-
International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2022Chlorpyrifos (CPF) was the most frequently used pesticide in food production in the European Union (EU) until 2020. Unfortunately, this compound is still being applied... (Review)
Review
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) was the most frequently used pesticide in food production in the European Union (EU) until 2020. Unfortunately, this compound is still being applied in other parts of the world. National monitoring of pesticides conducted in various countries indicates the presence of CPF in soil, food, and water, which may have toxic effects on consumers, farmers, and animal health. In addition, CPF may influence changes in the population of fungi, bacteria, and actinomycete in soil and can inhibit nitrogen mineralization. The mechanisms of CPF activity are based on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. This compound also exhibits reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and genotoxicity. The problem seems to be the discrepancy between the actual observations and the final conclusions drawn for the substance's approval in reports presenting the toxic impact of CPF on human health. Therefore, this influence is still a current and important issue that requires continuous monitoring despite its withdrawal from the market in the EU. This review traces the scientific reports describing the effects of CPF resulting in changes occurring in both the environment and at the cellular and tissue level in humans and animals. It also provides an insight into the hazards and risks to human health in food consumer products in which CPF has been detected.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Chlorpyrifos; Humans; Insecticides; Nitrogen; Pesticides; Soil; Water
PubMed: 36231509
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912209 -
Reviews of Environmental Contamination... 2014Physical properties and use data provide the basis for estimating environmental exposures to chlorpyrifos (CPY) and for assessing its risks. The vapor pressure ofCPY is... (Review)
Review
Physical properties and use data provide the basis for estimating environmental exposures to chlorpyrifos (CPY) and for assessing its risks. The vapor pressure ofCPY is low, solubility in water is <1 mg L-1, and its log Kow is 5. Chlorpyrifos has short to moderate persistence in the environment as a result of several dissipation pathways that may proceed concurrently. Primary mechanisms of dissipation include volatilization, photolysis, abiotic hydrolysis, and microbial degradation.Volatilization dominates dissipation from foliage in the initial 12 h after application,but decreases as CPY adsorbs to foliage or soil. In the days after application, CPY adsorbs more strongly to soil, and penetrates more deeply into the soil matrix,becoming less available for volatilization. After the first 12 h, other processes of degradation, such as chemical hydrolysis and catabolism by microbiota become important. The half-life of CPY in soils tested in the laboratory ranged from 2 toI ,575 d (N = 126) and is dependent on properties of the soil and rate of application.At application rates used historically for control of termites, the degradation rate is much slower than for agricultural uses. In agricultural soils under field conditions,half-lives are shorter (2 to 120 d, N=58). The mean water-soil adsorption coefficient(Koc) of CPY is 8,216 mL g-1; negligible amounts enter plants via the roots,and it is not translocated in plants. Half-lives for hydrolysis in water are inversely dependent on pH, and range from 16 to 73 d. CPY is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and is potentially toxic to most animals. Differences in susceptibility result from differences in rates of adsorption,distribution, metabolism, and excretion among species. CPY is an important tool in management of a large number of pests (mainly insects and mites) and is used on a wide range of crops in the U.S. Estimates of annual use in the U.S. from 2008 to 2012 range from 3.2 to 4.1 M kg y-1, which is about 50% less than the amount used prior to 2000. Applications to corn and soybeans accounts for 46-50%of CYP's annual use in the U.S.
Topics: Animals; Chlorpyrifos; Crops, Agricultural; Environmental Pollutants; Insecticides; United States
PubMed: 24723132
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03865-0_2 -
Environment International Aug 2022Only few studies have compared environmental pesticide air concentrations with specific urinary metabolites to evaluate pathways of exposure. Therefore, we compared...
BACKGROUND
Only few studies have compared environmental pesticide air concentrations with specific urinary metabolites to evaluate pathways of exposure. Therefore, we compared pyrimethanil and chlorpyrifos concentrations in air with urinary 4-hydroxypyrimethanil (OHP, metabolite of pyrimethanil) and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy, metabolite of chlorpyrifos) among pregnant women from the Infant's Environmental Health Study (ISA) in Matina County, Costa Rica.
