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International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2021Extraction of lipids from biological tissues is a crucial step in lipid analysis. The selection of appropriate solvent is the most critical factor in the efficient... (Review)
Review
Extraction of lipids from biological tissues is a crucial step in lipid analysis. The selection of appropriate solvent is the most critical factor in the efficient extraction of lipids. A mixture of polar (to disrupt the protein-lipid complexes) and nonpolar (to dissolve the neutral lipids) solvents are precisely selected to extract lipids efficiently. In addition, the disintegration of complex and rigid cell-wall of plants, fungi, and microalgal cells by various mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments facilitate the solvent penetration and extraction of lipids. This review discusses the chloroform/methanol-based classical lipid extraction methods and modern modifications of these methods in terms of using healthy and environmentally safe solvents and rapid single-step extraction. At the same time, some adaptations were made to recover the specific lipids. In addition, the high throughput lipid extraction methodologies used for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based plant and animal lipidomics were discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of various pretreatments and extraction methods were also illustrated. Moreover, the emerging green solvents-based lipid extraction method, including supercritical CO extraction (SCE), is also discussed.
Topics: Animals; Cell Wall; Chloroform; Chromatography, Liquid; Green Chemistry Technology; Lipidomics; Lipids; Mass Spectrometry; Methanol; Solvents
PubMed: 34948437
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413643 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2022Electrical activity of fungus Pleurotus ostreatus is characterised by slow (h) irregular waves of baseline potential drift and fast (min) action potential likes spikes...
Electrical activity of fungus Pleurotus ostreatus is characterised by slow (h) irregular waves of baseline potential drift and fast (min) action potential likes spikes of the electrical potential. An exposure of the myceliated substrate to a chloroform vapour lead to several fold decrease of the baseline potential waves and increase of their duration. The chloroform vapour also causes either complete cessation of spiking activity or substantial reduction of the spiking frequency. Removal of the chloroform vapour from the growth containers leads to a gradual restoration of the mycelium electrical activity.
Topics: Action Potentials; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Chloroform; Mycelium; Pleurotus; Time Factors; Volatilization
PubMed: 35013424
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04172-0 -
Anesthesiology Jul 1947
Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesiology; Chloroform; Humans
PubMed: 20255057
DOI: 10.1097/00000542-194707000-00004 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Feb 2022Chloroform (CF) and dichloromethane (DCM) are among the more commonly identified chlorinated aliphatic compounds found in contaminated soil and groundwater. Complete...
Chloroform (CF) and dichloromethane (DCM) are among the more commonly identified chlorinated aliphatic compounds found in contaminated soil and groundwater. Complete dechlorination of CF has been reported under anaerobic conditions by microbes that respire CF to DCM and others that biodegrade DCM. The objectives of this study were to ascertain if a commercially available bioaugmentation enrichment culture (KB-1 Plus CF) uses an oxidative or fermentative pathway for biodegradation of DCM and to determine if the products from DCM biodegradation can support organohalide respiration of CF to DCM in the absence of an exogenous electron donor. In various treatments with the KB-1 Plus CF culture to which C-CF was added, the predominant product was CO, indicating that oxidation is the predominant pathway for DCM. Recovery of C-DCM when biodegradation was still in progress confirmed that CF first undergoes reductive dechlorination to DCM. C-labeled organic acids, including acetate and propionate, were also recovered, suggesting that synthesis of organic acids provides a sink for the electron equivalents from oxidation of DCM. When the biomass was washed to remove organic acids from prior additions of exogenous electron donor and only CF and DCM were added, the culture completely dechlorinated CF. The total amount of DCM added was not sufficient to provide the electron equivalents needed to reduce CF to DCM. Thus, the additional reducing power came via the DCM generated from CF reduction. Nevertheless, the rate of CF consumption was considerably lower compared to that of treatments that received an exogenous electron donor. Chloroform (CF) and dichloromethane (DCM) are among the more commonly identified chlorinated aliphatic compounds found in contaminated soil and groundwater. One way to address this problem is to add microbes to the subsurface that can biodegrade these compounds. While microbes are known that can accomplish this task, less is known about the pathways used under anaerobic conditions. Some use an oxidative pathway, resulting mainly in carbon dioxide. Others use a fermentative pathway, resulting in formation of organic acids. In this study, a commercially available bioaugmentation enrichment culture (KB-1 Plus CF) was evaluated using carbon-14 labeled chloroform. The main product formed was carbon dioxide, indicating the use of an oxidative pathway. The reducing power gained from oxidation was shown to support reductive dechlorination of CF to DCM. The results demonstrate the potential to achieve full dechlorination of CF and DCM to nonhazardous products that are difficult to identify in the field.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Biodegradation, Environmental; Carbon Radioisotopes; Chloroform; Methylene Chloride; Peptococcaceae
PubMed: 34936839
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01970-21 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2022While microRNAs are considered as excellent biomarkers of various diseases, there are still several remaining challenges regarding their isolation. In this study, we...
While microRNAs are considered as excellent biomarkers of various diseases, there are still several remaining challenges regarding their isolation. In this study, we aimed to design a novel RNA isolation method that would help to overcome those challenges. Therefore, we present a novel phenol/chloroform-free, low-cost method for miRNA extraction. Within this method, RNA is extracted from cell lysate with an isopropanol/water/NaCl system, followed by solid-phase extraction using TiO microspheres to effectively separate short RNAs from long RNA molecules. We also demonstrated the pH-dependent selectivity of TiO microspheres towards different sizes of RNA. We were able to regulate the size range of extracted RNAs with simple adjustments in binding conditions used during the solid-phase extraction.
