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Clinical Oral Investigations Nov 2022This systematic review evaluated the available evidence regarding the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue effects of orthodontic camouflage (OC) versus... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This systematic review evaluated the available evidence regarding the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue effects of orthodontic camouflage (OC) versus orthodontic-orthognathic surgical (OOS) treatment in borderline class III malocclusion patients.
METHODS
Eligibility criteria. The included studies were clinical trials and/or follow-up observational studies (retrospective and prospective). Information sources. PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, Cochrane, and LILACS were searched up to October 2021. Risk of bias. Downs and Black quality assessment checklist was used. Synthesis of results. The outcomes were the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue changes obtained from pre- and post-cephalometric measurements.
RESULTS
Included studies. Out of 2089 retrieved articles, 6 were eligible and thus included in the subsequent analyses. Their overall risk of bias was moderate. Outcome results. The results are presented as pre- and post-treatment values or mean changes in both groups. Two studies reported significant retrusion of the maxillary and mandibular bases in OC, in contrast to significant maxillary protrusion and mandibular retrusion with increased ANB angle in OOS. Regarding the vertical jaw relation, one study reported a significant decrease in mandibular plane inclination in OC and a significant increase in OOS. Most of the included studies reported a significant proclination in the maxillary incisors in both groups. Three studies reported a significant proclination of the mandibular incisors in OOS, while four studies reported retroclination in OC.
CONCLUSION
Interpretation. The OSS has a protrusive effect on the maxillary base, retrusive effect on the mandibular base, and thus improvement in the sagittal relationship accompanied with a clockwise rotational effect on the mandibular plane. The OC has more proclination effect on the maxillary incisors and retroclination effect on the mandibular incisors compared to OOS. Limitation. Meta-analysis was not possible due to considerable variations among the included studies. Owing to the fact that some important data in the included studies were missing, conducting further studies with more standardized methodologies is highly urgent. Registration. The protocol for this systematic review was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, No.: CRD42020199591).
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The common features including skeletal, dental, and soft tissue characteristics of borderline class III malocclusion cases make it more difficult to select the most appropriate treatment modality that can be either OC or OOS. The availability of high-level evidence-systematic reviews-makes the clinical decision much more clear and based on scientific basis rather than personal preference.
Topics: Humans; Retrospective Studies; Malocclusion, Angle Class III; Orthognathic Surgical Procedures; Cephalometry; Maxilla; Mandible; Malocclusion, Angle Class II
PubMed: 36098813
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04685-6 -
Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2019The face is the most important factor affecting the physical appearance of a person. In facial aesthetics, there is a specific mathematical proportion, which is called...
INTRODUCTION
The face is the most important factor affecting the physical appearance of a person. In facial aesthetics, there is a specific mathematical proportion, which is called golden proportion, used to measure and analyse facial aesthetic qualities in population.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to measure the facial soft tissue proportions which would help to constitute a standard for facial beauty and diagnose facial differences and anomalies and to compare these proportions to the golden proportion.
METHODS
One hundred and thirty-three (133) Turkish patients 18-40 years of age (61 females, 72 males) were involved in the study. Analysis of the photographs was performed by the same physician, and a software programme was used (NIH Image, version 1.62). Facial proportions were measured and differences from the golden proportions were recorded and grouped as normal (1.6-1.699), short (<1.6) and long (>1.699).
RESULTS
According to the facial analysis results, the trichion-gnathion/right zygoma-left zygoma was assessed: 33.1% of the patients were in normal facial morphology, 36.8% were in long facial morphology and 30.1% were in short facial morphology, according to this proportion. The trichion-gnathion/right zygoma-left zygoma proportion was significantly higher in males than females (p<0.001). Statistically significant difference was noted in gender groups, according to the trichion-gnathion/right zygoma-left zygoma and the right lateral canthus-left lateral canthus/right cheilion-left cheilion proportions (p=0.001, p=0.028).
