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Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2024The range of interactions between , a ubiquitous fungal genus, and insects, a class including about 60% of the animal species, is extremely diverse. The broad case... (Review)
Review
The range of interactions between , a ubiquitous fungal genus, and insects, a class including about 60% of the animal species, is extremely diverse. The broad case history of antagonism and mutualism connecting and insects is reviewed in this paper based on the examination of the available literature. Certain strains establish direct interactions with pests or beneficial insects or indirectly influence them through their endophytic development in plants. Entomopathogenicity is often connected to the production of toxic secondary metabolites, although there is a case where these compounds have been reported to favor pollinator attraction, suggesting an important role in angiosperm reproduction. Other relationships include mycophagy, which, on the other hand, may reflect an ecological advantage for these extremely adaptable fungi using insects as carriers for spreading in the environment. Several species colonize insect structures, such as galleries of ambrosia beetles, leaf rolls of attelabid weevils and galls formed by cecidomyid midges, playing a still uncertain symbiotic role. Finally, the occurrence of in the gut of several insect species has intriguing implications for pest management, also considering that some strains have proven to be able to degrade insecticides. These interactions especially deserve further investigation to understand the impact of these fungi on pest control measures and strategies to preserve beneficial insects.
PubMed: 38276024
DOI: 10.3390/jof10010078 -
Studies in Mycology Jun 2012A monographic revision of the hyphomycete genus Cladosporium s. lat. (Cladosporiaceae, Capnodiales) is presented. It includes a detailed historic overview of...
UNLABELLED
A monographic revision of the hyphomycete genus Cladosporium s. lat. (Cladosporiaceae, Capnodiales) is presented. It includes a detailed historic overview of Cladosporium and allied genera, with notes on their phylogeny, systematics and ecology. True species of Cladosporium s. str. (anamorphs of Davidiella), are characterised by having coronate conidiogenous loci and conidial hila, i.e., with a convex central dome surrounded by a raised periclinal rim. Recognised species are treated and illustrated with line drawings and photomicrographs (light as well as scanning electron microscopy). Species known from culture are described in vivo as well as in vitro on standardised media and under controlled conditions. Details on host range/substrates and the geographic distribution are given based on published accounts, and a re-examination of numerous herbarium specimens. Various keys are provided to support the identification of Cladosporium species in vivo and in vitro. Morphological datasets are supplemented by DNA barcodes (nuclear ribosomal RNA gene operon, including the internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2, the 5.8S nrDNA, as well as partial actin and translation elongation factor 1-α gene sequences) diagnostic for individual species. In total 993 names assigned to Cladosporium s. lat., including Heterosporium (854 in Cladosporium and 139 in Heterosporium), are treated, of which 169 are recognized in Cladosporium s. str. The other taxa are doubtful, insufficiently known or have been excluded from Cladosporium in its current circumscription and re-allocated to other genera by the authors of this monograph or previous authors.
TAXONOMIC NOVELTIES
Cladosporium allicinum (Fr.: Fr.) Bensch, U. Braun & Crous, comb. nov., C. astroideum var. catalinense U. Braun, var. nov., Fusicladium tectonicola (Yong H. He & Z.Y. Zhang) U. Braun & Bensch, comb. nov., Septoidium uleanum (Henn.) U. Braun, comb. nov., Zasmidium adeniae (Hansf.) U. Braun, comb. nov., Zasmidium dianellae (Sawada & Katsuki) U. Braun, comb. nov., Zasmidium lythri (Westend.) U. Braun & H.D. Shin, comb. nov., Zasmidium wikstroemiae (Petch) U. Braun, comb. nov.
