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Nutrients May 2018Relevant factors involved in the creation of some children's food preferences and eating behaviours have been examined in order to highlight the topic and give... (Review)
Review
Relevant factors involved in the creation of some children's food preferences and eating behaviours have been examined in order to highlight the topic and give paediatricians practical instruments to understand the background behind eating behaviour and to manage children's nutrition for preventive purposes. Electronic databases were searched to locate and appraise relevant studies. We carried out a search to identify papers published in English on factors that influence children's feeding behaviours. The family system that surrounds a child's domestic life will have an active role in establishing and promoting behaviours that will persist throughout his or her life. Early-life experiences with various tastes and flavours have a role in promoting healthy eating in future life. The nature of a narrative review makes it difficult to integrate complex interactions when large sets of studies are involved. In the current analysis, parental food habits and feeding strategies are the most dominant determinants of a child's eating behaviour and food choices. Parents should expose their offspring to a range of good food choices while acting as positive role models. Prevention programmes should be addressed to them, taking into account socioeconomic aspects and education.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Child; Child Behavior; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Child, Preschool; Diet, Healthy; Family; Feeding Behavior; Feeding Methods; Female; Food Preferences; Humans; Infant; Male; Meals; Parenting; Patient Compliance
PubMed: 29857549
DOI: 10.3390/nu10060706 -
Pediatrics in Review Aug 2019Pediatric clinicians are on the front line for prevention of language and speech disorders. This review uses prevailing theories and recent data to justify strategies... (Review)
Review
Pediatric clinicians are on the front line for prevention of language and speech disorders. This review uses prevailing theories and recent data to justify strategies for prevention, screening and detection, diagnosis, and treatment of language and speech disorders. Primary prevention rests on theories that language learning is an interaction between the child's learning capacities and the language environment. Language learning occurs in a social context with active child engagement. Theories support parent education and public programs that increase children's exposure to child-directed speech. Early detection of delays requires knowledge of language milestones and recognition of high-risk indicators for disorders. Male sex, bilingual environments, birth order, and chronic otitis media are not adequate explanations for significant delays in language or speech. Current guidelines recommend both general and autism-specific screening. Environmental and genetic factors contribute to primary language and speech disorders. Secondary and tertiary prevention requires early identification of children with language and speech disorders. Disorders may be found in association with chromosomal, genetic, neurologic, and other health conditions. Systematic reviews find that speech-language therapy, alone or in conjunction with other developmental services, is effective for many disorders. Speech-language interventions alter the environment and stimulate children's targeted responding to improve their skills.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Language Development; Language Disorders; Preventive Health Services; Speech
PubMed: 31371633
DOI: 10.1542/pir.2017-0325 -
Folia Phoniatrica Et Logopaedica :... 2021Research is increasingly raising concerns regarding the negative consequences of children's use of screens. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Research is increasingly raising concerns regarding the negative consequences of children's use of screens.
SUMMARY
This article reviews the literature on the benefits and risks of screen time with attention to explaining possible reasons that children with autism are more at risk for the negative effects of screen time. Based on the science of learning literature, a framework for choosing appropriate digital media for children with autism is described. The 3-component framework considers the characteristics of the child, the context in which digital media are used, and the content of the media. Key Message: Using the framework, the speech-language pathologist will be better able to select appropriate digital media content for children with autism that is engaging (while not being distracting), encourages the child to be actively involved with the media, is meaningful in the child's life, and incorporates social interactions with others.
Topics: Autism Spectrum Disorder; Child; Humans; Internet; Language; Screen Time
PubMed: 32229733
DOI: 10.1159/000506682 -
Nursing Children and Young People May 2015It is imperative that nurses caring for children, young people and their families develop and maintain effective, trusting and collaborative therapeutic relationships...
It is imperative that nurses caring for children, young people and their families develop and maintain effective, trusting and collaborative therapeutic relationships that sit within the scope of professional boundaries. This relationship is the nurse's responsibility and should be positive and mutually acceptable to all stakeholders. A unique challenge for children's nurses is to address and prioritise the child's care needs, while meeting the needs of, and empowering, the family. The 6Cs--care, compassion, competence, communication, courage, commitment--should underpin care and enable nurses to overcome challenges such as time pressures, acute situations or disturbed family expectation. Confidentiality and safeguarding should always be observed.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Attitude of Health Personnel; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Competence; Cooperative Behavior; Education, Nursing, Continuing; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nurse's Role; Nurse-Patient Relations; Pediatric Nursing; Professional-Family Relations; Young Adult
PubMed: 25959488
DOI: 10.7748/ncyp.27.4.30.e566 -
JAMA Pediatrics Aug 2022Screen time has become an integral part of children's daily lives. Nevertheless, the developmental consequences of screen exposure in young children remain unclear.
