Review

Authors: Nahed A El-Shall, Mohamed E Abd El-Hack, Najah M Albaqami...

Avian coccidiosis is a major parasitic disorder in chickens resulting from the intracellular apicomplexan protozoa Eimeria that target the intestinal tract leading to a devastating disease. Eimeria life cycle is complex and consists of intra- and extracellular stages inducing a potent inflammatory response that results in tissue damage associated with oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, diarrheal hemorrhage, poor growth, increased susceptibility to other disease agents, and in severe cases, mortality. Various anticoccidial drugs and vaccines have been used to prevent and control this disorder; however, many drawbacks have been reported. Drug residues concerning the consumers have directed research toward natural, safe, and effective alternative compounds. Phytochemical/herbal medicine is one of these natural alternatives to anticoccidial drugs, which is considered an attractive way to combat coccidiosis in compliance with the "anticoccidial chemical-free" regulations. The anticoccidial properties of several natural herbal products (or their extracts) have been reported. The effect of herbal additives on avian coccidiosis is based on diminishing the oocyst output through inhibition or impairment of the invasion, replication, and development of Eimeria species in the gut tissues of chickens; lowering oocyst counts due to the presence of phenolic compounds in herbal extracts which reacts with cytoplasmic membranes causing coccidial cell death; ameliorating the degree of intestinal lipid peroxidation; facilitating the repair of epithelial injuries; and decreasing the intestinal permeability induced by Eimeria species through the upregulation of epithelial turnover. This current review highlights the anticoccidial activity of several herbal products, and their other beneficial effects.

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Coccidiosis; Eimeria; Phytochemicals; Poultry

PubMed: 34871985
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101542

Review

Authors: Dan Zhao, Jingxia Suo, Lin Liang...

Coccidiosis is one of the most significant diseases affecting the poultry industry, with recent estimates indicating that it causes annual losses exceeding £10 billion globally. Increasing concerns over drug residues and resistance have elevated the importance of safe and effective vaccines as the primary method for controlling coccidiosis and other animal diseases. However, current commercial live vaccines for coccidiosis can negatively impact the feed conversion rates of young broilers and induce subclinical symptoms of coccidiosis, limiting their widespread adoption. Eimeria species, the causative agents of coccidiosis, exhibit unique biological characteristics. Their life cycle involves 2 or more generations of schizogony and 1 generation of gametogony within the host, followed by sporogony in a suitable external environment. Sporogony is crucial for Eimeria oocysts to become infectious and propagate within the host. Focusing on the sporogony process of Eimeria presents a promising approach to overcoming technical challenges in the efficient control of coccidiosis, addressing the urgent need for sustainable and healthy farming practices. This paper systematically reviews existing control strategies for coccidiosis, identifies current challenges, and emphasizes the research progress and future directions in developing control agents targeting sporogony. The goal is to provide guidance for the formulation of scientific prevention and control measures for coccidiosis.

Topics: Coccidiosis; Animals; Poultry Diseases; Eimeria; Chickens; Protozoan Vaccines; Oocysts

PubMed: 39260244
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104246

Review

Authors: Sandra Noack, H David Chapman, Paul M Selzer...

Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease of a wide variety of animals caused by coccidian protozoa. The coccidia are responsible for major economic losses of the livestock industry. For example, the annual cost due to coccidiosis to the global poultry industry has been estimated to exceed US$ 3 billion annually. Currently available drugs for the control of this disease are either polyether ionophorous antibiotics that are derived from fermentation products, or synthetic compounds, produced by chemical synthesis. Unfortunately, no new drugs in either category have been approved for use for decades. Resistance has been documented for all those of the drugs currently employed and therefore the discovery of novel drugs with unique modes of action is imperative if chemotherapy is to remain the principal means to control this disease. This chapter aims to give an overview of the efficacy and mode of action of the current compounds used to control coccidiosis in livestock and provides a brief outlook of research needs for the future.

Topics: Animals; Coccidia; Coccidiosis; Coccidiostats; Livestock; Poultry; Poultry Diseases

PubMed: 31152233
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06343-5

Authors: Barbara Hinney, Daniel Sperling, Susan Kars-Hendriksen...

