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Human Fertility (Cambridge, England) Mar 2011This study was designed to establish whether motile spermatozoa are released with pre-ejaculatory fluid and whether this fluid therefore poses a risk for unintended...
This study was designed to establish whether motile spermatozoa are released with pre-ejaculatory fluid and whether this fluid therefore poses a risk for unintended pregnancy. Forty samples of pre-ejaculatory fluid were examined from 27 volunteer men. Samples were obtained by masturbation and by touching the end of the penis with a Petri dish prior to ejaculation. Eleven of the 27 subjects (41%) produced pre-ejaculatory samples that contained spermatozoa and in 10 of these cases (37%), a reasonable proportion of the sperm was motile. The volunteers produced on up to five separate occasions and sperms were found in either all or none of their pre-ejaculatory samples. Hence, condoms should continue to be used from the first moment of genital contact, although it may be that some men, less likely to leak spermatozoa in their pre-ejaculatory fluid, are able to practice coitus interruptus more successfully than others.
Topics: Condoms; Ejaculation; Humans; Male; Penis; Semen; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 21155689
DOI: 10.3109/14647273.2010.520798 -
Canadian Family Physician Medecin de... Sep 1971The family physician must assume the role of counsellor on birth control and should therefore be knowledgeable about modern techniques. He should also be aware of...
The family physician must assume the role of counsellor on birth control and should therefore be knowledgeable about modern techniques. He should also be aware of sterilization and abortion procedures and should be able to direct his patients to other agencies when necessary. This article covers details of the rhythm method, coitus interruptus, condoms, cervical occlusive devices, chemical contraceptives, intrauterine devices, contraceptive pills, and sterilization of both male and female.
PubMed: 20468678
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical and Translational Science Mar 2020Unintended pregnancy is surprisingly common, accounting for 40-50% of pregnancies worldwide. Contraception is the most effective means of preventing unintended... (Review)
Review
Unintended pregnancy is surprisingly common, accounting for 40-50% of pregnancies worldwide. Contraception is the most effective means of preventing unintended pregnancy. Seventy percent of all contraceptives are used by women; however, some women are unable to use contraceptives due to health conditions or side effects. Many men wish to take a more active role family planning, but currently have only two effective male contraceptive options, condoms and vasectomy. Therefore, work to develop novel male contraceptives analogous to popular female methods, such as daily pills or long-acting shots and implants, is underway. This paper will briefly discuss the pros and cons of condoms and vasectomies, and then review the research into novel methods of male contraception.
Topics: Abortion, Induced; Coitus Interruptus; Condoms; Contraception; Contraceptive Agents, Male; Contraceptive Effectiveness; Drug Development; Family Planning Services; Female; Humans; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Unplanned; Spermatogenesis; Vasectomy
PubMed: 31618525
DOI: 10.1111/cts.12708 -
The Journal of Sexual Medicine Oct 2014Although understudied in the context of AIDS, use of withdrawal (coitus interruptus) with or in place of other prevention methods affects exposure to both pregnancy and...
INTRODUCTION
Although understudied in the context of AIDS, use of withdrawal (coitus interruptus) with or in place of other prevention methods affects exposure to both pregnancy and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
AIM
We used mixed methods to assess use of withdrawal among 15-24-year-olds in a rural Ugandan setting with considerable HIV prevalence.
METHODS
We measured withdrawal reporting among (i) sexually active 15-24-year-olds enrolled in a quantitative community survey (n = 6,722) and (ii) in-depth qualitative interview participants systematically selected from the latest round of the community survey (N = 60). Respondents were asked about family planning and HIV prevention practices, including a direct question about withdrawal in the in-depth interviews.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The main outcome measures were reports of current use of withdrawal on the quantitative survey (general question about family planning methods) and reports of current or recent use withdrawal in qualitative interviews (specific question about withdrawal). Qualitative interviews also probed for factors associated with withdrawal use.
RESULTS
Although less than 1% of quantitative survey participants spontaneously named withdrawal as their current family planning method, 48% of qualitative interview respondents reported current or lifetime use of withdrawal. Withdrawal was often used as a pleasurable alternative to condoms, when condoms were not available, and/or as a "placeholder" method before obtaining injectable contraception. A few respondents described using withdrawal to reduce HIV risk.