METHODS
During pregnancy, we obtained repeat urinary samples from 448 women enrolled in the ISA study. We extrapolated pyrimethanil and chlorpyrifos concentrations measured with passive air samplers (PAS) (n = 48, from 12 schools), across space and time using a Bayesian spatiotemporal model. We subsequently compared these concentrationswith urinary OHP and TCPy in 915 samples from 448 women, usingseparatemixed models andconsidering several covariables.
RESULTS
A 10% increase in air pyrimethanil (ng/m) was associated with a 5.7% (95% confidence interval (CI 4.6, 6.8) increase in OHP (μg/L). Women living further from banana plantations had lower OHP: -0.7% (95% CI -1.2, -0.3) for each 10% increase in distance (meters) as well as women who ate rice and beans ≥15 times a week -23% (95% CI -38, -4). In addition, each 1 ng/m increase in chlorpyrifos in air was associated with a 1.5% (95% CI 0.2, 2.8) increase in TCPy (μg/L), and women working in agriculture tended to have increased TCPy (21%, 95% CI -2, 49).
CONCLUSION
The Bayesian spatiotemporal models were useful to estimate pyrimethanil and chlorpyrifos air concentrations across space and time. Our results suggest inhalation of pyrimethanil and chlorpyrifos is a pathway of environmental exposure. PAS seems a useful technique to monitor environmental current-use pesticide exposures. For future studies, we recommend increasing the number of locations of environmental air measurements, obtaining all air and urine measurements during the same month, and, ideally, including dermal exposure estimates as well.
Topics: Humans; Female; Infant; Pregnancy; Chlorpyrifos; Pregnant Women; Costa Rica; Bayes Theorem; Pesticides; Environmental Health; Insecticides
PubMed: 35728412
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107328 -
The fate and effect of chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin in soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) field.Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Feb 2021Soybean pod borer (Leguminivora glycinivorella) is an important pest in soybean production, and chemical pesticides was major way for prevention. However, it is...
Soybean pod borer (Leguminivora glycinivorella) is an important pest in soybean production, and chemical pesticides was major way for prevention. However, it is difficult to balance the efficiency and safety of pesticide application. In this paper, we evaluated safety and effectiveness of common insecticides (chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin) on soybean from three aspects, including distribution, dissipation and control effect, around three major soybean production area (Anhui, Jilin and Shandong) in China. For chlorpyrifos, the initial deposition of each position (upper leaf, lower leaf, upper stem, lower stem, soybean and root) was determinated for 0.23 mg/kg to 70.7 mg/kg, and the half-lifes ranged from 1.96 days to 5.36 days. For lambda-cyhalothrin, the initial deposition of the position was determinated for 0.10 mg/kg to 2.54 mg/kg, and the half-lifes ranged from 2.45 days to 7.26 days. We found that the target insecticides were major deposition and faster degradation in upper stem and leaf. Through comparing the relationship between field control effect and residue, it can be suggested that 40% chlorpyrifos EC and 2.5% lambda-cyhalothrin WE should be sprayed at 600 g a.i./ha and 5.63 g a.i./ha for SPB prevention. This study enhanced our understanding of distribution, dissipation and relationship between residue and control effect. The results provided data support for guiding the precise and scientific application of chemical insecticides on soybean.
Topics: Animals; China; Chlorpyrifos; Insecticides; Moths; Nitriles; Pesticides; Plant Leaves; Pyrethrins; Glycine max
PubMed: 33383338
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111861 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Oct 2022Chironomids are characterized by their ubiquitous distribution, global diversity and tolerant ability to deal with environmental stressors. To our knowledge, this is the...
