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Matrix Biology : Journal of the... Oct 2018Hyaline cartilages, fibrocartilages and elastic cartilages play multiple roles in the human body including bearing loads in articular joints and intervertebral discs,... (Review)
Review
Hyaline cartilages, fibrocartilages and elastic cartilages play multiple roles in the human body including bearing loads in articular joints and intervertebral discs, providing joint lubrication, forming the external ears and nose, supporting the trachea, and forming the long bones during development and growth. The structure and organization of cartilage's extracellular matrix (ECM) are the primary determinants of normal function. Most diseases involving cartilage lead to dramatic changes in the ECM which can govern disease progression (e.g., in osteoarthritis), cause the main symptoms of the disease (e.g., dwarfism caused by genetically inherited mutations) or occur as collateral damage in pathological processes occurring in other nearby tissues (e.g., osteochondritis dissecans and inflammatory arthropathies). Challenges associated with cartilage diseases include poor understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis, delayed diagnoses due to the aneural nature of the tissue and drug delivery challenges due to the avascular nature of adult cartilages. This narrative review provides an overview of the clinical and pathological features as well as current treatment options available for various cartilage diseases. Late breaking advances are also described in the quest for development and delivery of effective disease modifying drugs for cartilage diseases including osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis that affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide.
Topics: Cartilage Diseases; Cartilage, Articular; Disease Progression; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Mutation
PubMed: 29803938
DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.05.005 -
Arthritis Research & Therapy Jul 2022Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related cartilage degenerative disease, and chondrocyte senescence has been extensively studied in recent years. Increased numbers of... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related cartilage degenerative disease, and chondrocyte senescence has been extensively studied in recent years. Increased numbers of senescent chondrocytes are found in OA cartilage. Selective clearance of senescent chondrocytes in a post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) mouse model ameliorated OA development, while intraarticular injection of senescent cells induced mouse OA. However, the means and extent to which senescence affects OA remain unclear. Here, we review the latent mechanism of senescence in OA and propose potential therapeutic methods to target OA-related senescence, with an emphasis on immunotherapies. Natural killer (NK) cells participate in the elimination of senescent cells in multiple organs. A relatively comprehensive discussion is presented in that section. Risk factors for OA are ageing, obesity, metabolic disorders and mechanical overload. Determining the relationship between known risk factors and senescence will help elucidate OA pathogenesis and identify optimal treatments.
Topics: Animals; Cartilage Diseases; Cartilage, Articular; Cellular Senescence; Chondrocytes; Mice; Osteoarthritis
PubMed: 35869508
DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02859-x -
Cartilage Dec 2021Cartilage defects in the knee are being diagnosed with increased frequency and are treated with a variety of techniques. The aim of any cartilage repair procedure is to... (Review)
Review
Cartilage defects in the knee are being diagnosed with increased frequency and are treated with a variety of techniques. The aim of any cartilage repair procedure is to generate the highest tissue quality, which might correlate with improved clinical outcomes, return-to-sport, and long-term durability. Minced cartilage implantation (MCI) is a relatively simple and cost-effective technique to transplant autologous cartilage fragments in a single-step procedure. Minced cartilage has a strong biologic potential since autologous, activated non-dedifferentiated chondrocytes are utilized. It can be used both for small and large cartilage lesions, as well as for osteochondral lesions. As it is purely an autologous and homologous approach, it lacks a significant regulatory oversight process and can be clinically adopted without such limitations. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the current evidence supporting autologous minced cartilage implantation.