Topics: Chloroform; MicroRNAs; Phenol; Phenols; Titanium
PubMed: 36012112
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168848 -
Report on Carcinogens : Carcinogen... 2011
Topics: Animals; Carcinogens; Chloroform; Humans; Neoplasms; Solvents
PubMed: 21850127
DOI: No ID Found -
Annals of Work Exposures and Health Aug 2023Disinfection by-products are produced in water disinfected with chlorine-based products. One such group is trihalomethanes, and chloroform is the most abundant...
INTRODUCTION
Disinfection by-products are produced in water disinfected with chlorine-based products. One such group is trihalomethanes, and chloroform is the most abundant trihalomethane in swimming pool areas. Chloroform can be absorbed by inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption, and is classified as possibly carcinogenic.
AIM
To investigate if chloroform concentrations in air and water affect the chloroform concentration in urine samples of exposed swimming pool workers.
METHODS
Workers from 5 adventure indoor swimming pools carried personal chloroform air samplers and provided up to 4 urine samples during one workday. Chloroform concentrations were analyzed with a linear mixed model analysis to investigate a possible correlation between air and urine concentrations.
RESULTS
The geometric mean chloroform concentration was 11 μg/m3 in air and 0.009 µg/g creatinine in urine among individuals with ≤2 h at work, 0.023 µg/g creatinine among those with >2-5 working hours, and 0.026 µg/g creatinine in the group with >5-10 working hours. A risk of higher levels of chloroform in urine was associated with longer hours at work (≤2 h versus >5-10 h, odds ratio [OR] 2.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25-3.34), personal chloroform concentrations in air (≤17.00 µg/m3 versus >28.00 µg/m3, OR 9.23, 95% CI 3.68-23.13) and working at least half the working day near the swimming pools (OR 3.16, 95% CI 1.33-7.55). Executing work tasks in the swimming pool water was not associated with higher chloroform concentrations in urine compared to only working on land (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.27-2.45).
CONCLUSION
There is an accumulation of chloroform concentrations in urine during a workday and a correlation between personal air and urine concentrations of chloroform among workers in Swedish indoor swimming pools.
Topics: Humans; Chloroform; Occupational Exposure; Swimming Pools; Sweden; Creatinine; Trihalomethanes; Biomarkers
PubMed: 37339253
DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxad035 -
Anesthesiology Apr 2009
Topics: Chloroform; History, 20th Century; Music; Solvents
PubMed: 19307868
DOI: 10.1097/01.anes.0000348447.37840.18 -
Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2022Urea derivatives 1 and 2, synthesized from adenosine, were designed as low-molecular-weight gelators. Hydrophobic groups have been introduced into all or part of the...
Urea derivatives 1 and 2, synthesized from adenosine, were designed as low-molecular-weight gelators. Hydrophobic groups have been introduced into all or part of the hydroxy groups of the hydrophilic ribose moiety of 1 and 2 to control the solvophilicity of the molecules and their aggregates. Compound 2 selectively formed supramolecular gels in halogenated solvents such as chloroform and 1,2-dichloroethane. The supramolecular gel of 2 and chloroform was thermally stable and its gel-to-sol phase transition temperature was higher than the boiling point of chloroform. The physical properties of the supramolecular gel were investigated by determining its viscoelastic properties using a rheometer. The supramolecular gel realized multiple stimuli-responsive reversible gel-sol phase transitions. The supramolecular gel showed reversible phase transition by repeated warming-cooling cycles accompanying with the gel-sol transitions. The supramolecular gel could undergo five repeated mechano-responsive gel-sol transitions. Gel-to-sol phase transition could also be achieved by adding various anions to the supramolecular gel, such as tetrabutylammonium fluoride. Regelation was realized by adding boron trifluoride etherate to the fluoride ion containing sol. Addition of methanol to the supramolecular gel also induced gel-to-sol phase transition. Regelation was realized by adding molecular sieves 4 Å to the suspension.
Topics: Adenosine; Chloroform; Hydrogels; Phase Transition; Temperature
PubMed: 35650041
DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c22-00134 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2022Based on 4,4'-[1,3/4-phenilenebis(oxy)]phthalodinitriles, the mixture of phthalocyaninates of various structures with rare-earth metals were obtained by template fusion...
Based on 4,4'-[1,3/4-phenilenebis(oxy)]phthalodinitriles, the mixture of phthalocyaninates of various structures with rare-earth metals were obtained by template fusion method minimizing the side polymerization processes. Target monophthalocyaninates were isolated from the reaction mixture and purified using column and then gel permeation chromatography. The compounds were characterized by NMR, IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The spectral properties were studied and the aggregation behavior of the synthesized Er, Yb, and Lu phthalocyaninates in chloroform, acetone, and tetrahydrofuran was determined. It has been shown that lutetium complexes with 3,4-dicyanophenoxyphenoxy ligands are the least stable and least resistant to aggregation in solution, while erbium and ytterbium phthalocyaninates proved to be stable in all studied media. The quantum yields and fluorescence lifetimes of the complexes in chloroform and tetrahydrofuran were calculated.
Topics: Chloroform; Furans; Indoles; Isoindoles; Ligands; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
PubMed: 35807289
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134050