Chironomids are characterized by their ubiquitous distribution, global diversity and tolerant ability to deal with environmental stressors. To our knowledge, this is the first study presenting the gut microbial structure of chironomid larvae and examining the microbial alteration induced by invading chlorpyrifos and copper with different dosages. Lethal bioassay displayed a significantly decreased percentage survival of Propsilocerus akamusi larvae exposed to 800 mg/L copper and 50 μg/L chlorpyrifos at 96 h. Larvae with deficient gut microbiota exhibited a depressed level of glutathione S-transferase activity after stressful exposure. The high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing was adopted to investigate the community structure and it turned out that both copper and chlorpyrifos were able to generate distinguished variations of gut microbiota in the stressor-specific and concentration-dependent manner. Of note, the relative abundance of Comamonas, Stenotrophomonas, and Yersinia remarkably elevated in the presence of copper while chlorpyrifos exposure upregulated the prevalence of certain genera (e.g. Serratia). Flavobacterium was greatly attenuated in chlorpyrifos group with lethal dosage exhibiting more severe impacts. The predicted gene functions of the gut commensals differed between normal samples and those subjected to distinct toxins. Besides, more positive associations and limited modularity of microbial interactions were observed in stressor-challenged larvae, presenting a network with impaired complexity and stability. The appearance of either copper or chlorpyrifos exhibited strong positive correlations with genera belonging to Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Collectively, this investigation introduces a general outline of gut microbiota obtained from chironomid individuals with latent adaptive tactics to nocuous factors (heavy metal and pesticide), which could build a fundamental basis for us to further explore the protective roles of chironomid gut bacterial colonizers in defending against aquatic contaminants.
Topics: Animals; Chironomidae; Chlorpyrifos; Copper; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Glutathione Transferase; Humans; Larva; Pesticides; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 36049336
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114027 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2019Xenobiotics and their reactive metabolites are conjugated with native biomolecules such as glutathione and glucoside during phase II metabolism. Toxic metabolites are...
Xenobiotics and their reactive metabolites are conjugated with native biomolecules such as glutathione and glucoside during phase II metabolism. Toxic metabolites are usually detoxified during this step. On the other hand, these reactive species have a potential health impact by disrupting many enzymatic functions. Thus, it is crucial to understand phase II conjugation reactions of xenobiotics in order to address their fate and possible toxicity mechanisms. Additionally, conventional methods (in vivo and in vitro) have limitation due to matrix complexity and time-consuming. Hence, developing fast and matrix-free alternative method is highly demandable. In this work, oxidative phase I metabolites and reactive species of chlorpyrifos (insecticide) and fluopyram (fungicide) were electrochemically produced by using a boron-doped diamond electrode coupled online to electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Reactive species of the substrates were trapped by biomolecules (glutathione and glucoside) and phase II conjugative metabolites were identified using liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS, and/or Triple time of flight (TripleTOF)-MS. Glutathione conjugates and glucosylation of chlorpyrifos, trichloropyridinol, oxon, and monohydroxyl fluopyram were identified successfully. Glutathione and glucoside were conjugated with chlorpyrifos, trichloropyridinol, and oxon by losing a neutral HCl. In the case of fluopyram, its monohydroxyl metabolite was actively conjugated with both glutathione and glucoside. In summary, seven bioconjugates of CPF and its metabolites and two bioconjugates of fluopyram metabolites were identified using electrochemistry (EC)/MS for the first time in this work. The work could be used as an alternative approach to identify glutathione and glucosylation conjugation reactions of other organic compounds too. It is important, especially to predict phase II conjugation within a short time and matrix-free environment.
Topics: Benzamides; Chlorpyrifos; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Electrochemical Techniques; Electrodes; Glucosides; Glutathione; Molecular Structure; Oxidation-Reduction; Pesticides; Pyridines; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Xenobiotics
PubMed: 30836697
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050898 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Sep 2022Chlorpyrifos, a broadly utilized insecticide, inhibits many cellular and physiological processes in plants. Here, the phyto-toxicity of chlorpyrifos on cucumber plants,...
