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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 2017Chromoblastomycosis (CBM), also known as chromomycosis, is one of the most prevalent implantation fungal infections, being the most common of the gamut of mycoses caused... (Review)
Review
Chromoblastomycosis (CBM), also known as chromomycosis, is one of the most prevalent implantation fungal infections, being the most common of the gamut of mycoses caused by melanized or brown-pigmented fungi. CBM is mainly a tropical or subtropical disease that may affect individuals with certain risk factors around the world. The following characteristics are associated with this disease: (i) traumatic inoculation by implantation from an environmental source, leading to an initial cutaneous lesion at the inoculation site; (ii) chronic and progressive cutaneous and subcutaneous tissular involvement associated with fibrotic and granulomatous reactions associated with microabscesses and often with tissue proliferation; (iii) a nonprotective T helper type 2 (Th2) immune response with ineffective humoral involvement; and (iv) the presence of muriform (sclerotic) cells embedded in the affected tissue. CBM lesions are clinically polymorphic and are commonly misdiagnosed as various other infectious and noninfectious diseases. In its more severe clinical forms, CBM may cause an incapacity for labor due to fibrotic sequelae and also due to a series of clinical complications, and if not recognized at an early stage, this disease can be refractory to antifungal therapy.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Chromoblastomycosis; Disease Management; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Fungal; Exophiala; Humans; Neglected Diseases; Occupational Diseases; Phylogeny
PubMed: 27856522
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00032-16 -
Infection Aug 2018Fungal infections of the central nervous system (FIs-CNS) have become significantly more common over the past 2 decades. Invasion of the CNS largely depends on the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Fungal infections of the central nervous system (FIs-CNS) have become significantly more common over the past 2 decades. Invasion of the CNS largely depends on the immune status of the host and the virulence of the fungal strain. Infections with fungi cause a significant morbidity in immunocompromised hosts, and the involvement of the CNS may lead to fatal consequences.
METHODS
One hundred and thirty-five articles on fungal neuroinfection in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases were selected for review using the following search words: "fungi and CNS mycoses", CNS fungal infections", "fungal brain infections", " fungal cerebritis", fungal meningitis", "diagnostics of fungal infections", and "treatment of CNS fungal infections". All were published in English with the majority in the period 2000-2018. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the epidemiology, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment of selected FIs-CNS.
RESULTS
The FIs-CNS can have various clinical presentations, mainly meningitis, encephalitis, hydrocephalus, cerebral abscesses, and stroke syndromes. The etiologic factors of neuroinfections are yeasts (Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida spp., Trichosporon spp.), moniliaceous moulds (Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp.), Mucoromycetes (Mucor spp., Rhizopus spp.), dimorphic fungi (Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides spp., Histoplasma capsulatum), and dematiaceous fungi (Cladophialophora bantiana, Exophiala dermatitidis). Their common route of transmission is inhalation or inoculation from trauma or surgery, with subsequent hematogenous or contiguous spread. As the manifestations of FIs-CNS are often non-specific, their diagnosis is very difficult. A fast identification of the etiological factor of neuroinfection and the application of appropriate therapy are crucial in preventing an often fatal outcome. The choice of effective drug depends on its extent of CNS penetration and spectrum of activity. Pharmaceutical formulations of amphotericin B (AmB) (among others, deoxycholate-AmBd and liposomal L-AmB) have relatively limited distribution in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); however, their detectable therapeutic concentrations in the CNS makes them recommended drugs for the treatment of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis (AmBd with flucytosine) and CNS candidiasis (L-AmB) and mucormycosis (L-AmB). Voriconazole, a moderately lipophilic molecule with good CNS penetration, is recommended in the first-line therapy of CNS aspergillosis. Other triazoles, such as posaconazole and itraconazole, with negligible concentrations in the CSF are not considered effective drugs for therapy of CNS fungal neuroinfections. In contrast, clinical data have shown that a novel triazole, isavuconazole, achieved considerable efficacy for the treatment of some fungal neuroinfections. Echinocandins with relatively low or undetectable concentrations in the CSF do not play meaningful role in the treatment of FIs-CNS.
CONCLUSION
Although the number of fungal species causing CNS mycosis is increasing, only some possess well-defined treatment standards (e.g., cryptococcal meningitis and CNS aspergillosis). The early diagnosis of fungal infection, accompanied by identification of the etiological factor, is needed to allow the selection of effective therapy in patients with FIs-CNS and limit their high mortality.