Topics: Cartilage Diseases; Cartilage, Articular; Chondrocytes; Humans; Knee Joint; Transplantation, Autologous
PubMed: 32715735
DOI: 10.1177/1947603520942952 -
Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia :... May 2019Osteoarticular infections include septic arthritis and osteomyelitis, with Gram-positive microorganisms isolated most frequently. In recent years, there has been an... (Review)
Review
Osteoarticular infections include septic arthritis and osteomyelitis, with Gram-positive microorganisms isolated most frequently. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of resistant strains in this type of infection, which complicates the treatment. Fosfomycin is active against a large percentage of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, including multidrug-resistant strains, and its properties include low protein binding, low molecular weight and good bone dissemination. In this article, we discuss fosfomycin's activity in vitro, its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of interest in osteoarticular infections, the experimental models of osteomyelitis and foreign body infection and the clinical experience with these types of infections.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bone Diseases, Infectious; Cartilage Diseases; Fosfomycin; Humans
PubMed: 31131590
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Biological... 2021Circular RNAs (circRNAs) belong to a highly conserved subtype of non-coding RNAs, produced by the back-splicing of specific regions of pre-mRNA. CircRNAs have... (Review)
Review
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) belong to a highly conserved subtype of non-coding RNAs, produced by the back-splicing of specific regions of pre-mRNA. CircRNAs have wide-ranging effects on eukaryotic physiology and pathology by acting as transcription regulators, miRNA sponges, protein sponges, and templates for translation. Skeletal and chondral disorders are the leading causes of pain and disability, especially for elders, affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Plenty of evidence have shown that circRNAs are dysregulated and play vital roles in the occurrence and progression of skeletal and chondral disorders. Herein, we systematically summarize the emerging roles and underlying molecular mechanisms of hub circRNAs in the pathogenesis of several representative skeletal and chondral disorders. Our findings may provide further insight into the mechanistic details of the role of circRNA in bone or cartilage metabolism, and highlight the promising application of circRNAs in serving as potential diagnostic or therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of skeletal and chondral disorders.
Topics: Biomarkers; Bone Diseases; Cartilage Diseases; Disease Management; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; RNA, Circular
PubMed: 33867856
DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.57887 -
Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2008Piercing has become more and more popular among adolescents. The procedure is generally performed by unqualified professionals and carries its risk. Non-sterilized... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Piercing has become more and more popular among adolescents. The procedure is generally performed by unqualified professionals and carries its risk. Non-sterilized material or inappropiate hygiene increases the possibility of perichondritis and celulitis. The disease is characterized by erythema of the auricula pinna, unbearable pain and fever. Left untreated, the condition progresses with edema along the auricula and abscess formation that may result in ischemic necrosis and a cauliflower anesthetic deformation. The most common bacteria is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In cases with abscesses, drainage is necessary along with antibiotic therapy guided by cultures and antibiogram.
AIM
The aim of this case report was to review the past 10 years of published papers dealing with anatomical aspects of the auricular pinna, the history of piercing and its most common complications.
METHODS
A case report of perichondritis after 'high' ear piercing that required surgical treatment and that progressed with no esthetic loss.
RESULTS
Theoretical and practical experience based on a review and a report of a case that progressed satisfactorily.
CONCLUSIONS
The increased incidence of perichondritis in adolescents should require more elaborated primary prevention measures.
Topics: Adolescent; Body Piercing; Cartilage Diseases; Ear Cartilage; Female; Humans; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PubMed: 19582352
DOI: 10.1016/S1808-8694(15)30156-7 -
Pediatric Rheumatology Online Journal May 2016In the recent years, musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) has been regarded as especially promising in the assessment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), as a reliable... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
In the recent years, musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) has been regarded as especially promising in the assessment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), as a reliable method to precisely document and monitor the synovial inflammation process.
MAIN CONTENT
MSUS is particularly suited for examination of joints in children due to several advantages over other imaging modalities. Some challenges should be considered for correct interpretation of MSUS findings in children, due to the peculiar features of the growing skeleton. MSUS in JIA is considered particularly useful for its ability to detect subclinical synovitis, to improve the classification of patients in JIA subtypes, for the definition of remission, as guidance to intraarticular corticosteroid injections and for capturing early articular damage. Current evidence and applications of MSUS in JIA are documented by several authors. Recent advances and insights into further investigations on MSUS in healthy children and in JIA patients are presented and discussed in the present review.
CONCLUSIONS
MSUS shows great promise in the assessment and management of children with JIA. Nonetheless, anatomical knowledge of sonographic changes over time, underlying immunopathophysiology, standardization and validation of MSUS in healthy children and in patients with JIA are still under investigation. Further research and educational efforts are required for expanding this imaging modality to more clinicians in their daily practice.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Animals; Arthritis, Juvenile; Bone Diseases; Cartilage Diseases; Child; Humans; Injections, Intra-Articular; Musculoskeletal Development; Musculoskeletal System; Prognosis; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 27234966
DOI: 10.1186/s12969-016-0096-2 -
Medical Science Monitor : International... Dec 2022BACKGROUND Cartilage disease (chondromalacia) is most commonly found in the patellofemoral joint. Non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging methods are used to assess the...