Chlorpyrifos, a broadly utilized insecticide, inhibits many cellular and physiological processes in plants. Here, the phyto-toxicity of chlorpyrifos on cucumber plants, as well as the dissipation kinetics of chlorpyrifos in leaves, were investigated. Those results showed that chlorpyrifos accumulated primarily in the leaves under normal agrochemical spraying conditions with the half-lives among 2.48-4.59 days. Residues of the primary metabolite, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP), rapidly accumulated in plant tissues and soil with chlorpyrifos degradation. The application amount of chlorpyrifos had a significant effect on the persistence of chlorpyrifos and TCP in both plant and soil environments. Chlorpyrifos generated excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), which led to oxidative damage. High chlorpyrifos stress even inhibited antioxidant enzymes. The photosynthetic system and gas exchange were suppressed, which ultimately lead to inefficient light use under chlorpyrifos stress. Morphological results revealed that chlorpyrifos induced membrane damage and harmed organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplast. Noninvasive micro-test technology (NMT) showed that chlorpyrifos promoted intracellular Ca influx and efflux of H and K. The Ca influx was significantly stimulated after both high and low chlorpyrifos treatment with the minimum value of - 336.33 pmol·cm·s at 258 s and - 155.68 pmol·cm·s at 288 s, respectively. Chlorpyrifos stress reversed the H influx to an efflux in cucumber mesophyll with the mean value of 0.45 ± 0.03 pmol·cm·s and 0.19 ± 0.03 pmol·cm·s in cucumber plants under low and high chlorpyrifos stress. High chlorpyrifos stress dramatically increase K efflux in cucumber leaves by 13.68 times higher than the control. We suggest that ion homeostasis destruction, accompanied by ROS, resulted in oxidative damage to the mesophyll cell of cucumber seedlings.
Topics: Chlorpyrifos; Cucumis sativus; Insecticides; Reactive Oxygen Species; Soil
PubMed: 35872489
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113894 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Sep 2022A better understanding of fitness costs and insecticide resistance reversion has practical applications for improving resistance management approaches. The coffee leaf...
A better understanding of fitness costs and insecticide resistance reversion has practical applications for improving resistance management approaches. The coffee leaf miner, Leucoptera coffeella, is one of the most important coffee pests worldwide. Chlorpyrifos is still used to control L. coffeella despite studies showing resistance in this pest. The current study investigated the fitness costs and reversion of resistance to chlorpyrifos in L. coffeella populations in coffee. The control failure of this insecticide was evaluated in 15 field populations. Selection of resistant and susceptible L. coffeella (G1-G10), with and without chlorpyrifos exposure, was evaluated. The following parameters were investigated: consumed leaf area, adult longevity, number of eggs per female, and egg viability. The present study showed control failures of chlorpyrifos and low (< 31-folds) to high levels (> 80-folds) of resistance in all field populations tested. The resistant population showed less fitness than the susceptible population. The fitness of the resistant population decreased significantly after 10 generations of chlorpyrifos selection. Specifically, the number of eggs per female, larvae hatched, and adult longevity were reduced by factors of 5, 2.3 and 3, respectively. Furthermore, the chlorpyrifos-resistant L. coffeella population consumed more than the susceptible population. Therefore, we concluded that non-exposing L. coffeella populations to chlorpyrifos insecticide leads to rapid reversion of resistance and susceptibility. In addition, resistant populations show reduced reproductive fitness and longevity, while consuming more, probably to meet greater metabolic demands.
Topics: Animals; Chlorpyrifos; Female; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Moths
PubMed: 35809395
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113831 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Mar 2023Ongoing and extensive use of pesticides negatively impact the environment and human health. Microbe-based remediation bears importance as it is an eco-friendly and...
