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Postgraduate Medical Journal Jan 1970Renal scintiscanning is a simple investigation that does not require special preparation and is well tolerated by patients. Radiopharmaceuticals used in linear scanning... (Review)
Review
Renal scintiscanning is a simple investigation that does not require special preparation and is well tolerated by patients. Radiopharmaceuticals used in linear scanning are accumulated in the renal cortex. This accumulation is diminished: (a) when the cortex is destroyed, e.g. by pyelonephritis, injury, etc.; and (b) when the amount available to the cortex is reduced, e.g. by ischaemia. The scintigram depicts the kidneys unimpeded by bowel contents, gives a qualitative assessment of renal function and shows the distribution of zones of normal function. Recent technical improvements show great promise in deriving a quantitative measure of renal function in some circumstances. The location of normally functioning cortex is often important in the management of renal diseases and the value of scintiscanning is then considerable. It is occasionally useful in planning surgery. The anatomy of the renal collecting system can be shown only by urography. High dose techniques achieve this even in the face of renal failure, and scintiscanning has few indications in investigating lesions that distort the renal anatomy, e.g. tumours and cysts. Renal scintiscanning is a very valuable additional method to urography, arteriography and renography in investigation of renal disorders.
Topics: Adult; Angiography; Chlormerodrin; Humans; Ischemia; Kidney Calculi; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Diseases, Cystic; Kidney Function Tests; Kidney Neoplasms; Mercury Isotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Urography
PubMed: 4905447
DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.46.531.52 -
The Journal of General Physiology Mar 1965The reactions of three organic mercurial compounds, chlormerodrin, parachloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), and parachloromercuribenzenesulfonate (PCMBS) with intact red blood...
The reactions of three organic mercurial compounds, chlormerodrin, parachloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), and parachloromercuribenzenesulfonate (PCMBS) with intact red blood cells, hemolyzed red cells, hemoglobin solutions, and hemoglobin-free ghosts have been characterized. Both PCMB and PCMBS react with only 2 to 3 sulfhydryl groups per mole of hemoglobin in solution, whereas chlormerodrin reacts with 6 to 7. In hemoglobin-free ghosts, however, all three reagents react with a similar number of sulfhydryl groups, approximately 4 x 10(-17) moles per cell, or about 25 per cent of the total stromal sulfhydryl groups, which react with inorganic mercuric chloride. In the intact cell the membrane imposes a diffusion barrier; chlormerodrin and PCMB penetrate slowly, whereas PCMBS does not. Kinetic studies of chlormerodrin binding to intact cells reveal that the majority of stromal sulfhydryl groups is located inside the diffusion barrier, with only 1 to 1.5 per cent (or 1 to 1,400,000 sites per cell) located outside of this barrier. Reaction of PCMBS with intact cells is limited to this small fraction on the outer membrane surface. All three reagents are capable of inhibiting glucose transport in the red cell. With chlormerodrin and PCMBS it was demonstrated that the inhibition results from interactions with the sulfhydryl groups located on the outer surface of the membrane.
Topics: Biological Transport; Cell Membrane Permeability; Chlormerodrin; Chloromercuribenzoates; Diffusion; Erythrocyte Membrane; Erythrocytes; Glucose; Hemoglobins; Kinetics; Research; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Sulfonic Acids
PubMed: 14324978
DOI: 10.1085/jgp.48.4.617 -
Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official... Mar 1977A relatively simple dual-tracer method for measuring renal extraction fraction was compared with the direct method. In the dual-tracer method an extracted and...
A relatively simple dual-tracer method for measuring renal extraction fraction was compared with the direct method. In the dual-tracer method an extracted and nonextracted tracer are mixed together and administered into the arterial circuit and samples of venous blood are obtained. The ratio of recovered to injected tracer then determines the extraction fraction. In the direct method tracer is administered directly into the renal artery and the total venous effluent is collected. Extraction fraction is then calculated as arteriovenous difference divided by the quantity injected. In our experiments the extraction for 201Tl and 203Hg-chlormerodrin were determined. The extraction fraction for 201Tl averaged 81 +/- 5% by the direct method and 81 +/- 6% by the dual-tracer technique (r = 0.94). The extraction fraction for 203Hg-chlormerodrin was found to change as a function of the renal blood flow. At normal flow the extraction fraction averaged 48% by the direct method and 45% by the dual-tracer technique. At reduced flow, in contrast, it averaged 78% by the direct method and 71% by the dual-tracer technique.