IMPORTANCE
Screen time has become an integral part of children's daily lives. Nevertheless, the developmental consequences of screen exposure in young children remain unclear.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the screen time trajectory from 6 to 72 months of age and its association with children's development at age 72 months in a prospective birth cohort.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Women in Shanghai, China, who were at 34 to 36 gestational weeks and had an expected delivery date between May 2012 and July 2013 were recruited for this cohort study. Their children were followed up at 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 72 months of age. Children's screen time was classified into 3 groups at age 6 months: continued low (ie, stable amount of screen time), late increasing (ie, sharp increase in screen time at age 36 months), and early increasing (ie, large amount of screen time in early stages that remained stable after age 36 months). Cognitive development was assessed by specially trained research staff in a research clinic. Of 262 eligible mother-offspring pairs, 152 dyads had complete data regarding all variables of interest and were included in the analyses. Data were analyzed from September 2019 to November 2021.
EXPOSURES
Mothers reported screen times of children at 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 72 months of age.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The cognitive development of children was evaluated using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th edition, at age 72 months. Social-emotional development was measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, which was completed by the child's mother. The study described demographic characteristics, maternal mental health, child's temperament at age 6 months, and mental development at age 12 months by subgroups clustered by a group-based trajectory model. Group difference was examined by analysis of variance.
RESULTS
A total of 152 mother-offspring dyads were included in this study, including 77 girls (50.7%) and 75 boys (49.3%) (mean [SD] age of the mothers was 29.7 [3.3] years). Children's screen time trajectory from age 6 to 72 months was classified into 3 groups: continued low (110 [72.4%]), late increasing (17 [11.2%]), and early increasing (25 [16.4%]). Compared with the continued low group, the late increasing group had lower scores on the Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (β coefficient, -8.23; 95% CI, -15.16 to -1.30; P < .05) and the General Ability Index (β coefficient, -6.42; 95% CI, -13.70 to 0.86; P = .08); the early increasing group presented with lower scores on the Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (β coefficient, -6.68; 95% CI, -12.35 to -1.02; P < .05) and the Cognitive Proficiency Index (β coefficient, -10.56; 95% CI, -17.23 to -3.90; P < .01) and a higher total difficulties score (β coefficient, 2.62; 95% CI, 0.49-4.76; P < .05).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
This cohort study found that excessive screen time in early years was associated with poor cognitive and social-emotional development. This finding may be helpful in encouraging awareness among parents of the importance of onset and duration of children's screen time.
Topics: Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; China; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Prospective Studies; Screen Time
PubMed: 35666518
DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.1630 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Oct 2021Dental anxiety distresses children and their families with consequent poor oral health and costly pediatric dental services. Children's behaviors could be modified using... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
Dental anxiety distresses children and their families with consequent poor oral health and costly pediatric dental services. Children's behaviors could be modified using a distraction technique for improved dental treatment. The study evaluates the effects of an audio-visual distraction on children's behaviors and pain expressions during dental treatment.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
One hundred healthy children, between 4 and 6 years of age, were randomly assigned to one of two groups: audio visual distraction (AVD, N = 61) group and control (CTR, N = 39) group. The pre and post pain expression was collected using a faces pain rating scale from the participated children. Children's behavior was evaluated using the Frankl behavior rating scale by the assigned dentist. Data was analyzed using chi-squared tests and analysis of variance.
RESULTS
The AVD group demonstrated more "definitely positive" behavior (91.8%) compared to the CTR group (35.9%) based on the Frankl scale evaluation from pre- and post-treatment (p < 0.0001). The pain rating scale did not demonstrate a significant difference in post-treatment pain scales (p = 0.2073) or changes in pain (p = 0.1532) between the AVD group and CTR group.
CONCLUSIONS
The AVD is an effective distraction tool for young children during dental treatment regardless of child's subjective pain expression.
Topics: Child; Child Behavior; Child, Preschool; Humans; Pain; Pain Measurement
PubMed: 33622030
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.407 -
Stomatologija 2017Authors developed an idea of seven blocks with different psychosocial factors that could correlate with children's dental anxiety and explain its variance. Aim of the...
Authors developed an idea of seven blocks with different psychosocial factors that could correlate with children's dental anxiety and explain its variance. Aim of the study was to evaluate correlation between psychosocial factors and children's dental anxiety. Totally, 240 randomly selected children (mean age M=7.96, SD=2.61, range 4 to 12) and their parents took part in the study. Parents evaluated their own (MDAS) and their children's anxiety (CFSS-DS). Psychosocial factors were evaluated by a large questionnaire, developed for this study. Dental status was fixed and child's behavior in dental setting was evaluated with Frankl's scale. Pearson's correlation of CDA with all variables and stepwise linear regression with the correlating variables within the seven psychosocial factor blocks was performed. Dental experience and attitude factors (crying at dentist and dental treatment with difficulties) as well as Children's personality and behavior factors (general anxiety and children's behavior at dentist) gave the most effect on CDA, totally explaining 56% and 54% of variance, respectively. Children's medical experience and attitude factors (anxiety and caution towards doctors) as well as Parental/information factors (parental dental anxiety, promising prizes before treatment) explained 34% and 31% of CDA variance, respectively. Socio-economic factors (number of children and mother's age) explained 15%, but oral care habits and attitude (brushing as obligation) - 14% of CDA variance. Family distress factors had no correlation with CDA and were excluded of further analysis. Children's dental anxiety variance is at best explained by Child's dental experience and attitude factors and Child's personality and behavior factors.
