-
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Mar 2020Clostridia can cause hepatic damage in domestic livestock, and wild and laboratory animals. type B causes infectious necrotic hepatitis (INH) in sheep and less... (Review)
Review
Clostridia can cause hepatic damage in domestic livestock, and wild and laboratory animals. type B causes infectious necrotic hepatitis (INH) in sheep and less frequently in other species. Spores of type B can be present in soil; after ingestion, they reach the liver via portal circulation where they persist in phagocytic cells. Following liver damage, frequently caused by migrating parasites, local anaerobic conditions allow germination of the clostridial spores and production of toxins. type B alpha toxin causes necrotizing hepatitis and extensive edema, congestion, and hemorrhage in multiple organs. causes bacillary hemoglobinuria (BH) in cattle, sheep, and rarely, horses. Beta toxin is the main virulence factor of , causing hepatic necrosis and hemolysis. , the causal agent of Tyzzer disease (TD), is the only gram-negative and obligate intracellular pathogenic clostridia. TD occurs in multiple species, but it is more frequent in foals, lagomorphs, and laboratory animals. The mode of transmission is fecal-oral, with ingestion of spores from a fecal-contaminated environment. In affected animals, proliferates in the intestinal mucosa, resulting in necrosis, and then disseminates to the liver and other organs. Virulence factors for this microorganism have not been identified, to date. Given the peracute or acute nature of clostridial hepatitis in animals, treatment is rarely effective. However, INH and BH can be prevented, and should be controlled by vaccination and control of liver flukes. To date, no vaccine is available to prevent TD.
Topics: Animals; Clostridiales; Clostridium; Clostridium Infections; Hemoglobinuria; Hepatitis, Animal; Necrosis
PubMed: 31735127
DOI: 10.1177/1040638719886567 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery (Hong... 2020We intend to assess the efficacies and limitations of collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH) and fasciectomy in treating Dupuytren's contracture, and the associated... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
We intend to assess the efficacies and limitations of collagenase clostridium histolyticum (CCH) and fasciectomy in treating Dupuytren's contracture, and the associated complications and rate of recurrences aiming to present a treatment algorithm.
METHODS
A literature search within the PubMed, Web of Sciences, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases was performed using the combined key words 'Dupuytren, palmar aponeurosis contracture, collagenase clostridium histolyticum and fasciectomy', including all possible studies with a set of predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.
RESULTS
Thirty studies were assessed for eligibility from 215 identified records. Seventeen publications satisfied the inclusion criteria including 2142 joints in 1784 patients. The mean follow-up time was 18.0 months (3-60).
CONCLUSION
Acceptable contractures release was obtained in both techniques. Severe complications associated with fasciectomy outrank those of CCH, whereas the low rate of recurrence favors the fasciectomy technique.
Topics: Clostridium; Dupuytren Contracture; Fasciotomy; Humans; Microbial Collagenase; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32484064
DOI: 10.1177/2309499020921747 -
PloS One 2014Clostridium botulinum (group III), Clostridium novyi and Clostridium haemolyticum are well-known pathogens causing animal botulism, gas gangrene/black disease, and...
Plasmidome interchange between Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium novyi and Clostridium haemolyticum converts strains of independent lineages into distinctly different pathogens.
Clostridium botulinum (group III), Clostridium novyi and Clostridium haemolyticum are well-known pathogens causing animal botulism, gas gangrene/black disease, and bacillary hemoglobinuria, respectively. A close genetic relationship exists between the species, which has resulted in the collective term C. novyi sensu lato. The pathogenic traits in these species, e.g., the botulinum neurotoxin and the novyi alpha toxin, are mainly linked to a large plasmidome consisting of plasmids and circular prophages. The plasmidome of C. novyi sensu lato has so far been poorly characterized. In this study we explored the genomic relationship of a wide range of strains of C. novyi sensu lato with a special focus on the dynamics of the plasmidome. Twenty-four genomes were sequenced from strains selected to represent as much as possible the genetic diversity in C. novyi sensu lato. Sixty-one plasmids were identified in these genomes and 28 of them were completed. The genomic comparisons revealed four separate lineages, which did not strictly correlate with the species designations. The plasmids were categorized into 13 different plasmid groups on the basis of their similarity and conservation of plasmid replication or partitioning genes. The plasmid groups, lineages and species were to a large extent entwined because plasmids and toxin genes had moved across the lineage boundaries. This dynamic process appears to be primarily driven by phages. We here present a comprehensive characterization of the complex species group C. novyi sensu lato, explaining the intermixed genetic properties. This study also provides examples how the reorganization of the botulinum toxin and the novyi alpha toxin genes within the plasmidome has affected the pathogenesis of the strains.
Topics: Bacterial Toxins; Clostridium botulinum; Genomics; Phylogeny; Plasmids; Prophages; Recombination, Genetic
PubMed: 25254374
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107777 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Oct 2015This study aimed to assess the sanitary situation in agricultural biogas plants (BP) regarding pathogenic Clostridium spp.
AIMS
This study aimed to assess the sanitary situation in agricultural biogas plants (BP) regarding pathogenic Clostridium spp.
