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Head and Neck Pathology Mar 2019Candidiasis is a very common malady in the head neck region. This review will concentrate on intraoral, pharyngeal and perioral manifestations and treatment. A history... (Review)
Review
Candidiasis is a very common malady in the head neck region. This review will concentrate on intraoral, pharyngeal and perioral manifestations and treatment. A history of the origins associated with candidiasis will be introduced. In addition, oral conditions associated with candidiasis will be mentioned and considered. The various forms of oral and maxillofacial candidiasis will be reviewed to include pseudomembranous, acute, chronic, median rhomboid glossitis, perioral dermatitis, and angular cheilitis. At the end of this review the clinician will be better able to diagnose and especially treat candidal overgrowth of the oral facial region. Of particular interest to the clinician are the various treatment modalities with appropriate considerations for side effects.
Topics: Candidiasis, Oral; Humans
PubMed: 30693459
DOI: 10.1007/s12105-019-01004-6 -
Revista Paulista de Pediatria : Orgao... 2013To discuss eating disorders in children and adolescents regarding their characteristics and risk factors. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To discuss eating disorders in children and adolescents regarding their characteristics and risk factors.
DATA SOURCES
Articles were searched in the PubMed and ScieLO databases, combining the terms 'children', 'adolescents', 'eating behavior', 'eating disorder', 'bulimia', and 'anorexia', both in Portuguese and in English. Studies published between 2007 and 2011 were retrieved and 49 articles that assessed eating behavior and disorders, nervous anorexia and bulimia, and non-specific eating disorders were selected.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Eating disorders, especially non-specific ones, were common during childhood and adolescence. The presence of such disorders was attributed mainly to family environment and exposure to the media. Eating disorders were frequently followed by psychological comorbidities.
CONCLUSIONS
Among the risk factors for eating disorders, social and family environment and the media were the most important ones. The influence of the media and social environment has been related to the worship of thinness. As to family environment, mealtimes appeared to be fundamental in shaping eating behavior and the development of disorders. Eating disorders were associated with nutritional problems (growing impairment and weight gain), oral health (cheilitis, dental erosion, periodontitis, and hypertrophy of salivary glands), and social prejudice.
Topics: Adolescent; Anorexia Nervosa; Bulimia Nervosa; Child; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 23703051
DOI: 10.1590/s0103-05822013000100016 -
Postgraduate Medical Journal Aug 2002Oral candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection of the oral cavity caused by an overgrowth of Candida species, the commonest being Candida albicans. The incidence... (Review)
Review
Oral candidiasis is a common opportunistic infection of the oral cavity caused by an overgrowth of Candida species, the commonest being Candida albicans. The incidence varies depending on age and certain predisposing factors. There are three broad groupings consisting of acute candidiasis, chronic candidiasis, and angular cheilitis. Risk factors include impaired salivary gland function, drugs, dentures, high carbohydrate diet, and extremes of life, smoking, diabetes mellitus, Cushing's syndrome, malignancies, and immunosuppressive conditions. Management involves taking a history, an examination, and appropriate antifungal treatment with a few requiring samples to be taken for laboratory analysis. In certain high risk groups antifungal prophylaxis reduces the incidence and severity of infections. The prognosis is good in the great majority of cases.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis, Oral; Humans; Opportunistic Infections; Risk Factors
PubMed: 12185216
DOI: 10.1136/pmj.78.922.455 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Jan 2021Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) may be associated with extra-intestinal manifestations. Among these, mucocutaneous manifestations are relatively frequent, often... (Review)
Review
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) may be associated with extra-intestinal manifestations. Among these, mucocutaneous manifestations are relatively frequent, often difficult to diagnose and treat, and may complicate the course of the underlying disease. In the present review, a summary of the most relevant literature on the dermatologic manifestations occurring in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases has been reviewed. The following dermatological manifestations associated with IBDs have been identified: (i) specific manifestations with the same histological features of the underlying IBD (occurring only in Crohn's disease); (ii) cutaneous disorders associated with IBDs (such as aphthous stomatitis, erythema nodosum, psoriasis, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita); (iii) reactive mucocutaneous manifestations of IBDs (such as pyoderma gangrenosum, Sweet's syndrome, bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome, aseptic abscess ulcers, pyodermatitis-pyostomatitis vegetans, etc.); (iv) mucocutaneous conditions secondary to treatment (including injection site reactions, infusion reactions, paradoxical reactions, eczematous and psoriasis-like reactions, cutaneous infections, and cutaneous malignancies); (v) manifestations due to nutritional malabsorption (such as stomatitis, glossitis, angular cheilitis, pellagra, scurvy, purpura, acrodermatitis enteropathica, phrynoderma, seborrheic-type dermatitis, hair and nail abnormalities). An accurate dermatological examination is essential in all IBD patients, especially in candidates to biologic therapies, in whom drug-induced cutaneous reactions may assume marked clinical relevance.