Topics: Attitude to Health; Child; Child Behavior; Child, Preschool; Dental Anxiety; Dental Care for Children; Family; Fear; Female; Humans; Male; Personality
PubMed: 29339671
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Clinical Nursing Dec 2019The aim was to explore and describe the child's active participation in daily healthcare practice at children's hospital units in Sweden. (Observational Study)
Observational Study
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aim was to explore and describe the child's active participation in daily healthcare practice at children's hospital units in Sweden.
OBJECTIVES
(a) Identify everyday situations in medical and nursing care that illustrate children's active participation in decision-making, (b) identify various ways of active participation, actual and optimal in situations involving decision-making and (c) explore factors in nursing and medical care that influence children's active participation in decision-making.
BACKGROUND
Despite active participation being a fundamental right for children, they are not always involved in decision-making processes during their health care. There still remains uncertainty on how to support children to actively participate in decisions concerning their health care.
DESIGN
A qualitative study with overt, nonparticipant observations fulfilling the COREQ checklist criteria.
METHODS
Observations of interactions between children aged 2 and 17 years with both acute and chronic conditions, their parents, and healthcare professionals were conducted at three paediatric hospitals in Sweden. The Scale of Degrees of Self Determination was used to grade identified situations. The scale describes five levels of active participation, with level one being the least and level five being the most active level of participation. Normative judgements were also made.
RESULTS
Children's active participation was assessed as being generally at levels four and five. Children demonstrated both verbal and nonverbal ways of communication during decision-making. Findings indicated that children's, parents' and healthcare professional's actions influenced children's active participation in decision-making processes involving healthcare.
CONCLUSIONS
Healthcare professionals specialised in paediatrics need to embrace both a child perspective and a child's perspective, plan care incorporating key elements of a child-centred care approach, to ensure children's active participation at a level of their choosing.
RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
There is a need for awareness creation to help healthcare professionals facilitate children's active participation in their care and decision-making.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Decision Making; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Parents; Patient Participation; Professional-Patient Relations; Qualitative Research; Sweden
PubMed: 31430412
DOI: 10.1111/jocn.15042 -
New Directions For Child and Adolescent... Nov 2021From the beginning, theories of attachment and caregiving have given rise to questions about minimum and maximum numbers of attachment figures. The child's tendency to... (Review)
Review
From the beginning, theories of attachment and caregiving have given rise to questions about minimum and maximum numbers of attachment figures. The child's tendency to direct attachment behavior to a specific figure rather than to whoever is nearby has led to the idea of monotropy, suggesting that a child would thrive best with one special attachment figure. From an evolutionary perspective kinship caregiving networks are more plausible as they would increase the chances of survival, and in hunter-gatherer and agricultural communities paternal care and kinship networks providing care for young children were indeed common. A recent development in cultural evolution is the invention of organized day care and children's homes and institutions. Although the attachment network may increase in size with the child's cognitive development, research on institutionalized care demonstrates that high numbers of caregivers preclude secure attachments. The limiting factor to attachment networks may however not be the number of caregivers, but the opportunities for the child to learn contingencies in social relationships that have an attachment component.
Topics: Caregivers; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Object Attachment
PubMed: 34494696
DOI: 10.1002/cad.20432 -
Sleep Medicine Reviews Feb 2022Night-waking is typical across infancy and early childhood, inevitably disrupting family sleep. For some children, sleep problems develop and endure throughout... (Review)
Review
Night-waking is typical across infancy and early childhood, inevitably disrupting family sleep. For some children, sleep problems develop and endure throughout childhood. This systematic review focused on fathers, and synthesised the evidence pertaining to the effects of children's sleep (from birth to 12 years) on fathers' health and wellbeing. A total of 29 studies were included. Key outcomes reported for fathers were: sleep and fatigue; mental and general health; and family functioning. An association between child sleep and father's sleep was observed when child's sleep was measured via actigraphy or paternal report, but not when measured via maternal report, suggesting that mothers may not always be aware of disruptions that awaken fathers. Findings showed poorer child sleep was associated with poorer general health and wellbeing among fathers, however, associations of poor child sleep with depression were fewer, and less frequent than those reported for mothers in the same households. Poor child sleep was negatively associated with the quality of family relationships, both within the couple and between parent and child. Future studies seeking to understand the interplay of child sleep and family wellbeing should apply objective measurement of sleep and integrate formal measures of family dynamics into the study design.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Fathers; Female; Humans; Male; Mothers; Parents; Sleep; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders
PubMed: 34896729
DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101570