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BioMed Research International 2022Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data of a bacterial strain IITK SM2 isolated from an aquifer located in the middle Indo-Gangetic plain is reported here, along with its...
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data of a bacterial strain IITK SM2 isolated from an aquifer located in the middle Indo-Gangetic plain is reported here, along with its physiological, morphological, biochemical, and redox-transformation characteristics in the presence of dissolved arsenic (As). The aquifer exhibits oxidizing conditions relative to As speciation. Analyses based on and sequences indicate that IITK SM2 was clustered with NCTC 13708 and NCTC UMH17. However, WGS analyses using the digital DNA-DNA hybridization and Rapid Annotations using Subsystems Technology suggest that IITK SM2 belongs to a strain of . This strain can effectively reduce As(V) to As(III) but cannot oxidize As(III) to As(V). It exhibited high resistance to As(V) [32,000 mg L] and As(III) [1,100 mg L], along with certain other heavy metals typically found in contaminated groundwater. WGS analysis also indicates the presence of As-metabolizing genes such as C, B, A, D, R, and H in this strain. Although these genes have been identified in several As(V)-reducers, the clustering of these genes in the forms of ACBADR, CBRH, and an independent C gene has not been observed in any other species or other selected As(V)-reducing strains of family. Moreover, there were differences in the number of genes corresponding to membrane transporters, virulence and defense, motility, protein metabolism, phages, prophages, and transposable elements in IITK SM2 when compared to other strains. This genomic dataset will facilitate subsequent molecular and biochemical analyses of strain IITK SM2 to identify the reasons for high arsenic resistance in and understand its role in As mobilization in middle Indo-Gangetic plain aquifers.
Topics: Arsenic; Citrobacter; DNA; Groundwater; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 35309170
DOI: 10.1155/2022/6384742 -
Scientific Reports Feb 2019Biliverdin (BV) possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, with previous reports identifying protection against oxidant and inflammatory injury in animal...
Biliverdin (BV) possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, with previous reports identifying protection against oxidant and inflammatory injury in animal models. Recent reports indicate that intra-duodenal administration of BV results in the formation of an uncharacterised metabolite, which is potently absorbed into the blood and excreted into the bile. This compound may be responsible for protection against inflammatory responses. This study aimed to identify novel, enterally-derived BV metabolites and determine the source of their metabolic transformation. Rat duodena and bacterial cultures of Citrobacter youngae were treated with BV and subsequently analysed via high performance liquid chromatography/high resolution tandem mass spectrometry to identify and characterise metabolites of BV. A highly abundant metabolite was detected in duodenal wash and bacterial culture supernatants with a 663.215 m/z (3 ppm mass accuracy) and a composition of CNOHS, which conformed to the predicted structure of bilirubin-10-sulfonate (BRS) and possessed a λ of 440 nm. Bilirubin-10-sulfonate was then synthesized for comparative LCMS/MS analysis and matched with that of the biologically formed BV metabolite. This report confirms the formation of a previously undocumented metabolite of BV in mammals, indicating that a new metabolic pathway likely exists for BV metabolism requiring enteric bacteria, Citrobacter youngae. These data may have important implications with regard to understanding and harnessing the therapeutic efficacy of oral BV administration.
Topics: Alkanesulfonates; Animals; Bile; Bilirubin; Biliverdine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Citrobacter; Duodenum; Humans; Rats; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 30814600
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39548-w -
FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology May 2003Serological studies using SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting revealed that from five strains that are ascribed to Citrobacter serogroup O2, four strains, PCM 1494, PCM 1495,...
The identity of the O-specific polysaccharide structure of Citrobacter strains from serogroups O2, O20 and O25 and immunochemical characterisation of C. youngae PCM 1507 (O2a,1b) and related strains.