CONCLUSION
Facial proportion assessments in relation to the golden proportion showed that a statistically significant difference was observed between gender groups. Long facial morphology was observed more in males (51.4%); normal (41%) and short (39.3%) facial morphology were more common in females. The measurements and proportions for facial balance in our study population showed that the facial width and height proportions deviated from the golden proportion.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cephalometry; Esthetics; Face; Female; Humans; Male; Sex Factors; Turkey; Vertical Dimension; Young Adult
PubMed: 30170969
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2018.07.009 -
Asian Journal of Surgery May 2022Cephalometric radiography enables a physician to identify specific areas of craniofacial disproportionality and decide on a treatment plan. Cephalometric analysis is a...
BACKGROUND
Cephalometric radiography enables a physician to identify specific areas of craniofacial disproportionality and decide on a treatment plan. Cephalometric analysis is a method for localizeing malocclusion with the facial skeleton and soft tissue structures. This study reports the results from the cephalometric analysis of Libyan adults, as a surrogate for the population of North Africa.
METHODS
Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken of 100 non-growing Libyan adults: 74 males and 26 females, aged 17-45 years. All subjects had no previous orthodontic treatment. The mean values and standard deviations of 92 parameters were determined.
RESULTS
The hard tissue cephalometric analysis revealed lower variability in the length of vertical distances compared to those extending more horizontally. In adult Libyans, linear and angular midface measurements (hard tissue and soft tissue) exhibit less variability compared to other measurements taken. Libyans exhibit some of the structural deviations from Bolton's means that were previously found in Americans of African descent. Namely, they are characterized by the greater development of the maxillomandibular complex and by the presence of dentoalveolar protrusion, which must be taken into account when treating patients of this ethnic group.
CONCLUSION
The current study once again confirmed the need to develop cephalometric norms for different ethnic groups, the Arab population in North Africa in particular.
Topics: Adult; Cephalometry; Face; Female; Humans; Libya; Male; Skull; White People
PubMed: 34627686
DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2021.08.050 -
The Angle Orthodontist Jan 2008To describe the techniques used for automatic landmarking of cephalograms, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each one and reviewing the percentage of success... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To describe the techniques used for automatic landmarking of cephalograms, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each one and reviewing the percentage of success in locating each cephalometric point.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The literature survey was performed by searching the Medline, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and the ISI Web of Science Citation Index databases. The survey covered the period from January 1966 to August 2006. Abstracts that appeared to fulfill the initial selection criteria were selected by consensus. The original articles were then retrieved. Their references were also hand-searched for possible missing articles. The search strategy resulted in 118 articles of which eight met the inclusion criteria. Many articles were rejected for different reasons; among these, the most frequent was that results of accuracy for automatic landmark recognition were presented as a percentage of success.
RESULTS
A marked difference in results was found between the included studies consisting of heterogeneity in the performance of techniques to detect the same landmark. All in all, hybrid approaches detected cephalometric points with a higher accuracy in contrast to the results for the same points obtained by the model-based, image filtering plus knowledge-based landmark search and "soft-computing" approaches.
CONCLUSIONS
The systems described in the literature are not accurate enough to allow their use for clinical purposes. Errors in landmark detection were greater than those expected with manual tracing and, therefore, the scientific evidence supporting the use of automatic landmarking is low.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Cephalometry; Facial Bones; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Knowledge Bases; Pattern Recognition, Automated
PubMed: 18193970
DOI: 10.2319/120506-491.1 -
International Dental Journal Dec 2023The aim of this analysis was to investigate the historical development, current status, and research hot spots related to maxillary protraction in the treatment of...
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this analysis was to investigate the historical development, current status, and research hot spots related to maxillary protraction in the treatment of maxillary hypoplasia.
METHODS
The term "TS = maxillary protraction" was used to search for articles in the Web of Science Core Collection at the library of Capital Medical University. The results were analysed using CiteSpace6.2.R1 software, including the examination of annual publication trends and analysis of author, country, institution, and keywords.
RESULTS
A total of 483 papers were included in this study. The annual publications showed an overall increasing trend. The top 5 authors with the most published papers were Lorenzo Franchi, Tiziano Baccetti, Seung-Hak Baek, Paola Cozza, and U Hagg. The top 5 countries with the highest publication counts were the US, Turkey, South Korea, Italy, and China. The top 5 institutions in terms of the number of published papers were the University of Florence, the University of Michigan, Kyung Hee University, Seoul National University, and Gazi University. The top 3 journals with the most citations were the American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Angle Orthodontist, and the European Journal of Orthodontics. Furthermore, "Maxillary protraction," "Class III malocclusion," and "Maxillary expansion" were the most common keywords.