Correlation of Patellofemoral Chondromalacia and Body Mass Index (BMI) in Relation to Sex and Age Analysis of 1.5T and 3.0T Magnetic Resonance (MR) Images Using the Outerbridge Scale.
BACKGROUND Cartilage disease (chondromalacia) is most commonly found in the patellofemoral joint. Non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging methods are used to assess the severity of chondromalacia. The available literature lacks papers describing the predilection of chondromalacia changes to BMI assessed on the basis of geometric data that can be assessed by 1.5T and 3.0T MRI. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the severity of chondromalacia of the patellofemoral joint and age, sex, and BMI assessed on the 1.5T and 3.0T MRI scanners. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study involved 324 patients, including 159 (49%) women and 165 (51%) men, aged 8-87 years (mean age: 45.1±20.9). The studied group had a BMI in the range of 14.3-47.3 (M: 27.7±5.02). A 1.5T and 3.0T MRI scanner were used in the study. To assess the cartilage of the patellofemoral joint, Outerbridge scales were used. RESULTS The age of the patients showed a significant correlation (Spearman's rank, P<0.0001) with Outterbridge grade for each surface of patellofemoral joint. Higher correlation between BMI and Outerbridge grade was noted in the patella (rho=0.4139) than in the femur (rho=0.2890). There were no significant differences between women and men in the Outerbridge assessment of the knee joint (P>0.05). Significant more degeneration was found at the 1.5T scanner compared to the 3.0T MRI (P<0.0025). CONCLUSIONS The severity of chondromalacia significantly depends on age and BMI level. There is a stronger correlation between the degree of chondromalacia and BMI in women than in men.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Young Adult; Adult; Middle Aged; Aged; Body Mass Index; Cartilage Diseases; Patella; Knee Joint; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
PubMed: 36527225
DOI: 10.12659/MSM.937246 -
Cartilage 2022It is unknown why some athletes develop chondromalacia and others do not, even when accounting for similar workloads between individuals. Genetic differences between... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
It is unknown why some athletes develop chondromalacia and others do not, even when accounting for similar workloads between individuals. Genetic differences between individuals may be a contributing factor. The purpose of this work was to screen the entire genome for genetic markers associated with chondromalacia.
DESIGN
Genome-wide association (GWA) analyses were performed utilizing data from the Kaiser Permanente Research Board (KPRB) and the UK Biobank. Chondromalacia cases were identified based on electronic health records from KPRB and UK Biobank. GWA analyses from both cohorts were tested for chondromalacia using a logistic regression model adjusting for sex, height, weight, age of enrollment, and race/ethnicity using allele counts for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The data from the 2 GWA studies (KPRB and UK Biobank) were combined in a meta-analysis.
RESULTS
There were a total of 3,872 combined cases of chondromalacia from the KPRB and the UK Biobank cohorts. Genome-wide significant associations with chondromalacia were found for rs144449054 in the gene (OR = 3.70 [2.32-5.90]; = 1.4 × 10) and rs188900564 in the (OR = 2.07 [1.61-2.65]; = 3.7 × 10).
CONCLUSIONS
Genetic markers in and appear to be associated with chondromalacia and are potential risk factors that deserve further validation regarding molecular mechanisms.
Topics: Cartilage Diseases; Genetic Markers; Genome-Wide Association Study; Humans; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
PubMed: 36068934
DOI: 10.1177/19476035221121790 -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Nov 2016The homeostasis of skeletal tissues requires tight regulation of a variety of signaling pathways, and the onset and progression of skeletal diseases are often caused by... (Review)
Review
The homeostasis of skeletal tissues requires tight regulation of a variety of signaling pathways, and the onset and progression of skeletal diseases are often caused by signaling abnormalities. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNA molecules that have emerged as a new dimension of gene regulation. MiRNAs have been shown to play an important role in the regulation of the differentiation of embryonic and hematopoietic stem cells. However, the role of specific miRNAs and their target genes has not been fully defined in the regulation of mesenchymal stem cells. Runx2 is a key transcription factor controlling MSC differentiation and bone and cartilage function. This article reviews work on Runx2 and miRNA regulation in bone and cartilage diseases.
Topics: Animals; Bone Diseases; Cartilage Diseases; Cell Differentiation; Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; Humans; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 27526290
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13206