Serological studies using SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting revealed that from five strains that are ascribed to Citrobacter serogroup O2, four strains, PCM 1494, PCM 1495, PCM 1496 and PCM 1507, are reactive with specific anti-Citrobacter O2 serum. In contrast, strain PCM 1573 did not react with anti-Citrobacter O2 serum and, hence, does not belong to serogroup O2. The LPS of Citrobacter youngae O2a,1b (strain PCM 1507) was degraded under mild acidic conditions and the O-specific polysaccharide (OPS) released was isolated by gel chromatography. Sugar and methylation analyses along with (1)H- and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy, including two-dimensional (1)H,(1)H COSY, TOCSY, NOESY and (1)H,(13)C HSQC experiments, showed that the repeating unit of the OPS has the following structure: [structure: see text]. NMR spectroscopic studies demonstrated that Citrobacter werkmanii O20 and C. youngae O25 have the same OPS structure as C. youngae O2. Sugar and methylation analyses of the core oligosaccharide fractions demonstrated structural differences in the lipopolysaccharide core regions of these strains, which may substantiate their classification in different serogroups.
Topics: Blotting, Western; Carbohydrate Sequence; Carbohydrates; Citrobacter; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Immunohistochemistry; Lipopolysaccharides; Molecular Sequence Data; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; O Antigens
PubMed: 12727368
DOI: 10.1016/S0928-8244(03)00081-6 -
Microorganisms Dec 2016The consumption of fresh nopal cactus juice is widely popular among health-conscious consumers in Mexico. The juice is prepared from fresh cladodes that have only been...
The consumption of fresh nopal cactus juice is widely popular among health-conscious consumers in Mexico. The juice is prepared from fresh cladodes that have only been rinsed with tap water and are not subjected to a pasteurization or terminal bacterial reduction process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of commercially available fresh juices ( = 162) made with nopal in Texcoco, State of Mexico, during the summer and spring season. Standard microbiological methods, the PCR technique and the serological method were used for isolation and identification of bacteria. All samples contained total coliforms and 91% were positive for . Although total coliforms and were detected throughout the study, their populations were significantly lower ( < 0.05) in winter and spring, respectively. was found in 20% of the samples, an unidentified species of in 10%, and in 3%, and Javiana in 1%. The presence of these microorganisms, especially , in the nopal juices is unacceptable due to its health significance. The information generated in this study is relevant for human health risk assessment associated with the consumption of unpasteurized nopal juices and potential interventions to minimize pathogen contamination.
PubMed: 27973398
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4040046 -
PeerJ 2022Wildlife has been recently recognized as an environmental reservoir for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, less information on this topic is available in animals...
BACKGROUND
Wildlife has been recently recognized as an environmental reservoir for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, less information on this topic is available in animals released back into the wild after rehabilitation in wildlife facilities, compared with studies performed exclusively in captive or free-ranging wildlife. This study aimed to evaluate the potential influence of captivity and/or treatment while in captivity of wild sloths on the AMR and virulence profiles of sloths' .
METHODS
Oral and rectal swab samples were collected from 39 two-finger () and three-finger sloths () of Costa Rica ( = 78) and analyzed using conventional bacteriological techniques. A generalized linear mixed model was applied to estimate the isolates' multiple antimicrobial resistance and virulence indices as a function of animal status.
RESULTS
A considerable level of resistance was detected, especially for and , with 17.5% of isolates classified as multidrug-resistant. Virulence indices of isolates from rehabilitated sloths were significantly higher than the ones from sloths being hand-reared for shorter periods.
CONCLUSIONS
To our knowledge, this is the first description of sloths' antimicrobial resistant , suggesting that sloths' rehabilitation and consequent exposure to humans, may promote the selection of bacteria with higher virulence. Ultimately, these bacteria may represent a threat to human and animal health due to their zoonotic potential and AMR and virulence profiles.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Sloths; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Costa Rica; Virulence; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Animals, Wild
PubMed: 35295556
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12911 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022A number of converging strands of research suggest that the intestinal Enterobacteriaceae plays a crucial role in the development and progression of inflammatory bowel...
Overrepresentation of Enterobacteriaceae and is the major gut microbiome signature in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis; a comprehensive metagenomic analysis of IBDMDB datasets.
