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Clinics in Chest Medicine Mar 2017Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has multiple causes and is associated with illness that requires admission to the hospital and mortality. The causes of atypical CAP... (Review)
Review
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has multiple causes and is associated with illness that requires admission to the hospital and mortality. The causes of atypical CAP include Legionella species, Chlamydophila, and Mycoplasma. Atypical CAP remains a diagnostic challenge and, therefore, likely is undertreated. This article reviews the advancements in the evaluation and treatment of patients and discusses current conflicts and controversies of atypical CAP.
Topics: Chlamydophila; Community-Acquired Infections; Humans; Legionella; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma
PubMed: 28159161
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2016.11.011 -
Chinese Medical Journal Jan 2021
Topics: Chlamydophila psittaci; Humans; Pneumonia; Psittacosis
PubMed: 33410632
DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000001313 -
Journal of the American Veterinary... Dec 2002Considerable progress continues to be made in understanding chlamydial organisms, their host species, diagnosis, and treatment. (1-3) Thus, national guidelines are... (Review)
Review
Considerable progress continues to be made in understanding chlamydial organisms, their host species, diagnosis, and treatment. (1-3) Thus, national guidelines are updated annually to provide a standardized approach to handling infections in humans and birds. (2-3) Prior to development of these guidelines, considerable variation in approach by state agencies has been documented. (39) A more recent national assessment of state regulations and procedures has not been conducted. Decreasing imports of birds and increasing education may contribute to a reduction in human risk from avian infections. Keeping new birds separate from old birds in aviaries and poultry production facilities may reduce the incidence of avian chlamydiosis. Although wide-scale testing of birds may not be cost effective, (28) focal testing and treatment may help reduce human risk. The recent loss of a major source for pelleted feed for small birds, such as budgerigars, was a severe setback for veterinarians and local agencies in managing this disease. However, new medication formulas under development may help to address this problem. (2-3)
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Birds; Chlamydophila psittaci; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Mammals; Poultry; Psittacosis; Zoonoses
PubMed: 12494967
DOI: 10.2460/javma.2002.221.1710 -
Advances in Clinical and Experimental... 2014High affinity to the epithelial lining of the airways makes Chlamydophila pneumoniae a common etiological agent of respiratory tract infections (RTI). It causes among... (Review)
Review
High affinity to the epithelial lining of the airways makes Chlamydophila pneumoniae a common etiological agent of respiratory tract infections (RTI). It causes among others: pharyngitis, tracheitis, sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis and bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. It is estimated that Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection is responsible for about 20% of lower respiratory tract infections. Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection may play an important role in the pathogenesis and course of bronchial asthma. The recent results indicate that Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection may be a factor responsible for 4-16% of COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) exacerbations. A relationship of chlamydial infection with atherosclerosis raises huge interest. A connection of Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection with other non-communicable diseases such as lung cancer, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis and erythema nodosum is also recognized, although the role of these bacteria has not been fully understood in any of the listed diseases.
Topics: Atherosclerosis; Chlamydophila Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Humans; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 24596014
DOI: 10.17219/acem/37035 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Oct 1995Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) is a recently recognized third species of the genus Chlamydia that causes acute respiratory disease. It is distinct from the other two... (Review)
Review
Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) is a recently recognized third species of the genus Chlamydia that causes acute respiratory disease. It is distinct from the other two chlamydial species that infect humans, C. trachomatis and C. psittaci, in elementary body morphology and shares less than 10% of the DNA homology with those species. The organism has a global distribution, with infection most common among children between the ages of 5 and 14 years. In children, TWAR infection is usually mild or asymptomatic, but it may be more severe in adults. Pneumonia and bronchitis are the most common clinical manifestations of infection, and TWAR is responsible for approximately 10% of cases of pneumonia and 5% of cases of bronchitis in the United States. The microimmunofluorescence serologic assay is specific for TWAR and can distinguish between recent and past infections. The organism can be isolated in cell culture; however, PCR techniques have recently facilitated its detection in tissues and clinical specimens.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Child; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Disease Models, Animal; Genes, Bacterial; Haplorhini; Humans; Mice; Rabbits
PubMed: 8665464
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.8.4.451 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Dec 2011The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of chlamydiosis in free-ranging asymptomatic and diarrhoeic sheep and goats in Egypt. Faecal swabs were...
