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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023In this review, we discuss the recent knowledge regarding the epigenetic effects of coffee extract and the three essential active ingredients in coffee (caffeine,... (Review)
Review
In this review, we discuss the recent knowledge regarding the epigenetic effects of coffee extract and the three essential active ingredients in coffee (caffeine, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid). As a popular beverage, coffee has many active ingredients which have a variety of biological functions such as insulin sensitization, improvement of sugar metabolism, antidiabetic properties, and liver protection. However, recent researches have shown that coffee is not only beneficial for human, but also bad, which may be due to its complex components. Studies suggest that coffee extract and its components can potentially impact gene expression via alteration of DNA methylation, histone modifications, and ncRNA expression; thus, exert long lasting impacts on the epigenome. More importantly, coffee consumption during pregnancy has been linked to multiple negative effects on offspring due to epigenetic modifications; on the other hand, it has also been linked to improvements in many diseases, including cancer. Therefore, understanding more about the epigenetic effects associated with coffee components is crucial to finding ways for improving human health.
Topics: Humans; Caffeine; Chlorogenic Acid; Epigenesis, Genetic; Hypoglycemic Agents; Liver; Coffee
PubMed: 36838754
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041770 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2020Tea and coffee are consumed worldwide and epidemiological and clinical studies have shown their health beneficial effects, including anti-cancer effects.... (Review)
Review
Tea and coffee are consumed worldwide and epidemiological and clinical studies have shown their health beneficial effects, including anti-cancer effects. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and chlorogenic acid (CGA) are the major components of green tea polyphenols and coffee polyphenols, respectively, and believed to be responsible for most of these effects. Although a large number of cell-based and animal experiments have provided convincing evidence to support the anti-cancer effects of green tea, coffee, EGCG, and CGA, human studies are still controversial and some studies have suggested even an increased risk for certain types of cancers such as esophageal and gynecological cancers with green tea consumption and bladder and lung cancers with coffee consumption. The reason for these inconsistent results may have been arisen from various confounding factors. Cell-based and animal studies have proposed several mechanisms whereby EGCG and CGA exert their anti-cancer effects. These components appear to share the common mechanisms, among which one related to reactive oxygen species is perhaps the most attractive. Meanwhile, EGCG and CGA have also different target molecules which might explain the site-specific differences of anti-cancer effects found in human studies. Further studies will be necessary to clarify what is the mechanism to cause such differences between green tea and coffee.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Catechin; Chlorogenic Acid; Coffee; Humans; Neoplasms; Tea
PubMed: 33027981
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194553 -
BioMed Research International 2019Observe the protective effect of chlorogenic acid on dextran sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis in mice and explore the regulation of MAPK/ERK/JNK signaling pathway.
OBJECTIVE
Observe the protective effect of chlorogenic acid on dextran sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis in mice and explore the regulation of MAPK/ERK/JNK signaling pathway.
METHODS
Seventy C57BL/6 mice (half males and half females) were randomly divided into 7 groups, 10 in each group: control group (CON group), UC model group (UC group), and sulfasalazine-positive control group (SASP group), chlorogenic acid low dose group (CGA-L group), chlorogenic acid medium dose group (CGA-M group), chlorogenic acid high dose group (CGA-H group), and ERK inhibitor + chlorogenic acid group (E+CGA group). The effects of chlorogenic acid on UC were evaluated by colon mucosa damage index (CMDI), HE staining, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and Western blot. The relationship between chlorogenic acid and MAPK/ERK/JNK signaling pathway was explored by adding ERK inhibitor.
RESULTS
The UC models were established successfully by drinking DSS water. Chlorogenic acid reduces DSS-induced colonic mucosal damage, inhibits DSS-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in colon, and reduces ERK1/2, p -ERK, p38, p-p38, JNK, and p-JNK protein expression. ERK inhibitor U0126 reversed the protective effect of chlorogenic acid on colon tissue.