CONCLUSIONS
The effective age range for maxillary protraction has been expanded with the introduction of skeletal anchorage and the combination of maxillary expansion and protraction. Skeletal anchorage offers significant advantages over dental anchorage, but there is a need for further research to further substantiate its stability and safety. In recent years, the positive effects of maxillary protraction on the nasopharyngeal area have been well established, but its impact on the oropharyngeal area remains a topic of debate. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct further investigations into the effects of maxillary protraction on the oropharyngeal area and explore the factors that influence different outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Cephalometry; Maxilla; Malocclusion, Angle Class III; Palatal Expansion Technique; Bibliometrics
PubMed: 37380594
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.06.001 -
Computational Intelligence and... 2022Cephalometry is a medical test that can detect teeth, skeleton, or appearance problems. In this scenario, the patient's lateral radiograph of the face was utilised to...
Cephalometry is a medical test that can detect teeth, skeleton, or appearance problems. In this scenario, the patient's lateral radiograph of the face was utilised to construct a tracing from the tracing of lines on the lateral radiograph of the face of the soft and hard structures (skin and bone, respectively). Certain cephalometric locations and characteristic lines and angles are indicated after the tracing is completed to do the real examination. In this unique study, it is proposed that machine learning models be employed to create cephalometry. These models can recognise cephalometric locations in X-ray images, allowing the study's computing procedure to be completed faster. To correlate a probability map with an input image, they combine an Autoencoder architecture with convolutional neural networks and Inception layers. These innovative architectures were demonstrated. When many models were compared, it was observed that they all performed admirably in this task.
Topics: Automation; Cephalometry; Humans; Machine Learning; Neural Networks, Computer
PubMed: 35774443
DOI: 10.1155/2022/3061154 -
Journal of Anatomy Feb 2010Facial reconstruction is employed in the context of forensic investigation and for creating three-dimensional portraits of people from the past, from ancient Egyptian... (Review)
Review
Facial reconstruction is employed in the context of forensic investigation and for creating three-dimensional portraits of people from the past, from ancient Egyptian mummies and bog bodies to digital animations of J. S. Bach. This paper considers a facial reconstruction method (commonly known as the Manchester method) associated with the depiction and identification of the deceased from skeletal remains. Issues of artistic licence and scientific rigour, in relation to soft tissue reconstruction, anatomical variation and skeletal assessment, are discussed. The need for artistic interpretation is greatest where only skeletal material is available, particularly for the morphology of the ears and mouth, and with the skin for an ageing adult. The greatest accuracy is possible when information is available from preserved soft tissue, from a portrait, or from a pathological condition or healed injury.
Topics: Age Factors; Anatomy, Artistic; Cephalometry; Face; Facial Bones; Facial Expression; Facial Muscles; Female; Forensic Anthropology; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Male
PubMed: 20447245
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01182.x -
Journal of Orthodontics Dec 2022To apply an automated computerised method to categorise and determine the prevalence of different types of lip traits, and to explore associations between lip traits and... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
OBJECTIVE
To apply an automated computerised method to categorise and determine the prevalence of different types of lip traits, and to explore associations between lip traits and sex differences.
DESIGN
Observational descriptive study utilising an automated method of facial assessment.
SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS
A total of 4747 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) who each had 3D facial scans carried out at 15 years of age.
METHODS
Each of the participants was automatically categorised regarding predetermined lip morphological traits. Descriptive statistics were applied to report the prevalence of the different types of each trait, and chi-square tests were used to investigate sex differences and associations between traits.
