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International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2021Non-genetic phenotypic diversity plays a significant role in the chemotactic behavior of bacteria, influencing how populations sense and respond to chemical stimuli.... (Review)
Review
Non-genetic phenotypic diversity plays a significant role in the chemotactic behavior of bacteria, influencing how populations sense and respond to chemical stimuli. First, we review the molecular mechanisms that generate phenotypic diversity in bacterial chemotaxis. Next, we discuss the functional consequences of phenotypic diversity for the chemosensing and chemotactic performance of single cells and populations. Finally, we discuss mechanisms that modulate the amount of phenotypic diversity in chemosensory parameters in response to changes in the environment.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Proteins; Chemotactic Factors; Chemotaxis; Humans; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 34203411
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136960 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Jun 1990In 1986 it was discovered that cultured human keratinocytes, when treated with gamma interferon, attract and bind T lymphocytes and monocytes. More is now known about... (Review)
Review
In 1986 it was discovered that cultured human keratinocytes, when treated with gamma interferon, attract and bind T lymphocytes and monocytes. More is now known about trafficking of inflammatory cells in the skin, with specific molecular details involving various cytokines, chemotactic factors, and adhesion molecules. One key element is the in vivo movement of T cells that express LFA-1 into the epidermis, and their subsequent binding to keratinocytes via the surface expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). This interaction represents a common immunologic pathway, which has been identified in a wide variety of different skin diseases. This review provides a synopsis of advances in this field, which have grown rapidly during the past few years, and adds recent results dealing with coordinate regulation at the gene-transcriptional level of keratinocyte chemotactic factor production and adhesion molecule expression. Moreover, epidermal keratinocytes appear to play a pre-eminent role in the skin, serving as transducing elements converting exogenously applied low-molecular-weight chemical stimuli such as phorbol ester and urushiol (the active ingredient in poison ivy extracts) into the production of endogenously derived immunoregulatory proteins. These keratinocyte-derived molecules may then influence immunocytes and endothelial cells to further amplify the inflammatory response. The identification of keratinocyte-derived molecules such as IL-8 and ICAM-1, which influence the chemotaxis and adherence of T cells, adds substantial evidence supporting an active participatory role for keratinocytes in cutaneous immunohomeostasis. Finally, we highlight the importance of these immunoregulatory molecules in two malignant cutaneous disorders (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and basal-cell carcinoma) and attempt to integrate these new findings into novel pathophysiologic models for two inflammatory dermatoses (rhus dermatitis and psoriasis).
Topics: Biological Factors; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Chemotactic Factors; Cytokines; Dermatitis; Humans; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 2191050
DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12876134 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Jul 1995Whereas some cytokines, such as interleukin-1 or tumor necrosis factor-alpha, have pleiotropic biologic properties, others seem to be more restricted in their biologic... (Review)
Review
Whereas some cytokines, such as interleukin-1 or tumor necrosis factor-alpha, have pleiotropic biologic properties, others seem to be more restricted in their biologic behavior. Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are known to induce the tissue accumulation of a mixed leukocyte infiltrate when injected into skin. Although both cytokines alone are not chemotactic, they can induce the production of secondary leukotactic cytokines in cells and therefore represent primary cytokines. A recently detected family of secondary and chemotactic cytokines, termed chemokines, now comprises 17 human members with leukocyte-selective chemotactic properties. Members of the so-called "C-X-C" chemokine subfamily, such as interleukin-8, Gro-alpha, and possibly the gamma-interferon-inducible protein IP-10, seem to be important for neutrophil- and/or T-lymphocyte-selective accumulation in inflamed skin because of their more neutrophil-or T-lymphocyte-, but not monocyte- or eosinophil-chemotactic properties. On the other hand, members of the "C-C" chemokine subfamily, such as monocyte chemotactic protein-1, RANTES, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, and MARC/monocyte chemotactic protein-3, attract monocytes, T-lymphocyte forms and subsets, eosinophils, and basophils, but not neutrophils. The cell-specific chemotactic properties as well as the release pattern, which seems to be at least in part tissue cell- and stimulus-specific, point to a possible role in chronic skin diseases, explaining parts of the disease-characteristic tissue infiltrates. The recent detection of novel chemokines with T-lymphocyte-type and sub-population-specific chemotactic properties may facilitate understanding of disease-characteristic patterns of T-lymphocyte accumulation, including homing phenomena.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Chemotactic Factors; Cytokines; Humans; Interleukin-8; Molecular Sequence Data; Skin