OBJECTIVES
A number of converging strands of research suggest that the intestinal Enterobacteriaceae plays a crucial role in the development and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), however, the changes in the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae species and their related metabolic pathways in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) compared to healthy people are not fully explained by comprehensive comparative metagenomics analysis. In the current study, we investigated the alternations of the Enterobacterales population in the gut microbiome of patients with CD and UC compared to healthy subjects.
METHODS
Metagenomic datasets were selected from the Integrative Human Microbiome Project (HMP2) through the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Multi'omics Database (IBDMDB). We performed metagenome-wide association studies on fecal samples from 191 CD patients, 132 UC patients, and 125 healthy controls (HCs). We used the metagenomics dataset to study bacterial community structure, relative abundance, differentially abundant bacteria, functional analysis, and Enterobacteriaceae-related biosynthetic pathways.
RESULTS
Compared to the gut microbiome of HCs, six Enterobacteriaceae species were significantly elevated in both CD and UC patients, including , , , , , , and , while , , and were uniquely differentially abundant and enriched in the CD cohort. Four species were uniquely differentially abundant and enriched in the UC cohort, including , , , and . Our analysis also showed a dramatically increased abundance of in their intestinal bacterial community. Biosynthetic pathways of aerobactin siderophore, LPS, enterobacterial common antigen, nitrogen metabolism, and sulfur relay systems encoded by were significantly elevated in the CD samples compared to the HCs. Menaquinol biosynthetic pathways were associated with UC that belonged to strains.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, compared with healthy people, the taxonomic and functional composition of intestinal bacteria in CD and UC patients was significantly shifted to Enterobacteriaceae species, mainly and species.
Topics: Humans; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Metagenome; Escherichia coli; Siderophores; Lipopolysaccharides; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Feces; Escherichia coli Infections; Sulfur; Nitrogen
PubMed: 36268225
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1015890 -
Peritoneal Dialysis International :... 2013
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Citrobacter; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Female; Humans; Levofloxacin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Pantoea; Peritoneal Dialysis; Peritonitis
PubMed: 23660614
DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2012.00151 -
Biocontrol Science 2015Drug susceptibility testing was carried out using 14 antibiotics in order to identify trends in the antibiotic tolerance of 142 strains of Enterobacteriaceae isolated...
Drug susceptibility testing was carried out using 14 antibiotics in order to identify trends in the antibiotic tolerance of 142 strains of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from horsemeat commercially available for raw consumption (basashi). A comparison of the sensitivity to the 14 antibiotics using the 90% MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values (MIC90) showed the strongest tolerance to ampicillin (ABPC) at a concentration of > 128 μg/mL, followed by that to fosfomycin (FOM) at a concentration of 128 μg/mL. When the sensitivity to these antibiotics was examined for each individual genus of tested bacteria, Hafnia spp. exhibited relative tolerance to ceftazidime (CAZ) and ceftriaxone (CTRX) at a concentration of 4 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL, respectively, which was high in comparison to that observed for the other strains. Furthermore, Raoultella spp. and Serratia spp. were found to be highly resistant to tetracycline (TC) at a concentration of 128 μg/mL and 64 μg/mL, respectively. Of the 142 strains of test bacteria, 140 (98.6%) demonstrated resistance to ABPC, with the exception of Hafnia alvei and Klebsiella pneumonia. In addition, a total of eight strains (5.6%), seven Serratia marcescens strains and one Raoultella terrigena strain, were found to be resistant to TC. Furthermore, one strain of Citrobacter freundii exhibited resistance to nalidixic acid (NA), while another displayed resistance to ofloxacin (OFLX) (0.7% each), and one strain (0.7%) each of Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens and Citrobacter youngae demonstrated resistance to fosfomycin (FOM), streptomycin (SM) and kanamycin (KM), respectively. A single strain of C. freundii was found to be resistant to three antibiotics, ABPC, NA and OFLX. Resistance to two antibiotics was confirmed in 11 strains, including seven strains of S. marcescens and one strain of R. terrigena (a total of eight strains) resistant to ABPC and TC, and one strain each of C. youngae, S. marcescens and E. cloacae resistant to ABPC and KM, ABPC and SM, and ABPC and FOM, respectively. In addition, 128 strains were resistant to the single antibiotic of ABPC alone. Of the 140 strains demonstrating antibiotic resistance, 137 (97.9%) retained the conjugative R-plasmid transfer factor, excluding three strains of S. marcescens. All transfer factors were ABPC and retained by a high proportion of the bacterial groups, with one strain (100%) being resistant to three antibiotics, nine (81.8%) of the 11 strains being resistant to two antibiotics, and 127 (99.2%) of the 128 strains being resistant to a single antibiotic. In addition, we examined ESBL productivity in the 140 strains of bacteria demonstrating drug tolerance; however, no strains exhibited this characteristic. Therefore, further observation is required to ascertain trends in antibiotic-tolerant bacteria.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterobacteriaceae; Horses; Meat; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids
PubMed: 25817809
DOI: 10.4265/bio.20.19 -
Microbiology and Immunology 1996The antigenic scheme for the Bethesda-Ballerup group of bacteria established by West and Edwards in 1954 has continued to be applied as a serotyping scheme for...
