Review

Authors: Lokesh Sharma, Ashley Losier, Thomas Tolbert...

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has multiple causes and is associated with illness that requires admission to the hospital and mortality. The causes of atypical CAP include Legionella species, Chlamydophila, and Mycoplasma. Atypical CAP remains a diagnostic challenge and, therefore, likely is undertreated. This article reviews the advancements in the evaluation and treatment of patients and discusses current conflicts and controversies of atypical CAP.

Topics: Chlamydophila; Community-Acquired Infections; Humans; Legionella; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma

PubMed: 28159161
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2016.11.011

Authors: Cheng-Ying Kong, Jun Zhu, Jing-Jing Lu...

Topics: Chlamydophila psittaci; Humans; Pneumonia; Psittacosis

PubMed: 33410632
DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000001313

Review

Authors: Millicent Eidson

Considerable progress continues to be made in understanding chlamydial organisms, their host species, diagnosis, and treatment. (1-3) Thus, national guidelines are updated annually to provide a standardized approach to handling infections in humans and birds. (2-3) Prior to development of these guidelines, considerable variation in approach by state agencies has been documented. (39) A more recent national assessment of state regulations and procedures has not been conducted. Decreasing imports of birds and increasing education may contribute to a reduction in human risk from avian infections. Keeping new birds separate from old birds in aviaries and poultry production facilities may reduce the incidence of avian chlamydiosis. Although wide-scale testing of birds may not be cost effective, (28) focal testing and treatment may help reduce human risk. The recent loss of a major source for pelleted feed for small birds, such as budgerigars, was a severe setback for veterinarians and local agencies in managing this disease. However, new medication formulas under development may help to address this problem. (2-3)

Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Birds; Chlamydophila psittaci; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Mammals; Poultry; Psittacosis; Zoonoses

PubMed: 12494967
DOI: 10.2460/javma.2002.221.1710

Review

Authors: C C Kuo, L A Jackson, L A Campbell...

Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) is a recently recognized third species of the genus Chlamydia that causes acute respiratory disease. It is distinct from the other two chlamydial species that infect humans, C. trachomatis and C. psittaci, in elementary body morphology and shares less than 10% of the DNA homology with those species. The organism has a global distribution, with infection most common among children between the ages of 5 and 14 years. In children, TWAR infection is usually mild or asymptomatic, but it may be more severe in adults. Pneumonia and bronchitis are the most common clinical manifestations of infection, and TWAR is responsible for approximately 10% of cases of pneumonia and 5% of cases of bronchitis in the United States. The microimmunofluorescence serologic assay is specific for TWAR and can distinguish between recent and past infections. The organism can be isolated in cell culture; however, PCR techniques have recently facilitated its detection in tissues and clinical specimens.

Topics: Adult; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Child; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Disease Models, Animal; Genes, Bacterial; Haplorhini; Humans; Mice; Rabbits

PubMed: 8665464
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.8.4.451

Review

Authors: Irena Choroszy-Król, Magdalena Frej-Mądrzak, Martyna Hober...

High affinity to the epithelial lining of the airways makes Chlamydophila pneumoniae a common etiological agent of respiratory tract infections (RTI). It causes among others: pharyngitis, tracheitis, sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis and bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. It is estimated that Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection is responsible for about 20% of lower respiratory tract infections. Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection may play an important role in the pathogenesis and course of bronchial asthma. The recent results indicate that Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection may be a factor responsible for 4-16% of COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) exacerbations. A relationship of chlamydial infection with atherosclerosis raises huge interest. A connection of Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection with other non-communicable diseases such as lung cancer, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis and erythema nodosum is also recognized, although the role of these bacteria has not been fully understood in any of the listed diseases.

Topics: Atherosclerosis; Chlamydophila Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Humans; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Respiratory Tract Infections

PubMed: 24596014
DOI: 10.17219/acem/37035

Authors: O M Jolobe

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Humans

PubMed: 9627150
DOI: No ID Found

Authors: Ourlad Alzeus G Tantengco

Topics: Chlamydophila psittaci; Humans; Psittacosis

PubMed: 35817065
DOI: 10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00191-4

Review

Authors: Jiewen Wang, Buwei Wang, Jian Xiao...

is an obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium with a unique biphasic developmental cycle. It is a zoonotic pathogen with a wide range of hosts and can cause avian chlamydiosis in birds and psittacosis in humans. The pathogen is transmitted mainly through horizontal transmission between birds. Cross-species transmission sometimes occurs and human-to-human transmission has recently been confirmed. This review provides an updated overview of from the perspective of both avian chlamydiosis and psittacosis. We include the aspects of genotype, host-pathogen interaction, transmission, epidemiology, detection and diagnosis, clinical manifestation, management, and prevention, aiming to provide a basic understanding of and offer fresh insights focused on zoonosis and cross-species transmission.

Topics: Chlamydophila psittaci; Psittacosis; Animals; Humans; Birds; Zoonoses; Bird Diseases; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Genotype; Bacterial Zoonoses

PubMed: 39541409
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2428411

Authors: S J Bourke

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Recurrence; Respiratory Tract Infections

PubMed: 8499846
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.306.6887.1219

Review

Authors: R Sessa, M Nicoletti, M Di Pietro...

Chlamydia pneumoniae, an intracellular bacterial pathogen, is known as a leading cause of human respiratory tract infections worldwide. Over the last decade, several reports in the literature have suggested that infection with C. pneumoniae may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In order to play a causative role in chronic disease, C. pneumoniae would need to persist within infected tissue for extended periods of time, thereby stimulating a chronic inflammatory response. C. pneumoniae has been shown to disseminate systemically from the lungs through infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells and to localize in arteries where it may infect endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, monocytes/macrophages and promote inflammatory atherogenous process. The involvement of C. pneumoniae in atherosclerosis was investigated by seroepidemiological and pathological studies, in vivo and in vitro studies, and in clinical antibiotic treatment trials. This review will provide an update on the role of C. pneumoniae in atherosclerosis focusing on the recent insights and suggesting areas for future research.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Atherosclerosis; Chlamydophila Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Humans

PubMed: 19309547
DOI: 10.1177/039463200902200102