PubMed: 22815589
DOI: 10.3114/sim0003 -
Dermatologic Clinics Jan 1996Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic cutaneous infection due to several varieties of pigmented fungi. Diagnosis is straightforward and based on clinical and microscopic... (Review)
Review
Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic cutaneous infection due to several varieties of pigmented fungi. Diagnosis is straightforward and based on clinical and microscopic findings. Despite the protracted course of the disease, dissemination of the infection is rare. New insights into the pathophysiology may permit a closer appreciation of the clinical course. Treatment in advanced cases is difficult and frequently requires extensive surgery or lengthy therapy with physical or medical approaches.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Chromoblastomycosis; Cladosporium; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Prognosis
PubMed: 8821160
DOI: 10.1016/s0733-8635(05)70327-2 -
3 Biotech Jun 2016Fungi are important natural product sources that have enormous potential for the production of novel compounds for use in pharmacology, agricultural applications and... (Review)
Review
Fungi are important natural product sources that have enormous potential for the production of novel compounds for use in pharmacology, agricultural applications and industry. Compared with other natural sources such as plants, fungi are highly diverse but understudied. However, research on Cladosporium cladosporioides revealed the existence of bioactive products such as p-methylbenzoic acid, ergosterol peroxide (EP) and calphostin C as well as enzymes including pectin methylesterase (PME), polygalacturonase (PG) and chlorpyrifos hydrolase. p-Methylbenzoic acid has ability to synthesise 1,5-benzodiazepine and its derivatives, polyethylene terephthalate and eicosapentaenoic acid. EP has anticancer, antiangiogenic, antibacterial, anti-oxidative and immunosuppressive properties. Calphostin C inhibits protein kinase C (PKC) by inactivating both PKC-epsilon and PKC-alpha. In addition, calphostin C stimulates apoptosis in WEHI-231 cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Based on the stimulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress in some types of cancer, calphostin C has also been evaluated as a potential photodynamic therapeutic agent. Methylesterase (PME) and PG have garnered attention because of their usage in the food processing industry and significant physiological function in plants. Chlorpyrifos, a human, animal and plant toxin, can be degraded and eliminated by chlorpyrifos hydrolase.
PubMed: 28330073
DOI: 10.1007/s13205-015-0323-4 -
Environmental Microbiome Mar 2024The complex and co-evolved interplay between plants and their microbiota is crucial for the health and fitness of the plant holobiont. However, the microbiota of the...
BACKGROUND
The complex and co-evolved interplay between plants and their microbiota is crucial for the health and fitness of the plant holobiont. However, the microbiota of the seeds is still relatively unexplored and no studies have been conducted with olive trees so far. In this study, we aimed to characterize the bacterial, fungal and archaeal communities present in seeds of ten olive genotypes growing in the same orchard through amplicon sequencing to test whether the olive genotype is a major driver in shaping the seed microbial community, and to identify the origin of the latter. Therefore, we have developed a methodology for obtaining samples from the olive seed's endosphere under sterile conditions.
RESULTS
A diverse microbiota was uncovered in olive seeds, the plant genotype being an important factor influencing the structure and composition of the microbial communities. The most abundant bacterial phylum was Actinobacteria, accounting for an average relative abundance of 41%. At genus level, Streptomyces stood out because of its potential influence on community structure. Within the fungal community, Basidiomycota and Ascomycota were the most abundant phyla, including the genera Malassezia, Cladosporium, and Mycosphaerella. The shared microbiome was composed of four bacterial (Stenotrophomonas, Streptomyces, Promicromonospora and Acidipropionibacterium) and three fungal (Malassezia, Cladosporium and Mycosphaerella) genera. Furthermore, a comparison between findings obtained here and earlier results from the root endosphere of the same trees indicated that genera such as Streptomyces and Malassezia were present in both olive compartments.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides the first insights into the composition of the olive seed microbiota. The highly abundant fungal genus Malassezia and the bacterial genus Streptomyces reflect a unique signature of the olive seed microbiota. The genotype clearly shaped the composition of the seed's microbial community, although a shared microbiome was found. We identified genera that may translocate from the roots to the seeds, as they were present in both organs of the same trees. These findings set the stage for future research into potential vertical transmission of olive endophytes and the role of specific microbial taxa in seed germination, development, and seedling survival.
PubMed: 38491515
DOI: 10.1186/s40793-024-00560-x -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Oct 2017Mold allergies are common, mainly target the respiratory tract and present as allergic rhinitis and/or bronchial asthma. Molds include a large group of different... (Review)
Review
Mold allergies are common, mainly target the respiratory tract and present as allergic rhinitis and/or bronchial asthma. Molds include a large group of different allergens that induce all types of allergic reactions. Allergen specific immunotherapies (AITs) to molds are common; however, at the present time, they are limited to Alternaria. This review presents not only the benefits but also the problems with such types of AIT based on the literature and our experience.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Allergens; Alternaria; Asthma; Child; Child, Preschool; Cladosporium; Desensitization, Immunologic; Female; Fungi; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunoglobulin E; Male; Middle Aged; Rhinitis, Allergic; Young Adult
PubMed: 28481693
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1314404 -
International Archives of Allergy and... 2021Fungal spores are ubiquitous allergens. Severe forms of asthma are particularly highly associated with fungal sensitization. National and international asthma guidelines... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Fungal spores are ubiquitous allergens. Severe forms of asthma are particularly highly associated with fungal sensitization. National and international asthma guidelines recommend the implementation of allergen immunotherapy if indicated. Thus, detection and treatment of relevant allergies are key components of primary care of these patients.