Piglet coccidiosis caused by Cystoisospora suis is one of the most important causes of diarrhea in suckling piglets. The parasite has a fast development and multiplies quickly and effectively under the conditions of a farrowing unit. Control measures include cleaning and disinfection and anticoccidial treatment. In Europe, toltrazuril-based products are authorized for this purpose and are applied to piglets on affected farms in the first week of life. To observe the effect of treatment and disinfection on the control of piglet coccidiosis in the field, 23 farms (11 from Belgium, 12 from the Netherlands, mean number of sows = 1413) were sampled twice by litter in the second and third week of life and fecal scores and the presence of C. suis oocysts were determined. A questionnaire was used to collect data on farm sizes, management and hygiene measures as well as treatment (product, dose and piglet age). Thirteen farms regularly treated with toltrazuril (treatment age: 1-6 days, mean 4.3 days) and 19 applied disinfection. Parasite excretion was documented on 60.9% and diarrhea on 78.3% of farms and in 34.3%/15.7% of the litters. Only 2.4% of the litters showed both, so subclinical infection appeared to be common. No significant differences between farms that did not treat against coccidiosis and farms that applied toltrazuril was observed with regard to C. suis oocysts shedding and/or diarrhea. However, in litters that were treated within the first three days of life, oocyst excretion was significantly less often observed than in litters with later treatment (p = 0.033). No significant effect of disinfection could be shown, but most farms applied disinfectants that have no proven effect against coccidia (oxygen-releasing agents or glutaraldehyde + ammonia) while the only farm that used chlorocresols (which are effective against coccidia) did not show oocyst shedding. Current control measures thus appear to be insufficient on most of the examined farms. It is therefore recommended to treat piglets timely and to apply effective disinfectants to reduce C. suis infections. Furthermore, regular evaluation of sustained efficacy of all implemented measures are necessary.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Suckling; Belgium; Coccidiosis; Female; Netherlands; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Swine; Swine Diseases

PubMed: 34024397
DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100581

Review

Authors: Camila Koutsodontis Cerqueira-Cézar, Rafael Calero-Bernal, Jitender Prakash Dubey...

Neospora caninum is protozoan parasite with domestic and wild dogs, coyotes and grey wolves as the definitive hosts and many warm-blooded animals as intermediate hosts. It was cultivated and named in 1988. Neosporosis is a major disease of cattle and has no public health significance. Since 1990's N. caninum has emerged as a major cause of abortion in cattle worldwide, including in Brazil. N. caninum also causes clinical infections in several other animal species. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the biology of N. caninum and there are more than 200 papers on this subject from Brazil. However, most of the reports on neosporosis from Brazil are serological surveys. Overall, little is known of clinical neosporosis in Brazil, particularly cattle. The few reports pertain to sporadic cases of abortion with no information on epidemics or storms of abortion. The objective of the present review is to summarize all reports from Brazil and suggest topic for further research, including prevalence of N. caninum oocysts in soil or in canine feces, and determining if there are additional definitive hosts, other than the domestic dog. There is need for a national survey in cattle using defined parameters. Future researches should focus on molecular characterization of N. caninum strains, possibility of vaccine production and relationship between wildlife and livestock epidemiology.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Brazil; Coccidiosis; Neospora

PubMed: 28876360
DOI: 10.1590/S1984-29612017045

Authors: Haiming Cai, Shengjun Luo, Qingfeng Zhou...

Avian coccidiosis is the most serious parasitic disease in the poultry industry. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to explore the effects of B. subtilis and live coccidiosis vaccine alone or in combination on the production performance and anticoccidiosis, as well as the dynamic changes of intestinal microbial community. Nine hundred ninty Mahuang chickens were randomized into 4 preimmune groups including control group, coccidiosis vaccine immunization group; B. subtilis administration group and a group that was administrated a combination of live coccidiosis vaccine and B. subtilis group. Intestinal mucosal scraps collected from all these experimental groups at the age of 8 d and 15 d for microbial community 16S rRNA gene sequencing. At the age of 25 d, 30 broilers from each preimmune group were randomly assigned to a subgroup infected with Eimeria spp. and renamed as CI, V-CI BS-CI, and VBS-CI group. The production performance was monitored at the age of 25 d, 35 d, 45 d, and 55 d for the rest broilers from each pre-immune group. Otherwise, in the Eimeria spp. challenge stage, intestinal mucosal scraps collected for microbial community sequencing, while duodenum, jejunum, and cecum collected for pathological examination after sacrifice at the age of 32 d. In addition, the oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) and intestinal lesion score of broilers after Eimeria spp. challenge were also counted. Overall, the probiotics and coccidiosis vaccine resulted in the significantly improvement of the production performance. Otherwise, the intestinal lesion score and OPG after Eimeria spp. infection was significantly decreased in the VBS-CI group (P < 0.05). Moreover, these protective effects may also be closely related to genus such as Romboutsia, Blautia, and Butyricococcus, as well as microbiota functions like the quorum sensing pathway. According to these results, a combination of B. subtilis and coccidiosis vaccines can improve performance and provide additional protection against Eimeria spp. infection.

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Bacillus subtilis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Poultry Diseases; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Animal Feed; Diet; Eimeria; Coccidiosis; Vaccines

PubMed: 36095864
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102091

Review

Authors: Soraya S Bosch, Thales Kronenberger, Kamila A Meissner...

