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Advances in Clinical and Experimental... 2014High affinity to the epithelial lining of the airways makes Chlamydophila pneumoniae a common etiological agent of respiratory tract infections (RTI). It causes among... (Review)
Review
High affinity to the epithelial lining of the airways makes Chlamydophila pneumoniae a common etiological agent of respiratory tract infections (RTI). It causes among others: pharyngitis, tracheitis, sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis and bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. It is estimated that Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection is responsible for about 20% of lower respiratory tract infections. Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection may play an important role in the pathogenesis and course of bronchial asthma. The recent results indicate that Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection may be a factor responsible for 4-16% of COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) exacerbations. A relationship of chlamydial infection with atherosclerosis raises huge interest. A connection of Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection with other non-communicable diseases such as lung cancer, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis and erythema nodosum is also recognized, although the role of these bacteria has not been fully understood in any of the listed diseases.
Topics: Atherosclerosis; Chlamydophila Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Humans; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 24596014
DOI: 10.17219/acem/37035 -
BMC Neurology Nov 2013A wealth of published studies have been published on association between Chlamydia pneumoniae (C.pneumoniae) infection and cerebrovascular (CV) disease, but the results... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
A wealth of published studies have been published on association between Chlamydia pneumoniae (C.pneumoniae) infection and cerebrovascular (CV) disease, but the results were inconsistent. This meta-analysis provides a systematic review of the available evidence from all serological and pathological studies of CV disease and C.pneumoniae.
METHODS
A comprehensive research was conducted of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CNKI, WanFang technological periodical database and reference lists of articles to identify eligible case-control and cohort studies. Odds radio (OR) was calculated for each study outcome. Random effect model was used as pooling method and publication bias was estimated for the results.
RESULTS
Fifty-two published studies that met criteria were selected. In case control studies, an association between C.pneumoniae infection and CV disease was revealed by serum specific IgG (OR, 1.61; 95% CI: 1.34 to 1.94), serum IgA (OR, 2.33; 95% CI: 1.76 to 3.08) and PCR technique of C.pneumoniae in peripheral blood cells (OR, 1.90; 95% CI: 1.17 to 3.07). No significant association was found in serum anti-C.pneumonae IgM seropositivity or in-situ-detection of C.pneumoniae in arterial biopsies with CV disease. Subgroup analysis by available studies suggested that C.pneumoniae may paly a role in atherosclerotic stroke, but be less significant in stroke of cardioembolism or other etiologies.
CONCLUSION
Association between C.pneumoniae infection and CV disease depends on the analytical method adopted, which seems stronger with stroke due to large artery atherosclerosis. Establishing a causal relationship between C.peumoniae infection and CV disease will require more prospective studies with combination of techniques and stratified by etiological subtypes.
Topics: Cerebrovascular Disorders; Chlamydophila Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Databases, Bibliographic; Humans
PubMed: 24261578
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-13-183 -
Internal and Emergency Medicine Nov 2021Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common illness that can lead to mortality. β-lactams are ineffective against atypical pathogen including Mycoplasma pneumoniae....
Predicting Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) pneumonia: epidemiological study of respiratory tract infection using multiplex PCR assays.
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common illness that can lead to mortality. β-lactams are ineffective against atypical pathogen including Mycoplasma pneumoniae. We used molecular examinations to develop a decision tree to predict atypical pathogens with CAP and to examine the prevalence of macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. We conducted a prospective observational study of patients aged ≥ 18 years who had fever and respiratory symptoms and were diagnosed with CAP in one of two community hospitals between December 2016 and October 2018. We assessed combinations of clinical variables that best predicted atypical pathogens with CAP by classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. Pneumonia was defined as respiratory symptoms and new infiltration recognized on chest X-ray or chest computed tomography. We analyzed 47 patients (21 females, 44.7%, mean age: 47.6 years). Atypical pathogens were detected in 15 patients (31.9%; 12 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 3 Chlamydophila pneumoniae). Ten patients carried macrolide resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae (macrolide resistant rate 83.3%). CART analysis suggested that factors associated with presence of atypical pathogens were absence of crackles, age < 45 years, and LD ≥ 183 U/L (sensitivity 86.7% [59.5, 98.3], specificity 96.9% [83.8, 99.9]). ur simple clinical decision rules can be used to identify primary care patients with CAP that are at risk for atypical pathogens. Further research is needed to validate its usefulness in various populations.Trial registration Clinical Trial (UMIN trial ID: UMIN000035346).
Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Area Under Curve; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Community-Acquired Infections; Epidemiologic Studies; Female; Humans; Japan; Male; Middle Aged; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; ROC Curve; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 33983474
DOI: 10.1007/s11739-021-02744-6 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases 1998Chlamydia pneumoniae is a ubiquitous pathogen that causes acute respiratory disease. The spectrum of C. pneumoniae infection has been extended to atherosclerosis and its... (Review)
Review
Chlamydia pneumoniae is a ubiquitous pathogen that causes acute respiratory disease. The spectrum of C. pneumoniae infection has been extended to atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations. Seroepidemiologic studies have associated C. pneumoniae antibody with coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, carotid artery disease, and cerebrovascular disease. The association of C. pneumoniae with atherosclerosis is corroborated by the presence of the organism in atherosclerotic lesions throughout the arterial tree and the near absence of the organism in healthy arterial tissue. C. pneumoniae has also been isolated from coronary and carotid atheromatous plaques. To determine whether chronic infection plays a role in initiation or progression of disease, intervention studies in humans have been initiated, and animal models of C. pneumoniae infection have been developed. This review summarizes the evidence for the association and potential role of C. pneumoniae in cardiovascular disease.
Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Humans
PubMed: 9866733
DOI: 10.3201/eid0404.980407 -
International Journal of... 2009Chlamydia pneumoniae, an intracellular bacterial pathogen, is known as a leading cause of human respiratory tract infections worldwide. Over the last decade, several... (Review)
Review
Chlamydia pneumoniae, an intracellular bacterial pathogen, is known as a leading cause of human respiratory tract infections worldwide. Over the last decade, several reports in the literature have suggested that infection with C. pneumoniae may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In order to play a causative role in chronic disease, C. pneumoniae would need to persist within infected tissue for extended periods of time, thereby stimulating a chronic inflammatory response. C. pneumoniae has been shown to disseminate systemically from the lungs through infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells and to localize in arteries where it may infect endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, monocytes/macrophages and promote inflammatory atherogenous process. The involvement of C. pneumoniae in atherosclerosis was investigated by seroepidemiological and pathological studies, in vivo and in vitro studies, and in clinical antibiotic treatment trials. This review will provide an update on the role of C. pneumoniae in atherosclerosis focusing on the recent insights and suggesting areas for future research.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Atherosclerosis; Chlamydophila Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Humans
PubMed: 19309547
DOI: 10.1177/039463200902200102 -
Heart (British Cardiac Society) Mar 1999To review the literature for evidence that chronic infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae is associated with atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review the literature for evidence that chronic infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae is associated with atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes.
DATA SOURCES
MEDLINE and Institute of Science and Information bibliographic databases were searched at the end of September 1998. Indexing terms used were chlamydi*, heart, coronary, and atherosclerosis. Serological and pathological studies published as papers in any language since 1988 or abstracts since 1997 were selected.
DATA EXTRACTION
It was assumed that chronic C pneumoniae infection is characterised by the presence of both specific IgG and IgA, and serological studies were examined for associations that fulfilled these criteria. Pathological studies were also reviewed for evidence that the presence of C pneumoniae in diseased vessels is associated with the severity and extent of atherosclerosis.
DATA SYNTHESIS
The majority of serological studies have shown an association between C pneumoniae and atherosclerosis. However, the number of cases in studies that have reported a positive association when using strict criteria for chronic infection is similar to the number of cases in studies which found no association. Nevertheless, the organism is widely found in atherosclerotic vessels, although it may not be at all diseased sites and is not confined to the most severe lesions. Rabbit models and preliminary antibiotic trials suggest that the organism might exacerbate atherosclerosis.
CONCLUSION
More evidence is required before C pneumoniae can be accepted as playing a role in atherosclerosis. Although use of antibiotics in routine practice is not justified, large scale trials in progress will help to elucidate the role of C pneumoniae.
Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Blood Vessels; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Chronic Disease; Coronary Disease; Humans; Rabbits
PubMed: 10026342
DOI: 10.1136/hrt.81.3.232 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Oct 1995Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) is a recently recognized third species of the genus Chlamydia that causes acute respiratory disease. It is distinct from the other two... (Review)
Review
Chlamydia pneumoniae (TWAR) is a recently recognized third species of the genus Chlamydia that causes acute respiratory disease. It is distinct from the other two chlamydial species that infect humans, C. trachomatis and C. psittaci, in elementary body morphology and shares less than 10% of the DNA homology with those species. The organism has a global distribution, with infection most common among children between the ages of 5 and 14 years. In children, TWAR infection is usually mild or asymptomatic, but it may be more severe in adults. Pneumonia and bronchitis are the most common clinical manifestations of infection, and TWAR is responsible for approximately 10% of cases of pneumonia and 5% of cases of bronchitis in the United States. The microimmunofluorescence serologic assay is specific for TWAR and can distinguish between recent and past infections. The organism can be isolated in cell culture; however, PCR techniques have recently facilitated its detection in tissues and clinical specimens.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Child; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Disease Models, Animal; Genes, Bacterial; Haplorhini; Humans; Mice; Rabbits
PubMed: 8665464
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.8.4.451 -
Pathogens and Disease Jan 2021The contribution of intracellular and fastidious bacteria in Cystic fibrosis (CF) pulmonary exacerbations, and progressive lung function decline remains unknown. This...