PubMed: 7615993
DOI: No ID Found -
Trends in Cell Biology Jul 2022Chemotaxis, where cell movement is steered by chemical gradients, is a widespread and essential way of organising cell behaviour. But where do the instructions come from... (Review)
Review
Chemotaxis, where cell movement is steered by chemical gradients, is a widespread and essential way of organising cell behaviour. But where do the instructions come from - who makes gradients, and how are they controlled? We discuss the emerging concept that chemotactic cells often create attractant gradients at the same time as responding to them. This self-guidance is more robust, works across greater distances, and is more informative about the local environment than passive responses. Several mechanisms can establish autonomous gradients. Best known are self-generated gradients, in which the cells degrade a widespread attractant, but cells also produce repellents and 'relay' by secreting fresh attractant after stimulation. Understanding how cells make and interpret their own chemoattractant gradients is fundamental to understanding the spatial patterns seen in all organisms.
Topics: Cell Movement; Chemotactic Factors; Chemotaxis; Humans
PubMed: 35351380
DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.02.007 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2019
Topics: Animals; Chemokines; Chemotactic Factors; Humans; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 31781129
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02671 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Dec 1979
Review
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chemotactic Factors; Chemotaxis; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Colchicine; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Neutrophils; Phagocyte Bactericidal Dysfunction; Phagocytes
PubMed: 390059
DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12541374 -
Current Opinion in Cell Biology Oct 2014The traditional view of directional cell migration within a tissue is that it requires a gradient of a soluble attractive chemical that is stable in space and time due... (Review)
Review
The traditional view of directional cell migration within a tissue is that it requires a gradient of a soluble attractive chemical that is stable in space and time due to the presence of a source and a sink. However, advances in live imaging technology and the ability to study cell migration in vivo have revealed that endogenous sources and sinks are typically far more varied and complex. Both sources and sinks can be made up of multiple tissues. During long-range migrations, cells tend to divide up their trajectories and follow different source signals in each segment. When a single source signal is used repeatedly in each segment, its expression is dynamically controlled. Source signals can also originate locally from neighboring migrating cells. Sinks are important in some cases but not all, to sculpt a permissive migratory path or allow cells to move from one intermediate target to another. Migrating cells themselves can function as sinks to create a gradient out of an initially uniform chemoattractant. These diverse ways of building sources and sinks allow different cell types to navigate distinct trajectories through the same embryo even as the whole embryo undergoes the dramatic changes in cell number, position, arrangement and fate that are the essence of development.
Topics: Animals; Cell Communication; Cell Movement; Cell Polarity; Chemotactic Factors; Humans
PubMed: 25022255
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.06.009 -
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and... Mar 2023Late vein graft failure is caused by intimal thickening resulting from endothelial cell (EC) damage and inflammation which promotes vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)...
BACKGROUND
Late vein graft failure is caused by intimal thickening resulting from endothelial cell (EC) damage and inflammation which promotes vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dedifferentiation, migration, and proliferation. Nonphosphorylatable PRH (proline-rich homeodomain) S163C:S177C offers enhanced stability and sustained antimitotic effect. Therefore, we investigated whether adenovirus-delivered PRH S163C:S177C protein attenuates intimal thickening via VSMC phenotype modification without detrimental effects on ECs.
METHODS
PRH S163C:S177C was expressed in vitro (human saphenous vein-VSMCs and human saphenous vein-ECs) and in vivo (ligated mouse carotid arteries) by adenoviruses. Proliferation, migration, and apoptosis were quantified and phenotype was assessed using Western blotting for contractile filament proteins and collagen gel contraction. EC inflammation was quantified using VCAM (vascular cell adhesion protein)-1, ICAM (intercellular adhesion molecule)-1, interleukin-6, and monocyte chemotactic factor-1 measurement and monocyte adhesion. Next Generation Sequencing was utilized to identify novel downstream mediators of PRH action and these and intimal thickening were investigated in vivo.