Topics: Blood-Brain Barrier; Central Nervous System Fungal Infections; Disease Management; Fungi; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Risk Factors; Virulence
PubMed: 29785613
DOI: 10.1007/s15010-018-1152-2 -
World Journal of Clinical Cases Sep 2021is a genus comprising several species of opportunistic black yeasts, which belongs to Ascomycotina. It is a rare cause of fungal infections. However, infections are...
is a genus comprising several species of opportunistic black yeasts, which belongs to Ascomycotina. It is a rare cause of fungal infections. However, infections are often chronic and recalcitrant, and while the number of cases is steadily increasing in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent people, detailed knowledge remains scarce regarding infection mechanisms, virulence factors, specific predisposing factors, risk factors, and host response. The most common manifestations of infection are skin infections, and the most frequent type of deep infection is pulmonary infection due to inhalation. The invasive disease ranges from cutaneous or subcutaneous infection to systemic dissemination to internal organs. The final identification of the causative organism should be achieved through a combination of several methods, including the newly introduced diagnostic analysis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, together with sequencing of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid internal transcribed spacer region of the fungi, and histological and culture findings. Regarding treatment, because anti-infective agents and natural compounds exhibited poor antibiofilm activity, few treatments have ultimately been found to be effective for specific antifungal therapy, so the optimal antifungal therapy and duration of therapy for these infections remain unknown. Therefore, most forms of disease caused by require aggressive combination therapies: Both surgical intervention and aggressive antifungal therapy with novel compounds and azoles are necessary for effective treatment.
PubMed: 34621853
DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i27.7963 -
Dermatology Online Journal Dec 2005Eumycetoma is a localized, chronic fungal infection of skin and subcutaneous tissues. It is characterized by tumefaction, abscess formation, draining sinuses, and...
Eumycetoma is a localized, chronic fungal infection of skin and subcutaneous tissues. It is characterized by tumefaction, abscess formation, draining sinuses, and sclerotia (grains) within the abscesses and fistulae. Treatment of eumycetoma is a challenge. Relapse rates are high even when a combination of surgical and medical approaches is utilized. Here we report a case of eumycetoma due to Exophiala jeanselmei arising on the foot of a man from Trinidad, West Indies.
Topics: Adult; Chronic Disease; Dermatomycoses; Exophiala; Foot Dermatoses; Humans; Male; Skin; Subcutaneous Tissue
PubMed: 16403382
DOI: No ID Found -
Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi = Japanese... 2005Phaeohyphomycosis is a mycotic disease caused by dematiaceous fungi that produce brown yeast-like cells, pseudohyphae, and irregular true hyphae in tissues. Seven Korean... (Review)
Review
Phaeohyphomycosis is a mycotic disease caused by dematiaceous fungi that produce brown yeast-like cells, pseudohyphae, and irregular true hyphae in tissues. Seven Korean cases of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis have been reported to date, four males and three females, ranging in age from 9-84 years (mean 50.4 years). Causative organisms of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis were 3 of Exophiala jeanselmei, 2 of E. dermatitidis, 1 of Drechslera dematioidea and 1 of Phoma sp. Four cases of abscess and 3 cases of verrucous plaque were present as skin lesions, and were all exposed areas of the body. Patients were treated with itraconazole, ketoconazole, fluconazole or amphotericin B.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antifungal Agents; Child; Dermatomycoses; Exophiala; Female; Fluconazole; Humans; Hyphae; Itraconazole; Ketoconazole; Male; Middle Aged; Subcutaneous Tissue
PubMed: 15864249
DOI: 10.3314/jjmm.46.67 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Mar 2022Limited data are available on breakthrough fungemia, defined as fungemia that develops on administration of antifungal agents, in patients with hematological disorders....
Limited data are available on breakthrough fungemia, defined as fungemia that develops on administration of antifungal agents, in patients with hematological disorders. We reviewed the medical and microbiological records of adult patients with hematological diseases who had breakthrough fungemia between January 2008 and July 2019 at Toranomon Hospital and Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya in Japan. A total of 121 cases of breakthrough fungemia were identified. Of the 121 involved patients, 83, 11, 5, and 22 were receiving micafungin, voriconazole, itraconazole, and liposomal amphotericin B, respectively, when the breakthrough occurred. Of the 121 causative breakthrough fungal strains, 96 were species, and the rest were 13 cases of species, 7 of Fusarium species, 2 of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, and 1 each of Cryptococcus neoformans, Exophiala dermatitidis, and Magnusiomyces capitatus. The crude 14-day mortality rate of breakthrough fungemia was 36%. Significant independent factors associated with the crude 14-day mortality rate were age of ≥60 years (0.011), chronic renal failure (0.0087), septic shock (0.0001), steroid administration (0.0085), and liposomal amphotericin B breakthrough fungemia (0.0011). An absolute neutrophil count of >500/μL was significantly more common in candidemia in the multivariate analysis ( = 0.0065), neutropenia and nonallogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants were significantly more common in fungemia (0.036 and 0.033, respectively), and voriconazole breakthrough fungemia and neutropenia were significantly more common in Fusarium fungemia (0.016 and 0.016, respectively). The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of breakthrough fungemia of patients with hematological disorders were demonstrated. Some useful factors to predict candidemia, fungemia, and Fusarium fungemia were identified.