CONCLUSION
Qualitative findings revealed widespread withdrawal use among young adults in Rakai, mainly as a condom alternative. Thus, withdrawal may shape exposure to both pregnancy and HIV. Future behavioral surveys should assess withdrawal practices directly--and separately from other contraceptives and HIV prevention methods. Further clinical research should further document withdrawal's association with HIV risk.
Topics: Adolescent; Coitus Interruptus; Condoms; Contraception; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Rural Population; Uganda; Young Adult
PubMed: 24238371
DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12375 -
Reproductive Health Jan 2021Misconceptions about the usefulness of condoms and other contraceptives still expose many unmarried adolescents to the risk of unwanted teenage pregnancies and...
BACKGROUND
Misconceptions about the usefulness of condoms and other contraceptives still expose many unmarried adolescents to the risk of unwanted teenage pregnancies and sexually-transmitted infections (STIs). This study explored beliefs and misconceptions about condoms and other contraceptives among adolescents in Ebonyi state, south-east Nigeria.
METHOD
A qualitative study was undertaken in six local government areas in Ebonyi state, southeast Nigeria. Data were collected within a period of one month from in and out-of-school adolescents aged 13-18 years using twelve focus group discussions (FGD). The data were analyzed using the thematic framework approach.
RESULT
Majority of the adolescents were knowledgeable about methods of contraception, how they are used and their modes of action. They were also knowledgeable about the dual effects of condoms in prevention of pregnancy and STIs. However, some misconceptions that were expressed by some adolescents were that pregnancy could be prevented by the use of (i) hard drugs, (ii) laxatives, (iii) white chlorine, and (iv) boiled alcoholic beverages. Condoms were described by some adolescent boys as reusable. Condoms were also perceived by some adolescents to reduce sexual pleasure, and this opinion was mostly held by boys. Coitus interruptus (withdrawal method) was therefore considered more preferable than condoms for prevention of pregnancy.
CONCLUSION
Although majority adolescents have knowledge about contraception and condom use, some misconceptions still persist. These misconceptions put many adolescents at increased risk for pregnancy and STIs which are detrimental to their health and wellbeing. Concerted efforts should be made through educational and behaviour change interventions in schools and within communities to debunk persisting misconceptions about contraception including the use of condom, and properly educate adolescents on safe sex practices. Adolescents engage in unprotected sexual intercourse and other risky sexual behaviours because of some mistaken beliefs and wrong impressions about how to prevent unwanted pregnancy. These risky sexual behaviours predispose adolescents to sexually transmitted infections, unsafe abortion and other reproductive health problems. In this qualitative study, we explored some of these mistaken beliefs about condoms and other methods of preventing pregnancy. During focus group discussions, adolescents identified modern contraceptive methods, and described their modes of action and how they are used. They also discussed their contraceptive preferences and perceived effects of condoms on sexual pleasure. Although some of these adolescents were able to correctly mention various types of contraceptives and their modes of action, there were numerous wrong impressions. Hard drugs, laxatives, white chlorine and boiled alcoholic beverage were listed as emergency contraceptive methods. Emergency pills were perceived to work by flushing away spermatozoa from a girl's system after sexual intercourse. Male condoms were perceived to be potentially dangerous because they could break and enter into the body of the female sexual partner. Some adolescent boys had the notion that particular brands of male condoms could be washed and reused. Notions about condom use and sexual pleasure varied for girls and boys. Some adolescent girls perceived that condom use during sex increases sexual pleasure because of the assurance of being protected from STIs and pregnancy. Adolescent boys were of the opinion that condoms interfere with the pleasure of direct 'flesh to flesh' contact during sex. There was a general belief that contraceptive use in early age reduces fertility prospects for boys and girls. Mistaken beliefs about methods of preventing pregnancy persist among adolescents, and this raises concerns about the quality of information they receive. Concerted efforts should be made to debunk these wrong beliefs and properly educate adolescents on safe sex practices.
