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Acta Crystallographica. Section E,... Jun 2009The title compound, C(28)H(34)N(2)O(8)S(2), was synthesized as part of a project to develop synthetic routes to analogues of sporidesmins, a class of secondary...
The title compound, C(28)H(34)N(2)O(8)S(2), was synthesized as part of a project to develop synthetic routes to analogues of sporidesmins, a class of secondary metabolite produced by the filamentous fungi Chaetomium and Pithomyces sp. The complete molecule is generated by crystallographic inversion symmetry: the methoxy group is essentially coplanar with the benzene ring to which it is bonded, a mean plane fitted through the non-H atoms of the aromatic ring and the meth-oxy group having an r.m.s. deviation of 0.0140 Å. Similarly, the ester group is also essentially planar (r.m.s. deviation of a plane fitted through all non-H atoms is 0.0101 Å). There is only one independent C-H⋯O inter-action, which links together adjacent mol-ecules into a two-dimensional sheet in the bc plane.
PubMed: 21582859
DOI: 10.1107/S1600536809022211 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2021The genus is a frequently occurring fungal taxon world-wide. and -like species occur in indoor environments, where they can degrade cellulose-based building materials,...
The genus is a frequently occurring fungal taxon world-wide. and -like species occur in indoor environments, where they can degrade cellulose-based building materials, thereby causing structural damage. Furthermore, several species of this genus may also cause adverse effects on human health. The aims of this research were to identify and -like strains isolated from indoor environments in Hungary and Finland, two geographically distant regions of Europe with drier and wetter continental climates, respectively, and to study their morphological and physiological properties, as well as their extracellular enzyme activities, thereby comparing the and -like species isolated from these two different regions of Europe and their properties. and -like strains were isolated from flats and offices in Hungary, as well as from schools, flats, and offices in Finland. Fragments of the translation elongation factor 1α (), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II () and β-tubulin () genes, as well as the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA gene cluster were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis of the sequences performed. Morphological examinations were performed by stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Thirty-one sp. strains (15 from Hungary and 16 from Finland) were examined during the study. The most abundant species was in both countries. In Hungary, 13 strains were identified as , 1 as and 1 as . In Finland, 10 strains were 2 strains were , 2 were , and 2 isolates (SZMC 26527, SZMC 26529) proved to be representatives of a yet undescribed phylogenetic species from the closely related genus , which we formally describe here as the new species . Growth of the isolates was examined at different temperatures (4, 15, 20, 25, 30, 37, 35, 40, and 45 °C), while their extracellular enzyme production was determined spectrophotometrically.
PubMed: 34578165
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091133 -
Communications Biology 2019Chaperonins are molecular chaperones that play critical physiological roles, but they can be pathogenic. Malfunctional chaperonins cause chaperonopathies of great... (Review)
Review
Chaperonins are molecular chaperones that play critical physiological roles, but they can be pathogenic. Malfunctional chaperonins cause chaperonopathies of great interest within various medical specialties. Although the clinical-genetic aspects of many chaperonopathies are known, the molecular mechanisms causing chaperonin failure and tissue lesions are poorly understood. Progress is necessary to improve treatment, and experimental models that mimic the human situation provide a promising solution. We present two models: one prokaryotic (the archaeon ) with eukaryotic-like chaperonins and one eukaryotic (), both convenient for isolation-study of chaperonins, and report illustrative results pertaining to a pathogenic mutation of CCT5.
Topics: Archaeal Proteins; Bacterial Proteins; Chaperonins; Disease Susceptibility; Eukaryotic Cells; Fungal Proteins; Humans; Methanosarcinales; Molecular Chaperones; Mutation; Protein Conformation; Sulfolobales
PubMed: 30911678
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0318-5 -
Studies in Mycology Jun 2016During a study of indoor fungi, 145 isolates belonging to were cultured from air, swab and dust samples from 19 countries. Based on the phylogenetic analyses of...
During a study of indoor fungi, 145 isolates belonging to were cultured from air, swab and dust samples from 19 countries. Based on the phylogenetic analyses of DNA-directed RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (), β-tubulin (), ITS and 28S large subunit (LSU) nrDNA sequences, together with morphological comparisons with related genera and species, 30 indoor taxa are recognised, of which 22 represent known species, seven are described as new, and one remains to be identified to species level. In our collection, 69 % of the indoor isolates with six species cluster with members of the species complex, representing . The other indoor species fall into nine lineages that are separated from each other with several known chaetomiaceous genera occurring among them. No generic names are available for five of those lineages, and the following new genera are introduced here: with three indoor species, with one indoor species, with four indoor species, with seven indoor species and with two indoor species. The generic concept of is expanded to include and the chaetomium-like species (= ) in which two indoor species are included. The generic concept of is expanded to include several chaetomium-like taxa as well as one indoor species. is recognised as a distinct genus including two indoor taxa. According to this study, is the most abundant indoor species (74/145), followed by (17/145), (6/145) and (5/145). The morphological diversity of indoor as well as the morphological characteristics of the new genera are described and illustrated. This taxonomic study redefines the generic concept of and provides new insight into the phylogenetic relationships among different genera within .