OBJECTIVES
The contribution of intracellular and fastidious bacteria in Cystic fibrosis (CF) pulmonary exacerbations, and progressive lung function decline remains unknown. This project aimed to explore their impact on bacterial microbiota diversity over time in CF children.
METHODS
Sixty-one children enrolled in the MUCOVIB multicentre prospective cohort provided 746 samples, mostly nasopharyngeal swabs, throat swabs and sputa which were analysed using culture, specific real-time qPCRs and 16S rRNA amplicon metagenomics.
RESULTS
Chlamydia pneumoniae (n = 3) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (n = 1) were prospectively documented in 6.6% of CF children. Microbiota alpha-diversity in children with a documented C. pneumoniae was highly variable, similarly to children infected with Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The transition from routine follow-up visits to pulmonary exacerbation (n = 17) yielded variable changes in diversity indexes with some extreme loss of diversity.
CONCLUSIONS
The high rate of C. pneumoniae detection supports the need for regular screenings in CF patients. A minor impact of C. pneumoniae on the microbial community structure was documented. Although detected in a single patient, M. pneumoniae should also be considered as a possible aetiology of lung infection in CF subjects.
Topics: Biodiversity; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlamydophila Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Cystic Fibrosis; DNA, Bacterial; Humans; Metagenomics; Microbiota; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Prospective Studies; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Respiratory System; Sputum
PubMed: 33247928
DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftaa074 -
Journal of Vascular Surgery Jun 2006Exposure to Chlamydia pneumoniae is extremely common, and its incidence increases with age. C pneumoniae infection is strongly associated with coronary artery disease,... (Review)
Review
Exposure to Chlamydia pneumoniae is extremely common, and its incidence increases with age. C pneumoniae infection is strongly associated with coronary artery disease, as well as with atherosclerosis of the carotid artery, aorta, and peripheral arteries. This association has been shown in seroepidemiologic studies and by direct detection of the organism in atherosclerotic lesions by immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction, electron microscopy, and tissue culture. Animal models of atherosclerosis have been used to study the role of C pneumoniae in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic disease. The association of this organism with cardiovascular complications has inspired many human trials of antibiotics for the secondary prevention of atherosclerosis. C pneumoniae can infect several types of cells, including circulating macrophages, arterial smooth muscle cells, and vascular endothelial cells, causing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and procoagulants by endothelial cells and foam cell formation by infected macrophages. This report reviews the role of C pneumoniae in atherogenesis in light of recent, large antibiotic treatment trials, animal studies, and in vitro studies. The role of Chlamydia heat shock protein as a potential mediator of this harmful effect is also reviewed.
Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Clinical Trials as Topic; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 16765261
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2006.02.050 -
Postepy Higieny I Medycyny... May 2015Chlamydophila pneumoniae was taxonomically separated from strain TWAR - an abbreviation of the strain isolated from humans TW-183 (material from the eye of a child in... (Review)
Review
Chlamydophila pneumoniae was taxonomically separated from strain TWAR - an abbreviation of the strain isolated from humans TW-183 (material from the eye of a child in Taiwan in 1965) and AR-39 (material from a student's throat swab with acute changes within airways in Seattle in 1983). The basis of separation of the C. pneumoniae species was the unique structure of the elementary bodies. Infection caused by C. pneumoniae is often asymptomatic (60-80% of all infections). Symptomatic infections of the upper respiratory tract relate to pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis and the lower respiratory tract: bronchitis and pneumonia. C. pneumoniae infection often transforms into a chronic, clinically oligo- or asymptomatic form. The chronic inflammatory process is associated by many authors with the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease, endocarditis, atherosclerosis, hypertension, vasculitis, multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis, and asthma. C. pneumoniae has a specific tropism and exhibits cytotoxic activity towards the airway epithelium, in which it proliferates and destroys infected cells by lysis. Entry of these bacteria to the human body leads to activation of first non-specific and then specific resistance mechanisms and the development of a local inflammatory process. Diagnosis of C. pneumoniae should be confirmed only after the exclusion of typical micro-organisms causing respiratory infections. It is important to pay attention to the fact that the epidemiological data on the incidence of C. pneumoniae infections in different age groups of patients are variable depending on the type of diagnostic methods used in the research. Chlamydia are resistant to most antibiotics that are routinely used in respiratory tract infections. These bacteria are susceptible to antibiotics that disrupt the synthesis of DNA and proteins, such as macrolides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Asthma; Atherosclerosis; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Coronary Artery Disease; DNA Replication; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Humans; Hypertension; Multiple Sclerosis; Protein Biosynthesis; Sarcoidosis; Vasculitis
PubMed: 25983299
DOI: 10.5604/17322693.1152102