The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of chlamydiosis in free-ranging asymptomatic and diarrhoeic sheep and goats in Egypt. Faecal swabs were examined for the presence of Chlamydiae by culture in Vero cells and chick embryos, and staining with Giménez, direct fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibodies, and immunoperoxidase. Specific chlamydial DNA was identified by amplification of the omp2 gene. The asymptomatic goats were 50% positive for the presence of the omp2 gene of the family Chlamydiaceae, and all isolates were Chlamydophila psittaci. The percentage of diseased goats in which Chlamydiaceae were identified was 16.2%, and all were positive for Cp. psittaci. Of the asymptomatic sheep, 6.7% were positive for the omp2 gene of the family Chlamydiaceae, and again all were positive for Cp. psittaci. In contrast, 42.9% of the samples that were collected from the diseased sheep were positive for Chlamydiaceae, of which 25.7% were Cp. psittaci and 4.8% Cp. pecorum.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Chick Embryo; Chlamydophila; Chlamydophila Infections; Chlamydophila psittaci; Chlorocebus aethiops; DNA, Bacterial; Egypt; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; Feces; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct; Goat Diseases; Goats; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Psittacosis; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Staining and Labeling; Vero Cells
PubMed: 22435204
DOI: 10.20506/rst.30.3.2088 -
The Lancet. Microbe Oct 2022
Topics: Chlamydophila psittaci; Humans; Psittacosis
PubMed: 35817065
DOI: 10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00191-4 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) May 1993
Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Recurrence; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 8499846
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.306.6887.1219 -
FEBS Letters Nov 2016Community-acquired pneumonia is caused by intra- and extracellular bacteria, with some of these bacteria also being linked to the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases,... (Review)
Review
Community-acquired pneumonia is caused by intra- and extracellular bacteria, with some of these bacteria also being linked to the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chlamydia pneumoniae is an obligate intracellular pathogen that is highly sensitive to micro-environmental conditions controlling both pathogen growth and host immune responses. The availability of nutrients, as well as changes in oxygen, pH and interferon-γ levels, have been shown to directly influence the chlamydial life cycle and clearance. Although the lung has been traditionally regarded as a sterile environment, sequencing approaches have enabled the identification of a large number of bacteria in healthy and diseased lungs. The influence of the lung microbiota on respiratory infections has not been extensively studied so far and data on chlamydial infections are currently unavailable. In the present study, we speculate on how lung microbiota might interfere with acute and chronic infections by focusing exemplarily on the obligate intracellular C. pneumoniae. Furthermore, we consider changes in the gut microbiota as an additional player in the control of lung infections, especially in view the increasing evidence suggesting the involvement of the gut microbiota in various immunological processes throughout the human body.
Topics: Chlamydophila Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Community-Acquired Infections; Dysbiosis; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Intestines; Lung; Microbiota; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 27509029
DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12353 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Jan 2009Human psittacosis is a zoonotic infectious disease which is caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydophila psittaci. Transmission of the disease usually... (Review)
Review
Human psittacosis is a zoonotic infectious disease which is caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydophila psittaci. Transmission of the disease usually originates from close contact with infected birds, most frequently in the context of the poultry industry, and from contact with Psittaciformes (cockatoos, parrots, parakeets and lories). Due to a low awareness of the disease and a variable clinical presentation psittacosis is often not recognised as such by general practitioners. This review therefore gives an overview of the epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis and possible treatments for psittacosis in humans. The current case definition for epidemiological surveillance, as issued by the CDC, is discussed, as well as the possible emergence of Cp. psittaci antibiotic-resistant strains. There is an urgent need for information and for awareness campaigns directed at professional health care workers and the general public. In addition, a broader use of new diagnostic methods in medical laboratories and the development of prophylactics are called for.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Birds; Child; Chlamydophila psittaci; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Psittacosis; Zoonoses
PubMed: 19220335
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02669.x