Topics: Adolescent; Condoms; Contraception; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Nigeria; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Safe Sex; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases
PubMed: 33407642
DOI: 10.1186/s12978-020-01062-y -
Fertility and Sterility Jun 1994Whatever the mechanism of such improvements may be, the results in this study point out that coitus interruptus in the human may not be the method of choice for... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Whatever the mechanism of such improvements may be, the results in this study point out that coitus interruptus in the human may not be the method of choice for collection of semen specimens, especially in patients with spermatogenic dysfunctions such as hypospermia, oligospermia, and asthenospermia. It should also be noted at this point that, for whatever purpose (semen analysis or artificial insemination by husband), the collected specimen should as closely as possible resemble the ejaculate delivered during intercourse. The complete coitus method, as applied in this study, showed that completion of the ejaculatory process during intercourse as compared with the coitus interruptus method, may assist in the improvement of the collected specimen and should closely resemble the ejaculate obtained during intercourse without the use of Silastic condoms. Furthermore, on the basis of the results generated in this study, the complete coitus method should always be the method of choice for male infertility patients with ejaculatory and spermatogenic dysfunctions as well as for scientists and clinicians who deal in the field of infertility diagnosis and treatment.
Topics: Coitus; Coitus Interruptus; Female; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Semen; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 8194640
DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56779-x -
Fertility and Sterility Jul 1981The barrier class of contraceptives used either alone or with supplementary spermicidal agents includes the most ancient of methods for the control of human fertility.... (Review)
Review
The barrier class of contraceptives used either alone or with supplementary spermicidal agents includes the most ancient of methods for the control of human fertility. Modern innovations have effected marked improvement in their efficacy and acceptability, so that they have become key means of controlling fertility in the world today. The traditional diaphragms and condoms decreased in popularity to some extent when methods such as the OCs and IUDs became available for general use. However, the plain or medicated barriers are regaining their rightful position in our contraceptive armamentarium as more and more questions are being raised about the real or potential adverse side effects of systemic and intrauterine contraceptives. There is evidence throughout the world of the growing popularity and use of locally acting mechanical and/or spermicidal contraceptive methods. Their impact upon the increasing world population can be expected to become even greater when the true need for the control of fertility becomes more generally recognized and appreciated.
Topics: Adult; Coitus Interruptus; Contraception; Contraceptive Agents, Female; Contraceptive Devices, Female; Contraceptive Devices, Male; Female; History, 15th Century; History, 16th Century; History, 17th Century; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, Ancient; History, Medieval; Humans; Male; Spermatocidal Agents; Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies
PubMed: 7018929
DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)45609-8 -
Studies in Family Planning Mar 2019Contraceptive failure is a major contributor to unintended pregnancy worldwide. DHS retrospective calendars, which are the most widely used data source for estimating...
Contraceptive failure is a major contributor to unintended pregnancy worldwide. DHS retrospective calendars, which are the most widely used data source for estimating contraceptive failure in low-income countries, vary in quality across countries and surveys. We identified surveys with the most reliable calendar data and analyzed 105,322 episodes of contraceptive use from 15 DHSs conducted between 1992 and 2014. We estimate contraceptive method-specific 12-month failure rates. We also examined how failure rates vary by age, education, socioeconomic status, contraceptive intention, residence, and marital status using multilevel piecewise exponential hazard models. Our failure rate estimates are significantly lower than results from the United States and slightly higher than previous studies that included more DHS surveys, including some with lower-quality data. We estimate age-specific global contraceptive failure rates and find strong, consistent age patterns with the youngest users experiencing failure rates up to ten times higher than older women for certain methods. Failure also varies by socioeconomic status, with the poorest, and youngest, women at highest risk of experiencing unintended pregnancy due to failure.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Coitus Interruptus; Condoms; Contraceptive Agents; Contraceptive Effectiveness; Contraceptives, Oral; Developing Countries; Drug Implants; Educational Status; Female; Humans; Intention; Intrauterine Devices; Marital Status; Multilevel Analysis; Natural Family Planning Methods; Proportional Hazards Models; Residence Characteristics; Risk Factors; Social Class; Young Adult
PubMed: 30791104
DOI: 10.1111/sifp.12085 -
Annals of General Psychiatry 2016Previous studies have shown that personality characteristics affect sexual functioning. The aim of this exploratory study was to assess and describe the relationship...
BACKGROUND
Previous studies have shown that personality characteristics affect sexual functioning. The aim of this exploratory study was to assess and describe the relationship between global personality traits and the stereotypical femininity and masculinity levels with the broad aspects of sexual behaviours and attitudes in the group of 97 heterosexual young adult men aged 19-39 and living in Poland.
METHODS
The 'Big Five' personality traits were measured with the NEO-FFI questionnaire; stereotypical femininity and masculinity with the Bem sex role inventory (BSRI); sexual disorders with the International index of erectile function (IIEF); socio-epidemiological data, sexual behaviours and attitudes towards sexuality with a self-constructed questionnaire.