RESULTS
A total of 4730 individuals were assessed (47% male, 53% female). Eight predetermined lip traits have been reported previously. There were differences in prevalence for all lip traits in male and female patients (all ⩽ 0.0002), with differences between the sexes described for each trait. For example, a deeply grooved philtrum of average width was more prevalent in boys, and an indentation near the upper vermilion border was more prevalent in girls. Each of the traits was significantly associated with the other traits (all < 0.0001), with particularly strong associations seen between traits in the same region (e.g. upper lip). Individual associations between traits are reported; for example, a straight lip contour was found to be associated with no true vermilion border in both the upper and lower lip regions.
CONCLUSION
The automated computerised method described is an invaluable tool for the categorisation of lip morphological traits. The prevalence of various types of traits has been described. Sexual dimorphism exists for all the lip traits assessed. Generally, each of the traits are associated with all other traits, with individual associations reported.
Topics: Humans; Child; Female; Male; Lip; Longitudinal Studies; Face; Sex Characteristics; Phenotype; Cephalometry
PubMed: 35796491
DOI: 10.1177/14653125221106489 -
BMC Oral Health Apr 2023The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of automatic cephalometric landmark localization and measurements using cephalometric analysis via artificial...
BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of automatic cephalometric landmark localization and measurements using cephalometric analysis via artificial intelligence (AI) compared with computer-assisted manual analysis.
METHODS
Reconstructed lateral cephalograms (RLCs) from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in 85 patients were selected. Computer-assisted manual analysis (Dolphin Imaging 11.9) and AI automatic analysis (Planmeca Romexis 6.2) were used to locate 19 landmarks and obtain 23 measurements. Mean radial error (MRE) and successful detection rate (SDR) values were calculated to assess the accuracy of automatic landmark digitization. Paired t tests and Bland‒Altman plots were used to compare the differences and consistencies in cephalometric measurements between manual and automatic analysis programs.
RESULTS
The MRE for 19 cephalometric landmarks was 2.07 ± 1.35 mm with the automatic program. The average SDR within 1 mm, 2 mm, 2.5 mm, 3 and 4 mm were 18.82%, 58.58%, 71.70%, 82.04% and 91.39%, respectively. Soft tissue landmarks (1.54 ± 0.85 mm) had the most consistency, while dental landmarks (2.37 ± 1.55 mm) had the most variation. In total, 15 out of 23 measurements were within the clinically acceptable level of accuracy, 2 mm or 2°. The rates of consistency within the 95% limits of agreement were all above 90% for all measurement parameters.
CONCLUSION
Automatic analysis software collects cephalometric measurements almost effectively enough to be acceptable in clinical work. Nevertheless, automatic cephalometry is not capable of completely replacing manual tracing. Additional manual supervision and adjustment for automatic programs can increase accuracy and efficiency.
Topics: Cephalometry; Artificial Intelligence; Reproducibility of Results; Radiography; Software; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Imaging, Three-Dimensional
PubMed: 37005593
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02881-8 -
The Angle Orthodontist Nov 2012To perform a systematic review of the literature to assess the reliability and validity of linear measurements using virtual vs plaster study models. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To perform a systematic review of the literature to assess the reliability and validity of linear measurements using virtual vs plaster study models.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A search strategy was developed for four online databases, and references were further hand searched for studies additional papers. Three researchers determined the eligibility of papers by applying specific selection criteria and ultimately selected 17 papers. Grouped by virtual model acquisition type and the number of landmarks used in a given measurement, the data were weighted by sample size and analyzed in terms of the reliability and validity of linear measurements.
RESULTS
The intrarater reliability was high for two-landmark and >two-landmark linear measurements performed on laser-acquired models or cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)-acquired models and were similar to measurements on plaster models. Validity was high for two-landmark and >two-landmark linear measurements comparing laser-acquired models or CBCT-acquired models to plaster study models, and the weighted mean differences were clinically insignificant. Agreement of measurements was excellent, with less variability than correlation. Acquisition type had no perceived influences on reliability and validity. More than two-landmark measures tended to have higher mean differences than two-landmark measures.
CONCLUSIONS
Virtual study models are clinically acceptable compared with plaster study models with regard to intrarater reliability and validity of selected linear measurements.
Topics: Anatomic Landmarks; Cephalometry; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Models, Dental; Odontometry; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 22530811
DOI: 10.2319/110311-681.1