Ongoing and extensive use of pesticides negatively impact the environment and human health. Microbe-based remediation bears importance as it is an eco-friendly and cost-effective technique. The present study investigated chlorpyrifos (CHL) and glyphosate (GLY) degrading potential of Bacillus cereus AKAD 3-1, isolated from the soybean rhizosphere. Optimization and validation of different process variables were carried out by response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). Critical parameters which affect the degradation process are initial pesticide concentration, pH, and inoculum size. At optimum conditions, the bacterial strain demonstrated 94.52% and 83.58% removal of chlorpyrifos and glyphosate, respectively. Both Central-composite design (CCD-RSM) and ANN approaches proved to perform well in modeling and optimizing the growth conditions. The optimum ANN-GA model resulted in R ≥ 0.99 for chlorpyrifos and glyphosate, while in the case of RSM, the obtained R value was 0.96 and 0.95, respectively. Results indicated that the process variables significantly (p < 0.05) impact chlorpyrifos and glyphosate biodegradation. Moreover, the predicted RSM model had a "lack of fit p-value" of "0.8849" and "0.2502" for chlorpyrifos and glyphosate, respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed that the strain first converted chlorpyrifos into 3,5,6-trichloro pyridin-2-ol & O, O-diethyl O-hydrogen phosphorothiate. Later, these intermediate metabolites were broken and completely mineralized into non-toxic by-products. Similarly, glyphosate was first converted into 2-(methylamino) acetic acid and amino-oxyphosphonic acid, which were further mineralized without any toxic by-products. Taken together, the results of this study clarify the biodegradation pathways and highlights the promising potential of B. cereus AKAD 3-1 in the bioremediation of chlorpyrifos and glyphosate-polluted environments.
Topics: Amino Acids; Biodegradation, Environmental; Chlorpyrifos; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Neural Networks, Computer; Pesticides; Glyphosate
PubMed: 36774796
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114628 -
Environmental Health Perspectives Feb 1999The stimulation of cholinergic receptors in target cells during a critical developmental period provides signals that influence cell replication and differentiation.... (Review)
Review
The stimulation of cholinergic receptors in target cells during a critical developmental period provides signals that influence cell replication and differentiation. Accordingly, environmental agents that promote cholinergic activity evoke neurodevelopmental damage because of the inappropriate timing or intensity of stimulation. Nicotine evokes mitotic arrest in brain cells possessing high concentrations of nicotinic cholinergic receptors. In addition, the cholinergic overstimulation programs the expression of genes that evoke apoptosis and delayed cell loss. Effects of cholinesterase inhibitors exhibit many similarities to those of nicotine. Chlorpyrifos administered to developing rats in doses that do not evoke signs of overt toxicity decreased DNA synthesis and caused shortfalls in cell numbers in brain regions enriched in cholinergic innervation. In embryo cultures, chlorpyrifos also evoked apoptosis during neurulation. However, chlorpyrifos also evokes noncholinergic disruption of cell development by interfering with cell signaling via adenylyl cyclase, leading to widespread disruption that is not limited to cholinergic systems. We have tested this hypothesis in vitro with PC12 cells, which lack the enzymes necessary to produce chlorpyrifos oxon, the metabolite that inhibits cholinesterase. Chlorpyrifos inhibited DNA synthesis in undifferentiated PC12 cells, which have relatively few cholinergic receptors. Furthermore, chlorpyrifos was more effective than nicotine and its effects were not blocked by cholinergic antagonists. When cells were allowed to differentiate in the presence of chlorpyrifos, cell replication was inhibited even more profoundly and cell acquisition was arrested. At higher concentrations, chlorpyrifos also inhibited neuritic outgrowth. Thus, chlorpyrifos elicits damage by both noncholinergic and cholinergic mechanisms extending from early stages of neural cell replication through late stages of axonogenesis and terminal differentiation. Accordingly, the window of developmental vulnerability to chlorpyrifos is likely to extend from the embryonic period into postnatal life.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Chlorpyrifos; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; DNA; Humans; Insecticides; Neurotransmitter Agents; Nicotine; PC12 Cells; Parasympathetic Nervous System; Rats
PubMed: 10229709
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.99107s171