Review

Authors: Suguru Kadomoto, Kouji Izumi, Atsushi Mizokami...

Macrophages are present in most human tissues and have very diverse functions. Activated macrophages are usually divided into two phenotypes, M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages, which are altered by various factors such as microorganisms, tissue microenvironment, and cytokine signals. Macrophage polarity is very important for infections, inflammatory diseases, and malignancies; its management can be key in the prevention and treatment of diseases. In this review, we assess the current state of knowledge on macrophage polarity and report on its prospects as a therapeutic target.

Topics: Animals; Cell Polarity; Cytokines; Disease; Humans; Macrophages

PubMed: 35008577
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010144

Review

Authors: Ottoline Leyser

Auxin triggers diverse responses in plants, and this is reflected in quantitative and qualitative diversity in the auxin signaling machinery.

Topics: Cell Polarity; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Indoleacetic Acids; Models, Biological; Signal Transduction; Transcription, Genetic

PubMed: 28818861
DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00765

Authors: Danila Coradini

Topics: Adipokines; Aging; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Polarity; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans

PubMed: 34669587
DOI: 10.18632/aging.203621

Review

Authors: Joseph O Magliozzi, James B Moseley

Polarized growth and cytokinesis are two fundamental cellular processes that exist in virtually all cell types. Mechanisms for asymmetric distribution of materials allow for cells to grow in a polarized manner. This gives rise to a variety of cell shapes seen throughout all cell types. Following polarized growth during interphase, dividing cells assemble a cytokinetic ring containing the protein machinery to constrict and separate daughter cells. Here, we discuss how cell polarity signaling pathways act on cytokinesis, with a focus on direct regulation of the contractile actomyosin ring (CAR). Recent studies have exploited phosphoproteomics to identify new connections between cell polarity kinases and CAR proteins. Existing evidence suggests that some polarity kinases guide the local organization of CAR proteins and structures while also contributing to global organization of the division plane within a cell. We provide several examples of this regulation from budding yeast, fission yeast, and metazoan cells. In some cases, kinase-substrate connections point to conserved processes in these different organisms. We point to several examples where future work can indicate the degree of conservation and divergence in the cell division process of these different organisms.

Topics: Animals; Cell Division; Cell Polarity; Cytokinesis; Schizosaccharomyces; Signal Transduction

PubMed: 33397181
DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1864941

Review

Authors: Shixuan Wang, Jinghua Hu, Zheng Dong...

Almost every cell in the kidney, including renal tubular epithelial cells, has a primary cilium, which is a membrane-bound, hair-like structure protruding from the cellular surface. Dysfunction of primary cilia has been linked to a wide spectrum of human genetic diseases, termed ciliopathies. Planar cell polarity (PCP) refers to the coordinated alignment of cells along the cell sheet or tissue plane, a fundamental process in embryo development and organogenesis. Interestingly, there is evidence that primary cilium and PCP are interconnected. However, very limited is known about the involvement of cilia and PCP in kidney injury and repair. By using cell and mouse models, we have demonstrated a protective role of primary cilia in acute kidney injury. Mechanistically, we unveiled a reciprocal promoting relationship between cilia and autophagy in kidney tubular cells, and, accordingly, cilia may protect tubular cells by enhancing autophagy. Our recent studies further demonstrated that PCP dysfunction exaggerates acute kidney injury and may also contribute to maladaptive kidney repair after acute kidney injury. These findings provide a novel dimension to further understanding kidney injury and repair from the standpoint of cell biology.

Topics: Mice; Animals; Humans; Cilia; Cell Polarity; Kidney; Acute Kidney Injury

PubMed: 37459847
DOI: 10.1159/000531294

Authors: Yimin Zou

Topics: Cell Polarity; Signal Transduction; Neurogenesis

PubMed: 36252612
DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.10.008

Review

Authors: Mitchell T Butler, John B Wallingford

Planar cell polarity (PCP) is an essential feature of animal tissues, whereby distinct polarity is established within the plane of a cell sheet. Tissue-wide establishment of PCP is driven by multiple global cues, including gradients of gene expression, gradients of secreted WNT ligands and anisotropic tissue strain. These cues guide the dynamic, subcellular enrichment of PCP proteins, which can self-assemble into mutually exclusive complexes at opposite sides of a cell. Endocytosis, endosomal trafficking and degradation dynamics of PCP components further regulate planar tissue patterning. This polarization propagates throughout the whole tissue, providing a polarity axis that governs collective morphogenetic events such as the orientation of subcellular structures and cell rearrangements. Reflecting the necessity of polarized cellular behaviours for proper development and function of diverse organs, defects in PCP have been implicated in human pathologies, most notably in severe birth defects.

Topics: Animals; Cell Polarity; Humans; Morphogenesis; Protein Transport; Signal Transduction

PubMed: 28293032
DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.11

Review

Authors: Ying Zhang, Juan Dong

Protein polarization underlies directional cell growth, cell morphogenesis, cell division, fate specification and differentiation in plant development. Analysis of in vivo protein dynamics reveals differential mobility of polarized proteins in plant cells, which may arise from lateral diffusion, local protein-protein interactions, and is restricted by protein-membrane-cell wall connections. The asymmetric protein dynamics may provide a mechanism for the regulation of asymmetric cell division and cell differentiation. In light of recent evidence for preprophase band (PPB)-independent mechanisms for orienting division planes, polarity proteins and their dynamics might provide regulation on the PPB at the cell cortex to directly influence phragmoplast positioning or alternatively, impinge on cytoplasmic microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) for spindle alignment. Differentiation of specialized cell types is often associated with the spatial regulation of cell wall architecture. Here we discuss the mechanisms of polarized signaling underlying regional cell wall biosynthesis, degradation, and modification during the differentiation of root endodermal cells and leaf epidermal guard cells.

Topics: Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Cell Polarity; Cytoplasm; Microtubules; Plant Proteins; Plants

PubMed: 29957569
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.06.003

Review

Authors: Oana D Persa, Janis Koester, Carien M Niessen...

The mammalian skin is essential to protect the organism from external damage while at the same time enabling communication with the environment. Aging compromises skin function and regeneration, which is further exacerbated by external influences, such as UVR from the sun. Aging and UVR are also major risk factors contributing to the development of skin cancer. Whereas aging research traditionally has focused on the role of DNA damage and metabolic and stress pathways, less is known about how aging affects tissue architecture and cell dynamics in skin homeostasis and regeneration and whether changes in these processes promote skin cancer. This review highlights how key regulators of cell polarity and adhesion affect epidermal mechanics, tissue architecture, and stem cell dynamics in skin aging and cancer.

Topics: Animals; Cell Adhesion; Cell Polarity; DNA Damage; Disease Models, Animal; Epidermis; Humans; Mice; Regeneration; Skin Aging; Skin Neoplasms; Stem Cells; Ultraviolet Rays

PubMed: 33531135
DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.12.012

Authors: Wei Ying, Patali S Cheruku, Fuller W Bazer...

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from the bone marrow are directed into monocytic differentiation, followed by M1 or M2 stimulation. The activation status can be tracked by changes in cell surface antigens, gene expression and cell signaling pathways.

Topics: Animals; Bone Marrow Cells; Cell Differentiation; Cell Polarity; Cytological Techniques; Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Macrophage Activation; Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; Macrophages; Mice

PubMed: 23851980
DOI: 10.3791/50323