Topics: Animals; Blood Physiological Phenomena; Chlormerodrin; Dogs; Humans; Kidney; Mercury Radioisotopes; Methods; Radioactive Tracers; Radioisotopes; Regional Blood Flow; Thallium
PubMed: 839269
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official... May 1975The distribution of 17 different agents for renal imaging was compared in the rabbit by organ radioassay at 1 hr. Similarly, 99mTc complexes of iron-ascorbate,... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The distribution of 17 different agents for renal imaging was compared in the rabbit by organ radioassay at 1 hr. Similarly, 99mTc complexes of iron-ascorbate, glucoheptonate (GHA) and 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMS), and 203Hg-chlormerodrin were compared in the dog. The distribution of 99mTc-GHA and DMS was assessed in the human by blood and urinary clearance, external renal measurements, and scintillation camera imaging, and compared with older renal radiopharmaceuticals. Radiation dose estimates, based chiefly on human data, were calculated. Technetium-99m-DMS reaches a high concentration in the renal cortex and its urinary excretion rate and blood clearance are slow. It is excellent for imaging the renal parenchyma without activity in pelvocalyceal collecting system. However, it readily oxidizes and must be used within 30 min of preparation. The biologic distribution of 99mTc-GHA is similar to gluconate and iron-ascorbate complex. Its renal concentration is not as great as that of DMS but its blood and urinary clearances are much faster, resulting in lower radiation doses to most organs. Early camera images with this agent usually demonstrate both the renal parenchyma and collecting system. In later images, ther is excellent demonstration of the parenchyma alone, superior to that obtained with 99mTc-Sn-DTPA. It is a very stable complex and may be used for at least 5 hr after preparation. All radioactive renal agents examined to date have a significant concentration in the liver, making an accurate quantitative comparison between the two kidneys difficult.
Topics: Albumins; Animals; Chlormerodrin; Dogs; Gluconates; Humans; Inulin; Kidney Diseases; Male; Mannitol; Mercury Radioisotopes; Pentetic Acid; Rabbits; Radionuclide Imaging; Succinates; Sugar Acids; Technetium; Tin
PubMed: 1194986
DOI: No ID Found -
Postgraduate Medical Journal Jul 1973The use of radioactive labels for tracers is an important part of the investigation of renal disease. These techniques seldom replace, but often complement radiographic... (Review)
Review
The use of radioactive labels for tracers is an important part of the investigation of renal disease. These techniques seldom replace, but often complement radiographic techniques. Generally, the radionuclide methods provide functional and dynamic information in a non-invasive, non-traumatic type of examination. The examinations usually are relatively simple to perform and carry a very low risk of untoward reaction. The past decade has seen significant advances in radiopharmaceutical design and instrumentation. It is expected that the next decade will produce an even greater advance in this field.
Topics: Child; Chlormerodrin; Humans; Iodohippuric Acid; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Function Tests; Mercury Isotopes; Radioisotope Renography; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Technetium; Vesico-Ureteral Reflux
PubMed: 4602129
DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.49.573.503 -
Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official... Mar 1972
Topics: Angiography; Chlormerodrin; Cholangiography; Colloids; Gold Colloid, Radioactive; Humans; Indium; Iodine Radioisotopes; Iodohippuric Acid; Mercury Isotopes; Pentetic Acid; Phosphorus Isotopes; Radioisotopes; Serum Albumin; Serum Albumin, Radio-Iodinated; Strontium Isotopes; Technetium; Urography
PubMed: 5058248
DOI: No ID Found -
Canadian Medical Association Journal Apr 1964Experience with 500 radio-chlormerodrin renal scans has shown that the technique can detect (1) altered renal function, both focal and generalized, (2) space-occupying...
Experience with 500 radio-chlormerodrin renal scans has shown that the technique can detect (1) altered renal function, both focal and generalized, (2) space-occupying kidney lesions, and (3) renal size and disease in some cases in which the blood urea nitrogen is elevated and the excretory urogram inconclusive.The technique is valuable as an adjunct to the intravenous pyelogram since it may discriminate more disease than was thought to be present or may distinguish between anomalous variations in renal outline and calyceal displacement from parenchymal disease. The technique is completely harmless and there are no known contraindications to the test agent, radio-chlormerodrin.
Topics: Angiography; Chlormerodrin; Diuretics; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Neoplasms; Organomercury Compounds; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Urography
PubMed: 14166466
DOI: No ID Found -
Canadian Medical Association Journal Sep 1970We have studied and found valuable a numerical value best designated as the "renal chlormerodrin uptake". This represents not a transient state, like the renogram, but a... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
We have studied and found valuable a numerical value best designated as the "renal chlormerodrin uptake". This represents not a transient state, like the renogram, but a measurement of the biological ability of the renal tubules to firmly bind (203)Hg chlormerodrin presented to them as a very small standard dose passing through the kidney. Normal kidneys bind a remarkably fixed portion, and there is a consistent parallel between retention and tubular function.This binding, expressed for each kidney as a percentage of the normal, provides an easily measured value which allows isotopic renal measurements made from day to day and from year to year, on various individuals, to be accurately compared.These uptake values may be used to measure individual organ function or, by their addition, to evaluate the total renal function possessed by that patient. The utility of such uptake values goes beyond the conventional assessment of renal flow in hypertension, and is applicable to most forms of renal dysfunction, including trauma.Determination of the renal uptake at three to four hours fits well into a standard set of procedures which also includes the renogram, the renal scan, the local quantitation of scan areas, and the intravenous pyelogram. It requires only a few additional minutes, and no additional instrumentation or radiopharmaceuticals.
Topics: Chlormerodrin; Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Function Tests; Mercury Isotopes; Radionuclide Imaging
PubMed: 5455277
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official... Dec 1968
Comparative Study
Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Chlormerodrin; Humans; Mercury Isotopes; Neoplasm Metastasis; Radionuclide Imaging; Technetium; Time Factors
PubMed: 5729215
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official... Aug 1968
Topics: Chlormerodrin; Kidney; Mercury Isotopes; Methods; Radiometry
PubMed: 5713657
DOI: No ID Found