CONCLUSION
Chlorogenic acid can alleviate DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice, which can significantly reduce tissue inflammation and apoptosis, and its mechanism is related to the MAPK/ERK/JNK signaling pathway.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Chlorogenic Acid; Colitis, Ulcerative; Colon; Dextran Sulfate; Female; Inflammation; Intestinal Mucosa; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 31139644
DOI: 10.1155/2019/6769789 -
Advanced Science (Weinheim,... Oct 2023Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) occurs after acute infectious diarrhea, and dysbiosis can be involved in its pathogenesis. Here, the role of...
Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) occurs after acute infectious diarrhea, and dysbiosis can be involved in its pathogenesis. Here, the role of chlorogenic acid (CGA) is investigated, a natural compound with several pharmacological properties, in alleviating PI-IBS in rats. It is elucidated that the gut microbiota plays a key role in PI-IBS pathogenesis and that rectal administration of CGA alleviated PI-IBS by modulating the gut microbiota and its metabolites. CGA supplementation significantly increased fecal Bacteroides acidifaciens abundance and glycine levels. Glycine structurally altered B. acidifaciens extracellular vesicles (EVs) and enriched functional proteins in the EVs; glycine-induced EVs alleviated PI-IBS by reducing inflammation and hypersensitivity of the intestinal viscera and maintaining mucosal barrier function. Moreover, B. acidifaciens EVs are enriched in the brain tissue. Thus, CGA mediates the mitigation of PI-IBS through the gut microbiota and its metabolites. This study proposes a novel mechanism of signal exchange between the gut microenvironment and the host.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Chlorogenic Acid; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Inflammation; Glycine
PubMed: 37616338
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302798 -
Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS Jun 2022Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIE) is caused by perinatal asphyxia, which is associated with various confounding factors. Although studies on the pathogenesis...
BACKGROUND
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIE) is caused by perinatal asphyxia, which is associated with various confounding factors. Although studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of HIE have matured, sub-hypothermia is the only clinical treatment available for HIE. Previous evidence indicates that chlorogenic acid (CGA) exerts a potential neuroprotective effect on brain injury. However, the role of CGA on neonatal HI brain damage and the exact mechanism remains elusive. Here, we investigate the effects of CGA on HI models in vivo and in vitro and explore the underlying mechanism.
METHODS
In the in vivo experiment, we ligated the left common carotid artery of 7-day-old rats and placed the rats in a hypoxic box for 2 h. We did not ligate the common carotid artery of the pups in the sham group since they did not have hypoxia. Brain atrophy and infarct size were evaluated by Nissl staining, HE staining and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride monohydrate (TTC) staining. Morris Water Maze test (MWM) was used to evaluate neurobehavioral disorders. Western-blotting and immunofluorescence were used to detect the cell signaling pathway. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content test, catalase (CAT) activity detection and Elisa Assay was used to detect levels of inflammation and oxidative stress. in vitro experiments were performed on isolated primary neurons.
RESULT
In our study, pretreatment with CGA significantly decreased the infarct volume of neonatal rats after HI, alleviated brain edema, and improved tissue structure in vivo. Moreover, we used the Morris water maze to verify CGA's effects on enhancing the learning and cognitive ability and helping to maintain the long-term spatial memory after HI injury. However, Sirt1 inhibitor EX-527 partially reversed these therapeutic effects. CGA pretreatment inhibited neuronal apoptosis induced by HI by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. The findings suggest that CGA potentially activates Sirt1 to regulate the Nrf2-NF-κB signaling pathway by forming complexes thereby protecting primary neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) damage. Also, CGA treatment significantly suppresses HI-induced proliferation of glial.
CONCLUSION
Collectively, this study uncovered the underlying mechanism of CGA on neonatal HI brain damage. CGA holds promise as an effective neuroprotective agent to promote neonatal brain recovery from HI-induced injury. Video Abstract.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain; Brain Injuries; Chlorogenic Acid; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain; Infarction; Inflammation; Ischemia; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; NF-kappa B; Neuroprotective Agents; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Signal Transduction; Sirtuin 1
PubMed: 35689269
DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00860-0 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Neuroinflammation is an important factor causing numerous neurodegenerative pathologies. Inflammation can lead to abnormal neuronal structure and function and even...