RESULTS
PRH S163C:S177C inhibited proliferation, migration, and apoptosis and promoted contractile phenotype (enhanced contractile filament proteins and collagen gel contraction) compared with virus control in human saphenous vein-VSMCs. PRH S163C:S177C expression in human saphenous vein-ECs significantly reduced apoptosis, without affecting cell proliferation and migration, while reducing TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-α-induced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 and monocyte adhesion and suppressing interleukin-6 and monocyte chemotactic factor-1 protein levels. PRH S163C:S177C expression in ligated murine carotid arteries significantly impaired carotid artery ligation-induced neointimal proliferation and thickening without reducing endothelial coverage. Next Generation Sequencing revealed STAT-1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1) and HDAC-9 (histone deacetylase 9) as mediators of PRH action and was supported by in vitro and in vivo analyses.
CONCLUSIONS
We observed PRH S163C:S177C attenuated VSMC proliferation, and migration and enhanced VSMC differentiation at least in part via STAT-1 and HDAC-9 signaling while promoting endothelial repair and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings highlight the potential for PRH S163C:S177C to preserve endothelial function whilst suppressing intimal thickening, and reducing late vein graft failure.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Humans; Interleukin-6; Tunica Intima; Cell Proliferation; Neointima; Chemotactic Factors; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle; Cell Movement
PubMed: 36700427
DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.122.318367 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2021Netrins belong to the family of laminin-like secreted proteins, which guide axonal migration and neuronal growth in the developing central nervous system. Over the last... (Review)
Review
Netrins belong to the family of laminin-like secreted proteins, which guide axonal migration and neuronal growth in the developing central nervous system. Over the last 20 years, it has been established that netrin-1 acts as a chemoattractive or chemorepulsive cue in diverse biological processes far beyond neuronal development. Netrin-1 has been shown to play a central role in cell adhesion, cell migration, proliferation, and cell survival in neuronal and non-neuronal tissue. In this context, netrin-1 was found to orchestrate organogenesis, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and inflammation. In inflammation, as in neuronal development, netrin-1 plays a dichotomous role directing the migration of leukocytes, especially monocytes in the inflamed tissue. Monocyte-derived macrophages have long been known for a similar dual role in inflammation. In response to pathogen-induced acute injury, monocytes are rapidly recruited to damaged tissue as the first line of immune defense to phagocyte pathogens, present antigens to initiate the adaptive immune response, and promote wound healing in the resolution phase. On the other hand, dysregulated macrophages with impaired phagocytosis and egress capacity accumulate in chronic inflammation sites and foster the maintenance-and even the progression-of chronic inflammation. In this review article, we will highlight the dichotomous roles of netrin-1 and its impact on acute and chronic inflammation.
Topics: Animals; Chemotactic Factors; Humans; Inflammation; Macrophages; Models, Biological; Netrin-1
PubMed: 35008701
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010275 -
European Journal of Vascular and... May 1999In the last 20 years, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammation and thrombosis have been characterised. These are essentially cell adhesion processes which... (Review)
Review
In the last 20 years, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammation and thrombosis have been characterised. These are essentially cell adhesion processes which are regulated by vascular endothelium. Many of the cell adhesion molecules and leucocyte chemoattractants expressed and generated at sites of inflammation have been sequenced and cloned. These inflammatory molecules work together in concert to mediate the adhesion between leucocytes, platelets and vascular endothelium which occurs during the occlusive, thromboembolic, reperfusion and septic complications of atherosclerotic and diabetic vascular diseases. This review aims to summarise our current understanding of the molecular basis of these disorders and the therapeutic implications.
Topics: Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Blood Platelets; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Chemotactic Factors; Endothelium, Vascular; Humans; Leukocytes; Thrombosis; Vasculitis
PubMed: 10329520
DOI: 10.1053/ejvs.1998.0759