PubMed: 28082757
DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2016.11.005 -
Evidence-based Complementary and... 2020Chaetoglobosins belonging to cytochalasan alkaloids represent a large class of fungal secondary metabolites. To date, around 100 chaetoglobosins and their analogues have... (Review)
Review
Chaetoglobosins belonging to cytochalasan alkaloids represent a large class of fungal secondary metabolites. To date, around 100 chaetoglobosins and their analogues have been isolated and identified over the years from a variety of fungi, mainly from the fungus . Studies have found that chaetoglobosins possess a broad range of biological activities, including antitumor, antifungal, phytotoxic, fibrinolytic, antibacterial, nematicidal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-HIV activities. This review will comprehensively summarize the biological activities and mechanisms of action of nature-derived chaetoglobosins.
PubMed: 32308719
DOI: 10.1155/2020/8574084 -
European Journal of Pharmacology Nov 2021Chaetocin is a natural metabolite product with various biological activities and pharmacological functions isolated from Chaetomium species fungi belonging to the... (Review)
Review
Chaetocin is a natural metabolite product with various biological activities and pharmacological functions isolated from Chaetomium species fungi belonging to the thiodiketopyrazines. Numerous studies have demonstrated a wide range of antitumor activities of chaetocin in vitro and in vivo. Several studies have demonstrated that chaetocin suppresses the growth and proliferation of various tumour cells by regulating multiple signalling pathways related to tumour initiation and progression, inducing cancer cell apoptosis (intrinsic and extrinsic), enhancing autophagy, inducing cell cycle arrest, and inhibiting tumour angiogenesis, invasion, and migration. The antitumor effects and molecular mechanisms of chaetocin are reviewed and analysed in this paper, and the prospective applications of chaetocin in cancer prevention and therapy are also discussed. This review aimed to summarize the recent advances in the antitumor activity of chaetocin and to provide a rationale for further exploring the potential application of chaetocin in overcoming cancer in the future.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Biological Products; Cell Cycle Checkpoints; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Chaetomium; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasms; Piperazines; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
PubMed: 34464601
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174459 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Jun 2022INTRODUCTION The subcellular compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells requires selective transport of folded proteins and protein-nucleic acid complexes. Embedded in...
INTRODUCTION The subcellular compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells requires selective transport of folded proteins and protein-nucleic acid complexes. Embedded in nuclear envelope pores, which are generated by the circumscribed fusion of the inner and outer nuclear membranes, nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are the sole bidirectional gateways for nucleocytoplasmic transport. The ~110-MDa human NPC is an ~1000-protein assembly that comprises multiple copies of ~34 different proteins, collectively termed nucleoporins. The symmetric core of the NPC is composed of an inner ring encircling the central transport channel and outer rings formed by Y‑shaped coat nucleoporin complexes (CNCs) anchored atop both sides of the nuclear envelope. The outer rings are decorated with compartment‑specific asymmetric nuclear basket and cytoplasmic filament nucleoporins, which establish transport directionality and provide docking sites for transport factors and the small guanosine triphosphatase Ran. The cytoplasmic filament nucleoporins also play an essential role in the irreversible remodeling of messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) as they exit the central transport channel. Unsurprisingly, the NPC's cytoplasmic face represents a hotspot for disease‑associated mutations and is commonly targeted by viral virulence factors. RATIONALE Previous studies established a near-atomic composite structure of the human NPC's symmetric core by combining (i) biochemical reconstitution to elucidate the interaction network between symmetric nucleoporins, (ii) crystal and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy structure determination of nucleoporins and nucleoporin complexes to reveal their three-dimensional shape and the molecular details of their interactions, (iii) quantitative docking in cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) maps of the intact human NPC to uncover nucleoporin stoichiometry and positioning, and (iv) cell‑based assays to validate the physiological relevance of the biochemical and structural findings. In this work, we extended our approach to the cytoplasmic filament nucleoporins to reveal the near-atomic architecture of the cytoplasmic face of the human NPC. RESULTS Using biochemical reconstitution, we elucidated the protein-protein and protein-RNA interaction networks of the human and cytoplasmic filament nucleoporins, establishing an evolutionarily conserved heterohexameric cytoplasmic filament nucleoporin complex (CFNC) held together by a central heterotrimeric coiled‑coil hub that tethers two separate mRNP‑remodeling complexes. Further biochemical analysis and determination of a series of crystal structures revealed that the metazoan‑specific cytoplasmic filament nucleoporin NUP358 is composed of 16 distinct domains, including an N‑terminal S‑shaped α‑helical solenoid followed by a coiled‑coil oligomerization element, numerous Ran‑interacting domains, an E3 ligase