Topics: Adult; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Candidemia; Cryptococcus neoformans; Fungemia; Fusarium; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Middle Aged; Trichosporon
PubMed: 35041512
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02081-21 -
Virulence Dec 2019The black yeast is an opportunistic pathogen, causing phaeohyphomycosis in immunosuppressed patients, chromoblastomycosis and fatal infections of the central nervous... (Review)
Review
The black yeast is an opportunistic pathogen, causing phaeohyphomycosis in immunosuppressed patients, chromoblastomycosis and fatal infections of the central nervous system in otherwise healthy Asian patients. In addition, it is also regularly isolated from respiratory samples from cystic fibrosis patients, with rates varying between 1% and 19%.Melanin, as part of the cell wall of black yeasts, is one major factor known contributing to the pathogenicity of and increased resistance against host defense and anti-infective therapeutics. Further virulence factors, e.g. the capability to adhere to surfaces and to form biofilm were reported. A better understanding of the pathogenicity of is essential for the development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. In this review, the current knowledge of prevalence, clinical importance, diagnosis, microbiological characteristics, virulence attributes, susceptibility, and resistances as well as therapeutically strategies are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Cystic Fibrosis; Exophiala; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Melanins; Mice; Opportunistic Infections; Phaeohyphomycosis; Prevalence; Virulence
PubMed: 30887863
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1596504 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2022The vaginal microbiota dysbiosis is closely associated with the development of reproductive diseases. However, the contribution of mycobiome to intrauterine adhesion...
The vaginal microbiota dysbiosis is closely associated with the development of reproductive diseases. However, the contribution of mycobiome to intrauterine adhesion (IUA) disease remains unknown. Harnessing 16S and ITS2 rDNA sequencing analysis, we investigate both bacterial and fungal microbiota compositions across 174 samples taken from both cervical canal (CC) and middle vagina (MV) sites of IUA patients. Overall, there is no significant difference in microbial diversity between healthy subjects (HS) and IUA patients. However, we observe the IUA-specific bacterial alterations such as increased and decreased and enriched fungal genera like increased and . Moreover, site-specific fungal-bacterial correlation networks are discovered in both CC and MV samples of IUA patients. Mechanistic investigation shows that Candida parapsilosis, other than Candida albicans and , prevents the exacerbation of inflammatory activities and fibrosis, and modulates bacterial microbiota during IUA progression in a rat model of IUA. Our study thus highlights the importance of mycobiota in IUA progression, which may facilitate the development of therapeutic target for IUA prevention. Intrauterine adhesion (IUA) often leads to hypomenorrhea, amenorrhea, repeat miscarriages, and infertility. It has been prevalent over the last few decades in up to 13% of women who experience pregnancy termination during the first trimester, and 30% of women undergo dilation and curettage after a late, spontaneous abortion. However, the pathogenesis of IUA remains unclear. Despite reports of microbiota dysbiosis during IUA progression, there is little information on the effect of fungal microbiota on the development of IUA. This study not only enhances our understanding of the mycobiome in IUA patients but also provides potential intervention strategies for prevention of IUA by targeting mycobiome.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Dysbiosis; Female; Humans; Microbiota; Mycobiome; Pregnancy; Rats; Tissue Adhesions; Uterine Diseases
PubMed: 35730962
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01324-22 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022is a neotenic cave salamander, endemic to the Dinaric Karst and a symbol of world natural heritage. It is classified as "vulnerable" by the International Union for...
is a neotenic cave salamander, endemic to the Dinaric Karst and a symbol of world natural heritage. It is classified as "vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and is one of the EU priority species in need of strict protection. Due to inaccessibility of their natural underground habitat, scientific studies of the olm have been conducted mainly in captivity, where the amphibians are particularly susceptible to opportunistic microbial infections. In this report, we focused on the diversity of cultivable commensal fungi isolated from the skin of asymptomatic and symptomatic animals obtained from nature (20 specimens) and captivity (22 specimens), as well as from underground water of two karstic caves by direct water filtration and by exposure of keratin-based microbial baits and subsequent isolation from them. In total 244 fungal isolates were recovered from the animals and additional 153 isolates were obtained from water samples. Together, these isolates represented 87 genera and 166 species. Symptomatic animals were colonized by a variety of fungal species, most of them represented by a single isolate, including genera known for their involvement in chromomycosis, phaeohyphomycosis and zygomycosis in amphibians: , , , , , , , and . One symptomatic specimen sampled from nature was infected by the oomycete , the known causative agent of saprolegniosis. This is the first comprehensive report on cultivable skin mycobiome of this unique amphibian in nature and in captivity, with an emphasis on potentially pathogenic fungi and oomycetes.
PubMed: 35910647
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.926558 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology,... 2020
Review
Topics: Adolescent; Antifungal Agents; Cysts; Drainage; Exophiala; Female; Humans; Neck; Phaeohyphomycosis
PubMed: 32719195
DOI: 10.4103/ijdvl.IJDVL_141_18