OBJECTIVES
The aims of the study were (i) to investigate trends in the prevalence of sensitization to twelve fungi in central Germany over the last 20 years and (ii) to dissect specific sensitization patterns among the 3 most important fungi: Aspergillus, Alternaria, and Cladosporium.
METHODS
This single-center study evaluated skin prick test (SPT) results of 3,358 patients with suspected airway allergies over a period of 20 years (1998-2017).
RESULTS
While 19.2% of all study patients had positive test results to at least 1 of the 3 fungi (Alternaria, Aspergillus, or Cladosporium) in the first study decade, this rate increased to 22.5% in the second decade. Slight increases in sensitization rates to almost all fungi were observed over the 20-year period. In the last decade, polysensitization to Alternaria, Aspergillus, and Cladosporium increased significantly. Sensitization to fungi is age-dependent and peaks in the age-group of 21-40 years during the second decade.
CONCLUSION
Fungi are relevant allergens for perennial and seasonal allergy symptoms. We currently recommend including Aspergillus, Alternaria, and Cladosporium in the standard series of SPTs for airway allergies.
Topics: Allergens; Antigens, Fungal; Fungi; Germany; Humans; Immunization; Mycoses; Prevalence; Public Health Surveillance; Respiratory Hypersensitivity; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 33780961
DOI: 10.1159/000512230 -
PloS One 2017Puccinia horiana Hennings, the causal agent of chrysanthemum white rust, is a worldwide quarantine organism and one of the most important fungal pathogens of...
Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides as potential new fungal antagonists of Puccinia horiana Henn., the causal agent of chrysanthemum white rust.
Puccinia horiana Hennings, the causal agent of chrysanthemum white rust, is a worldwide quarantine organism and one of the most important fungal pathogens of Chrysanthemum × morifolium cultivars, which are used for cut flowers and as potted plants in commercial production regions of the world. It was previously reported to be controlled by Lecanicillium lecanii, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, C. uredinicola and Aphanocladium album, due to their antagonistic and hyperparasitic effects. We report novel antagonist species on Puccinia horiana. Fungi isolated from rust pustules in a commercial greenhouse from Villa Guerrero, México, were identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides based upon molecular analysis and morphological characters. The antagonism of C. cladosporioides and C. pseudocladosporioides on chrysanthemum white rust was studied using light and electron microscopy in vitro at the host/parasite interface. Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. pseudocladosporioides grew towards the white rust teliospores and colonized the sporogenous cells, but no direct penetration of teliospores was observed; however, the structure and cytoplasm of teliospores were altered. The two Cladosporium spp. were able to grow on media containing laminarin, but not when chitin was used as the sole carbon source; these results suggest that they are able to produce glucanases. Results from the study indicate that both Cladosporium species had potential as biological control agents of chrysanthemum white rust.
Topics: Actins; Basidiomycota; Bayes Theorem; Biological Assay; Cellulase; Chitinases; Chrysanthemum; Cladosporium; Culture Media; DNA, Intergenic; Peptide Elongation Factor 1; Phylogeny; Plant Diseases; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 28141830
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170782 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2021A series of isolates of spp. were recovered in the course of a cooperative study on galls formed by midges of the genus (Diptera, Cecidomyidae) on several species of...
A series of isolates of spp. were recovered in the course of a cooperative study on galls formed by midges of the genus (Diptera, Cecidomyidae) on several species of Lamiaceae. The finding of these fungi in both normal and galled flowers was taken as an indication that they do not have a definite relationship with the midges. Moreover, identification based on DNA sequencing showed that these isolates are taxonomically heterogeneous and belong to several species which are classified in two different species complexes. Two new species, and , were characterized within the species complex based on strains from Poland and Italy, respectively. Evidence concerning the possible existence of additional taxa within the collective species and is discussed.
PubMed: 33808618
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030369 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2021Macadamia () is endemic to eastern Australia and produces an edible nut that is widely cultivated in commercial orchards globally. A survey of fungi associated with the...
Macadamia () is endemic to eastern Australia and produces an edible nut that is widely cultivated in commercial orchards globally. A survey of fungi associated with the grey and green mold symptoms of macadamia flowers found mostly species of (Sclerotiniaceae, Leotiomycetes) and (Cladosporiaceae, Dothideomycetes). These isolates included , , and unidentified isolates. Amongst the unidentified isolates, one novel species of and three novel species of were delimited and characterized by molecular phylogenetic analyses. The new species are , , , and .
PubMed: 34829187
DOI: 10.3390/jof7110898