domain, and a C‑terminal prolyl‑isomerase domain. Physiologically validated quantitative docking into cryo-ET maps of the intact human NPC revealed that pentameric NUP358 bundles, conjoined by the oligomerization element, are anchored through their N‑terminal domains to the central stalk regions of the CNC, projecting flexibly attached domains as far as ~600 Å into the cytoplasm. Using cell‑based assays, we demonstrated that NUP358 is dispensable for the architectural integrity of the assembled interphase NPC and RNA export but is required for efficient translation. After NUP358 assignment, the remaining 4-shaped cryo‑ET density matched the dimensions of the CFNC coiled‑coil hub, in close proximity to an outer-ring NUP93. Whereas the N-terminal NUP93 assembly sensor motif anchors the properly assembled related coiled‑coil channel nucleoporin heterotrimer to the inner ring, biochemical reconstitution confirmed that the NUP93 assembly sensor is reused in anchoring the CFNC to the cytoplasmic face of the human NPC. By contrast, two CFNCs are anchored by a divergent mechanism that involves assembly sensors located in unstructured portions of two CNC nucleoporins. Whereas unassigned cryo‑ET density occupies the NUP358 and CFNC binding sites on the nuclear face, docking of the nuclear basket component ELYS established that the equivalent position on the cytoplasmic face is unoccupied, suggesting that mechanisms other than steric competition promote asymmetric distribution of nucleoporins. CONCLUSION We have substantially advanced the biochemical and structural characterization of the asymmetric nucleoporins' architecture and attachment at the cytoplasmic and nuclear faces of the NPC. Our near‑atomic composite structure of the human NPC's cytoplasmic face provides a biochemical and structural framework for elucidating the molecular basis of mRNP remodeling, viral virulence factor interference with NPC function, and the underlying mechanisms of nucleoporin diseases at the cytoplasmic face of the NPC. [Figure: see text].
Topics: Chaetomium; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Cytoplasm; Fungal Proteins; Humans; Molecular Chaperones; Nuclear Pore; Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins; Protein Conformation; RNA Transport; RNA, Messenger
PubMed: 35679405
DOI: 10.1126/science.abm9129 -
Journal of Microbiology and... May 2022Filamentous marine fungi have proven to be a plentiful source of new natural products. , a widely distributed fungal genus in the marine environment, has gained much... (Review)
Review
Filamentous marine fungi have proven to be a plentiful source of new natural products. , a widely distributed fungal genus in the marine environment, has gained much interest within the scientific community. In the last 20 years, many potential secondary metabolites have been detected from marine-derived . In this review, we attempt to provide a comprehensive summary of the natural products produced by marine-derived species. A total of 122 secondary metabolites that were described from 2001 to 2021 are covered. The structural diversity of the compounds, along with details of the sources and relevant biological properties are also provided, while the relationships between structures and their bioactivities are discussed. It is our expectation that this review will be of benefit to drug development and innovation.
Topics: Biological Products; Chaetomium; Drug Development
PubMed: 35586928
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2201.01007 -
Chinese Medicine 2019is a medicinal plant which contains abundant endophytes and various secondary metabolites. According to the literary about the information of endophytics from , , , ,... (Review)
Review
is a medicinal plant which contains abundant endophytes and various secondary metabolites. According to the literary about the information of endophytics from , , , , and were isolated from the root, stem, leaf, seed and bark of . The endophytics could produce lots of phytochemicals like flavonoids, terpenoids, and other compounds. These compounds have antibacteria, antioxidation, anticardiovascular, anticancer, antimicrobial and some novel functions. This paper set forth the development of active extracts isolated from endophytes of and will help to improve the resources of to be used in a broader field.
PubMed: 31728156
DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0271-8 -
Genes Sep 2021A correct genome annotation is fundamental for research in the field of molecular and structural biology. The annotation of the reference genome of has been reported...
A correct genome annotation is fundamental for research in the field of molecular and structural biology. The annotation of the reference genome of has been reported previously, but it is essentially limited to open reading frames (ORFs) of protein coding genes and contains only a few noncoding transcripts. In this study, we identified and annotated full-length transcripts of by deep RNA sequencing. We annotated 7044 coding genes and 4567 noncoding genes. Astonishingly, 23% of the coding genes are alternatively spliced. We identified 679 novel coding genes as well as 2878 novel noncoding genes and corrected the structural organization of more than 50% of the previously annotated genes. Furthermore, we substantially extended the Gene Ontology (GO) and Enzyme Commission (EC) lists, which provide comprehensive search tools for potential industrial applications and basic research. The identified novel transcripts and improved annotation will help to understand the gene regulatory landscape in The analysis pipeline developed here can be used to build transcriptome assemblies and identify coding and noncoding RNAs of other species.
Topics: Chaetomium; Fungal Proteins; Gene Regulatory Networks; Molecular Sequence Annotation; Transcriptome
PubMed: 34680944
DOI: 10.3390/genes12101549