Apicomplexan parasites cause infectious diseases that are either a severe public health problem or an economic burden. In this paper we will shed light on how oxidative stress can influence the host-pathogen relationship by focusing on three major diseases: babesiosis, coccidiosis, and toxoplasmosis.

Topics: Animals; Babesia; Babesiosis; Coccidiosis; Cryptosporidium; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Oxidative Stress; Toxoplasma; Toxoplasmosis

PubMed: 25722976
DOI: 10.1155/2015/351289

Review

Authors: J P Dubey

Camelids (llamas, alpacas, vicuñas, guanacos) are important for the economy of South America and Eimeria infections are important as cause of mortality in camelids. Of the five most prevalent species of Eimeria in South American camelids, Eimeria macusaniensis, Eimeria lamae, Eimeria alpacae, Eimeria punoensis, and Eimeria ivitaensis, E. macusaniensis is considered the most pathogenic. There is considerable confusion concerning the endogenous developmental stages of Eimeria spp. in camelids. Many papers on camelid coccidiosis were published in local Peruvian journals, not easily accessible to wider audience. The objective of the present paper is to summarize information on history, validity of Eimeria species, life cycle, pathogenicity, prevalence, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control of coccidiosis in camelids.

Topics: Animals; Camelids, New World; Coccidiosis; Eimeria; Feces; Prevalence; South America

PubMed: 29804192
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5890-y

Meta-Analysis

Authors: James Taylor, Carrie Walk, Maciej Misiura...

A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the role of Eimeria species, dose and inoculation time, on performance and infection outcomes of different broiler strains infected for different study durations. The meta-analysis addressed E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, and mixed species infections, and involved data from 72 peer-reviewed articles, corresponding to 521 treatments performed on 20,756 broilers. A secondary objective was to investigate the effects of synthetic anticoccidials, ionophores, and vaccination against Eimeria on the above outcomes. Performance during infection was scaled (%) to that of the uninfected birds. Infection reduced scaled ADFI and ADG (P < 0.001) and increased feed conversion ratio (FCR; P < 0.05); there was a significant interaction between dose and species on scaled ADFI and ADG, suggesting that different species affected these variables to different extents (P < 0.001). There was a tendency for an interaction between dose and broiler strain on scaled ADFI (P = 0.079), and a significant interaction between these variables on scaled ADG (P < 0.01). A tendency for an interaction between oocyst dose and Eimeria species (P = 0.067) on maximum number of oocysts excreted was observed. Lesion scores were significantly affected by dose, species, and their interaction (P < 0.05), the latter caused by an increase in the lesion scores during E. maxima and E. tenella infections. Control methods significantly affected scaled ADG and FCR (P < 0.05) and there was an interaction between dose and control methods on ADFI (P < 0.001). Synthetic anticoccidial use improved scaled ADG (P < 0.01), whereas ionophores improved FCR compared with untreated birds (P < 0.01). An interaction between dose and control method on scaled ADFI was caused by the higher ADFI of vaccinated compared to untreated birds, as dose increased. There was a significant effect of control methods on lesion scores (P < 0.01). All findings advance our understanding of the factors that influence the impact of coccidiosis and its controls in broilers.

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Coccidiosis; Eimeria; Ionophores; Oocysts; Poultry Diseases

PubMed: 35219136
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101746

Meta-Analysis Review

Authors: Milad Badri, Meysam Olfatifar, Alireza Hayati...

BACKGROUND

Eimeria is a protozoan parasite that affects poultry, particularly chickens, causing a disease known as coccidiosis. This disease imposes substantial significant economic challenges to the poultry sector.

OBJECTIVES

The current study aimed to estimate the global prevalence and associated risk factors of Eimeria in domestic chickens.

METHODS

Multiple databases (Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Science and Google Scholar) were searched for articles published until June 2023. The pooled prevalence was estimated using a random-effects model with a 95% confidence interval. The statistical analysis was conducted using meta packages in R version (3.6.1).

RESULTS

In total, 41 articles fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The global pooled prevalence was 44.3% (36.9%-51.8%) with Eimeria tenella (38.7%, 30.1%-47.7%) as the most prevalent species. The highest pooled prevalence was related to the Western Pacific Region (80.5%, 72.6%-87.3%) and urban areas (44.4%, 36.5%-52.6%). Moreover, areas with humid subtropical climates represent the highest overall prevalence (75.8%, 46.6%-95.9%).

CONCLUSION

The necessity for robust and innovative strategies for preventing and managing this disease cannot be overstated. Addressing Eimeria impact is crucial not only for safeguarding poultry health but also for sustaining the economic viability of the poultry industry.

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Coccidiosis; Eimeria; Poultry Diseases; Prevalence; Risk Factors

PubMed: 38814576
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1469