The antigenic scheme for the Bethesda-Ballerup group of bacteria established by West and Edwards in 1954 has continued to be applied as a serotyping scheme for Citrobacter freundii. In 1993, however, the classification of the Citrobacter was drastically revised and the species C. freundii redefined by Brenner et al. Accordingly, to judge the propriety to continuously use a single antigenic scheme for the C. freundii complex, the 90 reference strains listed in the antigenic scheme for C. freundii by West and Edwards were characterized phenotypically and specified based on the revised classification. Of these 90 strains, two strains of Hafnia alvei and one of Escherichia coli were found. Among the remaining 87 reference strains, Citrobacter youngae was the predominant species (40 strains), followed by Citrobacter braakii (25 strains), Citrobacter werkmanii (13 strains), and the unnamed Citrobacter genospecies 10 of Brenner et al (six strains). Citrobacter freundii, as redefined, accounted for only three strains and ranked behind the other four species. No overlapping with most of the 42 O-groups and 82 H-antigens was recognized between species with few exceptions. O-groups 1-9 inclusive, which were estimated to represent more than 90% of the former C.freundii strains, occurred in strains of C. youngae and C. braakii; and all nine strains of O-group 29, formerly known as the Ballerup group, were identified as C. braakii. These findings suggest that further study of the serotyping system is needed for all H2S-producing Citrobacter species.
Topics: Antigens, Bacterial; Citrobacter; Citrobacter freundii; O Antigens; Serotyping
PubMed: 9013489
DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1996.tb01160.x -
Scientific Reports Jul 2020Corrosion of carbon steel by microorganisms recovered from corroded seal rings at an offshore floating production facility was investigated. Microbial diversity...
Corrosion of carbon steel by microorganisms recovered from corroded seal rings at an offshore floating production facility was investigated. Microbial diversity profiling revealed that communities in all sampled seal rings were dominated by Pseudomonas genus. Nine bacterial species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa CCC-IOB1, Pseudomonas balearica CCC-IOB3, Pseudomonas stutzeri CCC-IOB10, Citrobacter youngae CCC-IOB9, Petrotoga mobilis CCC-SPP15, Enterobacter roggenkampii CCC-SPP14, Enterobacter cloacae CCC-APB1, Cronobacter sakazakii CCC-APB3, and Shewanella chilikensis CCC-APB5 were isolated from corrosion products and identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequence. Corrosion rates induced by the individual isolates were evaluated in artificial seawater using short term immersion experiments at 40 °C under anaerobic conditions. P. balearica, E. roggenkampii, and S. chilikensis, which have not been associated with microbiologically influenced corrosion before, were further investigated at longer exposure times to better understand their effects on corrosion of carbon steel, using a combination of microbiological and surface analysis techniques. The results demonstrated that all bacterial isolates triggered general and localised corrosion of carbon steel. Differences observed in the surface deterioration pattern by the different bacterial isolates indicated variations in the corrosion reactions and mechanisms promoted by each isolate.
Topics: Bacteria; Biofilms; Carbon; Corrosion; Microbiota; Molecular Typing; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Seawater; Steel
PubMed: 32703991
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69292-5