BACKGROUND
Neuroinflammation is an important factor causing numerous neurodegenerative pathologies. Inflammation can lead to abnormal neuronal structure and function and even death, followed by cognitive dysfunction. There is growing evidence that chlorogenic acid has anti-inflammatory effects and immunomodulatory activity.
PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to elucidate the potential targets and molecular mechanisms of chlorogenic acid in the treatment of neuroinflammation.
METHODS
We used the lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation mouse model and the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 cells model. Behavioral scores and experiments were used to assess cognitive dysfunction in mice. HE staining and immunohistochemistry were used to assess neuronal damage in the mouse brain. Immunofluorescence detected microglia polarization in mouse brain. Western blot and flow cytometry detected the polarization of BV-2 cells. The migration of BV-2 cells was detected by wound healing assay and transwell assay. Potential targets for chlorogenic acid to exert protective effects were predicted by network pharmacology. These targets were then validated using molecular docking and experiments.
RESULTS
The results of experiments showed that chlorogenic acid had an obvious ameliorating effect on neuroinflammation-induced cognitive dysfunction. We found that chlorogenic acid was able to inhibit BV-2 cells M1 polarization and promote BV-2 cells M2 polarization while also inhibiting the abnormal migration of BV-2 cells. Based on the network pharmacology results, we identified the TNF signaling pathway as a key signaling pathway in which chlorogenic acid exerts anti-neuroinflammatory effects. Among them, Akt1, TNF, MMP9, PTGS2, MAPK1, MAPK14, and RELA are the core targets for chlorogenic acid to function.
CONCLUSION
Chlorogenic acid can inhibit microglial polarization toward the M1 phenotype and improve neuroinflammation-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice by modulating these key targets in the TNF signaling pathway.
Topics: Cognitive Dysfunction; Male; Animals; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Lipopolysaccharides; Neuroinflammatory Diseases; Chlorogenic Acid; Brain; Signal Transduction; Tumor Necrosis Factors
PubMed: 37292216
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178188 -
Current Neuropharmacology 2017At present, much attention has been focused on the beneficial effects of natural products on the human health due to their high efficacy and low adverse effects. Among... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
At present, much attention has been focused on the beneficial effects of natural products on the human health due to their high efficacy and low adverse effects. Among them, polyphenolic compounds are known as one of the most important and common classes of natural products, which possess multiple range of health-promotion effects including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. A plethora of scientific evidence has shown that polyphenolic compounds possess beneficial effects on the central nervous system.
METHODS
Data were collected from Web of Science (ISI Web of Knowledge), Medline, Pubmed, Scopus, Embase, and BIOSIS Previews (from 1950 to 2015), through searching of these keywords: "chlorogenic acid and mental diseases" and "chlorogenic acid and neuroprotection".
RESULTS
Chlorogenic acid is known as one of the most common polyphenolic compounds, and is found in different types of fruits and vegetables, spices, wine, olive oil, as well as coffee. The potential neuroprotective effects of chlorogenic acid have been highlighted in several in vitro and in vivo studies. This review critically analyses the available scientific evidence regarding the neuroprotective effects of chlorogenic acid, and its neuropharmacological mechanisms of action. In addition, we also discuss its biosynthesis, sources, bioavailability and metabolism, to provide a broad perspective of the therapeutic implications of this compound in brain health and disease.
