindle alignment. Differentiation of specialized cell types is often associated with the spatial regulation of cell wall architecture. Here we discuss the mechanisms of polarized signaling underlying regional cell wall biosynthesis, degradation, and modification during the differentiation of root endodermal cells and leaf epidermal guard cells.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Cell Polarity; Cytoplasm; Microtubules; Plant Proteins; Plants
PubMed: 29957569
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.06.003 -
Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology Jun 2017Planar cell polarity (PCP) is an essential feature of animal tissues, whereby distinct polarity is established within the plane of a cell sheet. Tissue-wide... (Review)
Review
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is an essential feature of animal tissues, whereby distinct polarity is established within the plane of a cell sheet. Tissue-wide establishment of PCP is driven by multiple global cues, including gradients of gene expression, gradients of secreted WNT ligands and anisotropic tissue strain. These cues guide the dynamic, subcellular enrichment of PCP proteins, which can self-assemble into mutually exclusive complexes at opposite sides of a cell. Endocytosis, endosomal trafficking and degradation dynamics of PCP components further regulate planar tissue patterning. This polarization propagates throughout the whole tissue, providing a polarity axis that governs collective morphogenetic events such as the orientation of subcellular structures and cell rearrangements. Reflecting the necessity of polarized cellular behaviours for proper development and function of diverse organs, defects in PCP have been implicated in human pathologies, most notably in severe birth defects.
Topics: Animals; Cell Polarity; Humans; Morphogenesis; Protein Transport; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 28293032
DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.11