PubMed: 33477990
DOI: 10.3390/jcm10020364 -
American Family Physician Dec 2010Careful examination of the oral cavity may reveal findings indicative of an underlying systemic condition, and allow for early diagnosis and treatment. Examination... (Review)
Review
Careful examination of the oral cavity may reveal findings indicative of an underlying systemic condition, and allow for early diagnosis and treatment. Examination should include evaluation for mucosal changes, periodontal inflammation and bleeding, and general condition of the teeth. Oral findings of anemia may include mucosal pallor, atrophic glossitis, and candidiasis. Oral ulceration may be found in patients with lupus erythematosus, pemphigus vulgaris, or Crohn disease. Additional oral manifestations of lupus erythematosus may include honeycomb plaques (silvery white, scarred plaques); raised keratotic plaques (verrucous lupus erythematosus); and nonspecific erythema, purpura, petechiae, and cheilitis. Additional oral findings in patients with Crohn disease may include diffuse mucosal swelling, cobblestone mucosa, and localized mucogingivitis. Diffuse melanin pigmentation may be an early manifestation of Addison disease. Severe periodontal inflammation or bleeding should prompt investigation of conditions such as diabetes mellitus, human immunodeficiency virus infection, thrombocytopenia, and leukemia. In patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease, bulimia, or anorexia, exposure of tooth enamel to acidic gastric contents may cause irreversible dental erosion. Severe erosion may require dental restorative treatment. In patients with pemphigus vulgaris, thrombocytopenia, or Crohn disease, oral changes may be the first sign of disease.
Topics: Bulimia; Early Diagnosis; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Humans; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Periodontal Diseases; Thrombocytopenia; Tooth Erosion
PubMed: 21121523
DOI: No ID Found -
Acta Clinica Croatica Jun 2018Although cheilitis as a term describing lip inflammation has been identified and recognized for a long time, until now there have been no clear recommendations for its... (Review)
Review
Although cheilitis as a term describing lip inflammation has been identified and recognized for a long time, until now there have been no clear recommendations for its work-up and classification. The disease may appear as an isolated condition or as part of certain systemic diseases/conditions (such as anemia due to vitamin B12 or iron deficiency) or local infections (e.g., herpes and oral candidiasis). Cheilitis can also be a symptom of a contact reaction to an irritant or allergen, or may be provoked by sun exposure (actinic cheilitis) or drug intake, especially retinoids. Generally, the forms most commonly reported in the literature are angular, contact (allergic and irritant), actinic, glandular, granulomatous, exfoliative and plasma cell cheilitis. However, variable nomenclature is used and subtypes are grouped and named differently. According to our experience and clinical practice, we suggest classification based on primary differences in the duration and etiology of individual groups of cheilitis, as follows: 1) mainly reversible (simplex, angular/infective, contact/eczematous, exfoliative, drug-related); 2) mainly irreversible (actinic, granulomatous, glandular, plasma cell); and 3) cheilitis connected to dermatoses and systemic diseases (lupus, lichen planus, pemphi-gus/pemphigoid group, -angioedema, xerostomia, etc.).
Topics: Allergens; Cheilitis; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 30431729
DOI: 10.20471/acc.2018.57.02.16 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jul 2016The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) - Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) - has been increasing on a global scale, and progressively, more... (Review)
Review
The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) - Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) - has been increasing on a global scale, and progressively, more gastroenterologists will be included in the diagnosis and treatment of IBD. Although IBD primarily affects the intestinal tract, extraintestinal manifestations of the disease are often apparent, including in the oral cavity, especially in CD. Specific oral manifestations in patients with CD are as follows: indurate mucosal tags, cobblestoning and mucogingivitis, deep linear ulcerations and lip swelling with vertical fissures. The most common non-specific manifestations, such as aphthous stomatitis and angular cheilitis, occur in both diseases, while pyostomatitis vegetans is more pronounced in patients with UC. Non-specific lesions in the oral cavity can also be the result of malnutrition and drugs. Malnutrition, followed by anemia and mineral and vitamin deficiency, affects the oral cavity and teeth. Furthermore, all of the drug classes that are applied to the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases can lead to alterations in the oral cavity due to the direct toxic effects of the drugs on oral tissues, as well as indirect immunosuppressive effects with a risk of developing opportunistic infections or bone marrow suppression. There is a higher occurrence of malignant diseases in patients with IBD, which is related to the disease itself and to the IBD-related therapy with a possible oral pathology. Treatment of oral lesions includes treatment of the alterations in the oral cavity according to the etiology together with treatment of the primary intestinal disease, which requires adequate knowledge and a strong cooperation between gastroenterologists and specialists in oral medicine.
Topics: Cheilitis; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Gingivitis; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lip Diseases; Malnutrition; Mouth Diseases; Oral Ulcer; Stomatitis; Stomatitis, Aphthous
PubMed: 27433081
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i25.5655 -
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral... Jun 2018Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are conditions that precede the onset of invasive cancers of the oral cavity. The term embraces precancerous lesions and... (Review)
Review
Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are conditions that precede the onset of invasive cancers of the oral cavity. The term embraces precancerous lesions and conditions referred to in earlier World Health Organization (WHO) definitions. Leukoplakia is the most common OPMD; erythroplakia, although rare, is more serious. Several variants of leukoplakia are recognized, and clinical subtyping may help determine the prognosis to a limited extent. Biopsy is essential to confirm the provisional clinical diagnosis, and timely referral to a specialist is indicated. Certain OPMDs, such as oral submucous fibrosis, are encountered particularly in population groups from Asia with specific lifestyle habits. This review provides clinical descriptions of the wide range of potentially malignant disorders encountered in the oral cavity as a prelude to the topics discussed in this focus issue.
Topics: Biopsy; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cheilitis; Diagnosis, Oral; Disease Progression; Dyskeratosis Congenita; Epidermolysis Bullosa; Erythroplasia; Graft vs Host Disease; Humans; Leukoplakia, Oral; Lichen Planus, Oral; Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid; Mouth Neoplasms; Oral Submucous Fibrosis; Precancerous Conditions; Risk Factors; Smoking
PubMed: 29673799
DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2018.03.011