CONCLUSION
The present review showed that chlorogenic acid possesses neuroprotective effects under the both in vitro and in vivo models.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Chlorogenic Acid; Humans; Neuroprotective Agents; Psychotic Disorders
PubMed: 27012954
DOI: 10.2174/1570159X14666160325120625 -
Food and Chemical Toxicology : An... Jan 2019Coffee is a drink prepared from roasted coffee beans and is lauded for its aroma and flavour. It is the third most popular beverage in the world. This beverage is known... (Review)
Review
Coffee is a drink prepared from roasted coffee beans and is lauded for its aroma and flavour. It is the third most popular beverage in the world. This beverage is known by its stimulant effect associated with the presence of methylxanthines. Caffeine, a purine-like molecule (1,3,7 trymetylxantine), is the most important bioactive compound in coffee, among others such as chlorogenic acid (CGA), diterpenes, and trigonelline. CGA is a phenolic acid with biological properties as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotector, hypolipidemic, and hypoglicemic. Purinergic system plays a key role inneuromodulation and homeostasis. Extracellular ATP, other nucleotides and adenosine are signalling molecules that act through their specific receptors, namely purinoceptors, P1 for nucleosides and P2 for nucleotides. They regulate many pathological processes, since adenosine, for instance, can limit the damage caused by ATP in the excitotoxicity from the neuronal cells. The primary purpose of this review is to discuss the effects of coffee, caffeine, and CGA on the purinergic system. This review focuses on the relationship/interplay between coffee, caffeine, CGA, and adenosine, and their effects on ectonucleotidases activities as well as on the modulation of P1 and P2 receptors from central nervous system and also in peripheral tissue.
Topics: Animals; Caffeine; Chlorogenic Acid; Coffea; Coffee; Humans; Plant Extracts; Purines; Receptors, Purinergic P1; Receptors, Purinergic P2; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 30291944
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.005 -
The Kobe Journal of Medical Sciences Mar 2023The incidence of type 2 diabetes is reported to be lower in frequent coffee drinkers than in non-coffee drinkers. To elucidate the mechanism by which coffee prevents the...
The incidence of type 2 diabetes is reported to be lower in frequent coffee drinkers than in non-coffee drinkers. To elucidate the mechanism by which coffee prevents the onset of type 2 diabetes, we analyzed how caffeine and chlorogenic acid, which are components of coffee, alter insulin signaling in MIN6 cells, a mouse pancreatic Β cell line. The results showed that caffeine improved insulin signaling under endoplasmic reticulum stress, and chlorogenic acid protected pancreatic Β cells by enhancing the expression of insulin receptor substrate 2 via cAMP response element-binding protein and promoting insulin signaling downstream of insulin receptor substrate 2. In addition, chlorogenic acid was a potent antioxidant for the protection of pancreatic Β cells. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro analyses revealed that the pancreatic Β cell-protective effect of chlorogenic acid was mediated by the alleviation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. The results suggest that these components of coffee have the potential to reduce the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and improve pancreatic Β cell insufficiency.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Caffeine; Insulin; Chlorogenic Acid; Insulin-Secreting Cells; Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
PubMed: 37088693
DOI: No ID Found -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2023As a natural polyphenolic compound, chlorogenic acid (CGA) has attracted increasing attention for its various biological activities, such as antioxidant, liver...
As a natural polyphenolic compound, chlorogenic acid (CGA) has attracted increasing attention for its various biological activities, such as antioxidant, liver protection, intestinal barrier protection, and effective treatment of obesity and type II diabetes. However, the poor solubility of CGA in hydrophobic media limits its application in the food, drug and cosmetic industries. In order to obtain new hydrophobic derivatives, a highly efficient synthesis approach of CGA oleyl alcohol ester (CGOA) under non-catalytic and solvent-free conditions was developed in this study. The influences of reaction temperature, reaction time, substrate molar ratio, and stirring rate on the CGA conversion were investigated. The results showed that the optimal conditions were as follows: reaction temperature 200 °C, reaction time 3 h, molar ratio of CGA to oleyl alcohol 1:20, and stirring rate 200 rpm. Under these conditions, the CGA conversion could reach 93.59%. Then, the obtained crude product was purified by solvent extraction and column chromatography, and the purify of CGOA was improved to 98.72%. Finally, the structure of CGOA was identified by FT-IR, HPLC-MS and NMR. This study provides a simple and efficient strategy for the preparation of CGOA with the avoidance of catalysts and solvents.
Topics: Humans; Solvents; Esters; Chlorogenic Acid; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
PubMed: 37175358
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093948