METHODS AND RESULTS
The incidence of Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium novyi, Clostridium haemolyticum, Clostridium septicum and Clostridium chauvoei was investigated in 154 plant and animal substrates, digester sludges and digestates from full-scale BP using a method combining microbial enrichment with Real-Time PCR. The investigated clostridia were absent in the samples, except for Cl. novyi that was barely present (3·9%) and Cl. difficile that was more frequently detected (44·8%). Clostridium botulinum exposed to lab-scale digesters in sentinel chambers was reduced with D-values of 34·6 ± 11·2 days at 38°C and 1·0 ± 0·2 days at 55°C.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings indicate minor relevance of clostridial pathogens in BP and an improved sanitary quality of the digestion product compared to untreated substrates concerning Cl. botulinum. However, the frequent detection of Cl. difficile opens questions on the durability of this organism in manure digestion lines.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
This is the first study providing data on the reduction of Cl. botulinum during biogas processes that scientifically invalidate contrary claims by some media in the public. Furthermore, the results improve the fragmentary knowledge on the prevalence of several clostridial pathogens in agricultural biogas production.
Topics: Animals; Biofuels; Botulinum Toxins; Clostridium; Manure; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sewage
PubMed: 26198084
DOI: 10.1111/jam.12909 -
Microorganisms Jul 2021is a sporulating Gram-positive anaerobic rod that is considered to be one of the most fastidious and oxygen-sensitive anaerobes. It is a well-known animal pathogen and...
is a sporulating Gram-positive anaerobic rod that is considered to be one of the most fastidious and oxygen-sensitive anaerobes. It is a well-known animal pathogen and the cause of bacillary hemoglobinuria primarily in cattle. To date, human infections caused by have been reported in three patients with malignant underlying diseases. We present herein the case of a 30-year-old obese woman with no significant past medical history who developed bacteremia caused by with massive intravascular hemolysis associated with bone marrow necrosis and acute renal failure. Because of subculture failure, the diagnosis was made on the basis of 16S rDNA sequencing and next-generation sequencing. The patient, who had been afebrile for 20 days after a 17-day-course of antibiotics, experienced a second bacteremic episode caused by . After having been successfully treated for 42 days with clindamycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, the patient developed acute myeloid leukemia as a result of bone marrow regeneration. Although uncommon in humans, infections caused by are severe and should be considered in a febrile patient who has severe hemolytic anemia. This case also highlights the importance of using molecular techniques for the identification of this fastidious anaerobic organism.
PubMed: 34442646
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081568 -
Medicine May 2018Liver abscesses caused by Clostridium species infection are extremely rare. (Review)
Review
RATIONALE
Liver abscesses caused by Clostridium species infection are extremely rare.
PATIENT CONCERNS
The authors report the first case of a liver abscess due to Clostridium haemolyticum, which occurred after transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma, in a 76-year-old woman who presented with right upper quadrant pain and fever.
DIAGNOSES
Computed tomography of the abdomen after the second TACE showed an air-filled abscess around a compact, lipiodolized lesion in the right hepatic lobe. Pus culture showed the growth of C haemolyticum.
INTERVENTIONS
Broad-spectrum antibiotics, including piperacillin/tazobactam and metronidazole, were administered, and a percutaneous 10-French pigtail catheter for pus drainage and culture was inserted in the liver abscess.
OUTCOMES
Despite administering intensive treatments, she presented with rapid deterioration in mental status, liver function, and infection markers. She was transferred to the local hospital for palliative conservative treatment.
LESSONS
Clostridia infections, including those involving C haemolyticum, are extremely rare, but should be considered as one of the causative organisms of liver abscess formation after TACE because of its rapid and fatal clinical course.
Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Chemoembolization, Therapeutic; Clostridium Infections; Female; Humans; Liver Abscess; Liver Neoplasms; Metronidazole; Penicillanic Acid; Piperacillin; Tazobactam
PubMed: 29742715
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000010688 -
Canadian Journal of Comparative... Apr 1977One hundred fifty-one isolates of Clostridium haemolyticum were examined for consistent toxin production following repeated serial transfers in laboratory media. Most of...
One hundred fifty-one isolates of Clostridium haemolyticum were examined for consistent toxin production following repeated serial transfers in laboratory media. Most of these isolates produced only small amounts of toxic materials and serial transfers appeared to reduce toxigenic characteristics. Eleven of the isolates consistenly produced measurable amounts of toxic materials. One of these isolates was used for production of toxic fluids that were concentrated by lyophilization and reconstitution to a smaller volume or by precipitation with ammonium sulphate followed by dialysis against water and glycerol. Known amounts of these substances were inactivated with formalin, heat, beta-propiolactone, ultra-violet irradiation and glutathione. The resulting toxoids were inoculated into guinea pigs and most were judged to be nonimmunogenic because the animals were unable to resist dermal challenge. Toxic materials with added glycine were inactivated with formaldehyde as readily as those without the amino acid but the resulting toxoids were immunogenic while those prepared without the amino acid were not.
Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Antigens; Antitoxins; Clostridium; Formaldehyde; Glutathione; Glycerol; Glycine; Guinea Pigs; Hot Temperature; Propiolactone; Toxins, Biological; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 558816
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021Classified as the genospecies lato and distributed into four lineages (I-IV), (group III), , and are clostridial pathogens that cause animal diseases. contains a...
Classified as the genospecies lato and distributed into four lineages (I-IV), (group III), , and are clostridial pathogens that cause animal diseases. contains a large mobilome consisting of plasmids and circular bacteriophages. Here, we explored clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) arrays and their associated proteins (Cas) to shed light on the link between evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems and the plasmid and phage composition in a study of 58 genomes. In 55 of these genomes, types I-B (complete or partial), I-D, II-C, III-B, III-D, or V-U CRISPR-Cas systems were detected in chromosomes as well as in mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Type I-B predominated (67.2%) and was the only CRISPR type detected in the Ia, III, and IV genomic lineages. Putative type V-U CRISPR Cas14a genes were detected in two different cases: next to partial type-IB CRISPR loci on the phage encoding the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) in lineage Ia and in 12 lineage II genomes, as part of a putative integrative element related to a phage-inducible chromosomal island (PICI). In the putative PICI, Cas14a was associated with CRISPR arrays and restriction modification (RM) systems as part of an accessory locus. This is the first time a PICI containing such locus has been detected in . Mobilome composition and dynamics were also investigated based on the contents of the CRISPR arrays and the study of spacers. A large proportion of identified protospacers (20.2%) originated from (p1_Cst, p4_BKT015925, p6_Cst, CWou-2020a, p1_BKT015925, and p2_BKT015925), confirming active exchanges within this genospecies and the key importance of specific MGEs in .
PubMed: 34589070
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.711413 -
Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online 2017is the causal agent of bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle, goat, sheep, and ruminants. In this study, we report the first recorded human-infecting strain collected...
is the causal agent of bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle, goat, sheep, and ruminants. In this study, we report the first recorded human-infecting strain collected from an 18-year-old woman diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. After failure of traditional techniques, only next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology in combination with bioinformatics, phylogenetic, and pathogenomics analyses revealed that our King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KFSHRC) bacterial isolate belongs to species. KFSHRC isolate is composed of 1 chromosome and 4 plasmids. The total genome size is estimated to be 2.7 Mbp with a low GC content of 28.02%. Comparative pathogenomics analysis showed that KFSHRC isolate is a potential virulent pathogenic bacterium as it possesses the virulence factors necessary to establish an infection, acquire essential nutrients, resist antimicrobial agents, and tolerate hostile conditions both in the human host and in its surrounding environment. These factors are included in the main chromosome in addition to novel recombination of the plasmids, and they could be the reason for the incidence of that human infection. This work demonstrated the importance of using NGS in medical microbiology for pathogen identification. It also demonstrates the importance of sequencing more microbial samples and sharing this information in public databases to facilitate the identification of pathogenic microbes with better accuracy.
PubMed: 28469373
DOI: 10.1177/1176934316686072 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2020Flagellins are the protein components of bacterial flagella and assemble in up to 20,000 copies to form extracellular flagellar filaments. An unusual family of...
Flagellins are the protein components of bacterial flagella and assemble in up to 20,000 copies to form extracellular flagellar filaments. An unusual family of flagellins was recently discovered that contains a unique metalloprotease domain within its surface-exposed hypervariable region. To date, these proteolytic flagellins (also termed flagellinolysins) have only been characterized in the Gram-positive organism Clostridium haemolyticum, where flagellinolysin was shown to be proteolytically active and capable of cleaving extracellular protein substrates. The biological function of flagellinolysin and its activity in other organisms, however, remain unclear. Here, using molecular biochemistry and proteomics, we have performed an initial characterization of a novel flagellinolysin identified from Hylemonella gracilis, a Gram-negative organism originally isolated from pond water. We demonstrate that H. gracilis flagellinolysin (HgrFlaMP) is an active calcium-dependent zinc metallopeptidase and characterize its cleavage specificity profile using both trypsin and GluC-derived peptide libraries and protein substrates. Based on high-throughput degradomic assays, HgrFlaMP cleaved 784 unique peptides and displayed a cleavage site specificity similar to flagellinolysin from C. haemolyticum. Additionally, by using a set of six protein substrates, we identified 206 protein-embedded cleavage sites, further refining the substrate preference of HgrFlaMP, which is dominated by large hydrophobic amino acids in P1', and small hydrophobic or medium-sized polar residues on the amino-terminal side of the scissile bond. Intriguingly, recombinant HgrFlaMP was also capable of cleaving full-length flagellins from another species, suggesting its potential involvement in interbacterial interactions. Our study reports the first experimentally characterized proteolytic flagellin in a Gram-negative organism, and provides new insights into flagellum-mediated enzymatic activity.
Topics: Amino Acids; Comamonadaceae; Flagellin; Fresh Water; Genome, Bacterial; Open Reading Frames; Phylogeny; Proteolysis; Proteome; Proteomics; Substrate Specificity; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 33149258
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76010-8