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Medicina Oral, Patologia Oral Y Cirugia... Mar 2019Candidiasis is one of the most common opportunistic oral infections that presents different acute and chronic clinical presentations with diverse diagnostic and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Candidiasis is one of the most common opportunistic oral infections that presents different acute and chronic clinical presentations with diverse diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The present study carries out a bibliographic review on the therapeutic tools available against oral candidiasis and their usefulness in each clinical situation.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Recent studies on treatment of oral candidiasis were retrieved from PubMed and Cochrane Library.
RESULTS
Nystatin and miconazole are the most commonly used topical antifungal drugs. Both antifungal drugs are very effective but need a long time of use to eradicate the infection. The pharmacological presentations of miconazole are more comfortable for patients but this drug may interact with other drugs and this fact should be assessed before use. Other topical alternatives for oral candidiasis, such as amphotericin B or clotrimazole, are not available in many countries. Oral fluconazole is effective in treating oral candidiasis that does not respond to topical treatment. Other systemic treatment alternatives, oral or intravenous, less used are itraconazole, voriconazole or posaconazole. Available novelties include echinocandins (anidulafungin, caspofungin) and isavuconazole. Echinocandins can only be used intravenously. Isavuconazole is available for oral and intravenous use. Other hopeful alternatives are new drugs, such as ibrexafungerp, or the use of antibodies, cytokines and antimicrobial peptides.
CONCLUSIONS
Nystatin, miconazole, and fluconazole are very effective for treating oral candidiasis. There are systemic alternatives for treating recalcitrant infections, such as the new triazoles, echinocandins, or lipidic presentations of amphotericin B.
Topics: Administration, Intravenous; Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Amphotericin B; Anidulafungin; Antifungal Agents; Azoles; Candidiasis, Oral; Caspofungin; Clotrimazole; Databases, Factual; Drug Interactions; Echinocandins; Fluconazole; Humans; Miconazole; Nitriles; Nystatin; Pyridines; Triazoles
PubMed: 30818309
DOI: 10.4317/medoral.22978 -
Cureus Oct 2022Otomycosis is a disease whose acute form affects four in 1,000 persons annually and the chronic form affects 3-5% of the population. It is brought on by various fungi,... (Review)
Review
Otomycosis is a disease whose acute form affects four in 1,000 persons annually and the chronic form affects 3-5% of the population. It is brought on by various fungi, primarily saprophytes which most commonly include the Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The disease rarely poses a life-threatening danger, but as it requires prolonged treatment and follow-up and has a significant chance of recurrence, it has a difficult and taxing course. Numerous therapeutic modalities are available for the treatment of otomycosis. In the beginning, the fungal elements are removed by ear toilet - washing or suctioning of the ear canal followed by drying. Topical therapy includes the use of antifungals, of which the most commonly used drugs include clotrimazole or miconazole, often given along with ceftazidime which is an antibacterial. The primary mechanism by which clotrimazole works is by impairing the permeability barrier of the cytoplasmic membrane of the fungi, which causes holes to appear in the cell membrane and leaking out of the contents of the organism, thus killing the fungus and treating the infection. Various studies suggest that following clotrimazole drop therapy, symptoms suggestive of otomycosis are not at risk for recurrence of the disease and due to its economical pricing and easy availability, is frequently recommended by otolaryngologists in the treatment of otomycosis. In this review article, we will discuss about the effectiveness of the drug in different populations, observe treatment failures and relapse of the disease, analyze the ability of clotrimazole drops in preventing relapse of the infection, and observe the role of the drug in reducing the signs and symptoms of the disease.
PubMed: 36381881
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30098 -
Postgraduate Medical Journal Sep 1979The newer antifungal agents, clotrimazole, miconazole and haloprogin are considered for their efficacy and acceptability, and are compared with other topical agents used... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Comparative Study
The newer antifungal agents, clotrimazole, miconazole and haloprogin are considered for their efficacy and acceptability, and are compared with other topical agents used for the treatment of dermatophyte infections of the skin.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Antifungal Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Clotrimazole; Dermatomycoses; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Griseofulvin; Humans; Miconazole; Phenyl Ethers; Tolnaftate
PubMed: 392476
DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.55.647.605 -
BMJ Clinical Evidence Jul 2009Around 15% to 25% of people are likely to have athlete's foot at any one time. The infection can spread to other parts of the body and to other people. (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Around 15% to 25% of people are likely to have athlete's foot at any one time. The infection can spread to other parts of the body and to other people.
METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of topical treatments for athlete's foot? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to July 2008 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS
We found 14 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: improved foot hygiene, including socks and hosiery; topical allylamines (naftifine and terbinafine); topical azoles (bifonazole, clotrimazole, econazole nitrate, miconazole nitrate, sulconazole nitrate, and tioconazole); and topical ciclopirox olamine.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Clotrimazole; Drug Administration Schedule; Econazole; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Hygiene; Miconazole; Tinea Pedis
PubMed: 21696646
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Sep 2014Clotrimazole is a broad-spectrum antimycotic drug mainly used for the treatment of Candida albicans and other fungal infections. A synthetic, azole antimycotic,... (Review)
Review
Clotrimazole is a broad-spectrum antimycotic drug mainly used for the treatment of Candida albicans and other fungal infections. A synthetic, azole antimycotic, clotrimazole is widely used as a topical treatment for tinea pedis (athlete's foot), as well as vulvovaginal and oropharyngeal candidiasis. It displays fungistatic antimycotic activity by targeting the biosynthesis of ergosterol, thereby inhibiting fungal growth. As well as its antimycotic activity, clotrimazole has become a drug of interest against several other diseases such as sickle cell disease, malaria and some cancers. It has also been combined with other molecules, such as the metals, to produce clotrimazole complexes that show improved pharmacological efficacy. Moreover, several new, modified-release pharmaceutical formulations are also undergoing development. Clotrimazole is a very well-tolerated product with few side effects, although there is some drug resistance appearing among immunocompromised patients. Here, we review the pharmaceutical chemistry, application and pharmacology of clotrimazole and discuss future prospects for its further development as a chemotherapeutic agent.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Clotrimazole
PubMed: 24863842
DOI: 10.1111/jam.12554