RESULTS
We identified weak to moderate associations with particular sexual behaviours and attitudes. Neuroticism correlated positively with lower sexual satisfaction, self-acceptance and more negative attitudes towards sexuality; extraversion with higher desire, frequency of sexual intercourses, their diversity, sexual satisfaction, masculinity level and lower report of erectile problems; openness to experience with better quality of partnership, more positive attitudes towards sexual activity and masculinity level; conscientiousness with later sexual initiation age, more frequent and diverse sexual behaviours (but lower interest in masturbation and coitus interruptus), overall sexual satisfaction, satisfaction with one's body and femininity level; agreeableness with a better quality of relationship with a partner, satisfaction from body, lower number of previous partners and more frequent sexual encounters (but less masturbation). Stereotypical masculinity, more so than femininity, was related to a wide range of positive aspects of sexuality.
CONCLUSIONS
The Big Five personality traits and stereotypical femininity/masculinity dimensions were found to have a noticeable, but weak to moderate influence on sexual behaviour in young adult males.
PubMed: 27777608
DOI: 10.1186/s12991-016-0114-2 -
American Journal of Obstetrics and... Oct 2020Nearly half of all pregnancies in the United States each year are unintended, with the highest rates observed among non-Hispanic black and Hispanic women. Little is...
BACKGROUND
Nearly half of all pregnancies in the United States each year are unintended, with the highest rates observed among non-Hispanic black and Hispanic women. Little is known about whether variations in unintended pregnancy and contraceptive use across racial and ethnic groups persist among women veteran Veterans Affairs users who have more universal access than other populations to health care and contraceptive services.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study were to identify a history of unintended pregnancy and describe patterns of contraceptive use across racial and ethnic groups among women veterans accessing Veterans Affairs primary care.
STUDY DESIGN
Cross-sectional data from a national random sample of women veterans (n = 2302) aged 18-44 years who had accessed Veterans Affairs primary care in the previous 12 month were used to assess a history of unintended pregnancy (pregnancies reported as either unwanted or having occurred too soon). Any contraceptive use at last sex (both prescription and nonprescription methods) and prescription contraceptive use at last sex were assessed in the subset of women (n = 1341) identified as being at risk for unintended pregnancy. Prescription contraceptive methods include long-acting reversible contraceptive methods (intrauterine devices and subdermal implants), hormonal methods (pill, patch, ring, and injection), and female or male sterilization; nonprescription methods include barrier methods (eg, condoms, diaphragm), fertility-awareness methods, and withdrawal. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between race/ethnicity with unintended pregnancy and contraceptive use at last sex.
RESULTS
Overall, 94.4% of women veterans at risk of unintended pregnancy used any method of contraception at last sex. Intrauterine devices (18.9%), female surgical sterilization (16.9%), and birth control pills (15.9%) were the 3 most frequently used methods across the sample. Intrauterine devices were the most frequently used method for Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, and other non-Hispanic women, while female surgical sterilization was the most frequently used method among non-Hispanic black women. In adjusted models, Hispanic women (adjusted odds ratio, 1.60, 95% confidence interval, 1.15-2.21) and non-Hispanic black women (adjusted odds ratio, 1.84, 95% confidence interval, 1.44-2.36) were significantly more likely than non-Hispanic white women to report any history of unintended pregnancy. In the subcohort of 1341 women at risk of unintended pregnancy, there were no significant racial/ethnic differences in use of any contraception at last sex. However, significant differences were observed in the use of prescription methods at last sex. Hispanic women (adjusted odds ratio, 0.51, 95% confidence interval, 0.35-0.75) and non-Hispanic black women (adjusted odds ratio, 0.69, 95% confidence interval, 0.51-0.95) were significantly less likely than non-Hispanic white women to have used prescription contraception at last sex.
CONCLUSION
Significant racial and ethnic differences exist in unintended pregnancy and contraceptive use among women veterans using Veterans Affairs care, suggesting the need for interventions to address potential disparities. Improving access to and delivery of patient-centered reproductive goals assessment and contraceptive counseling that can address knowledge gaps while respectfully considering individual patient preferences is needed to support women veterans' decision making and ensure equitable reproductive health services across Veterans Affairs.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Black or African American; Coitus Interruptus; Contraception; Contraception Behavior; Contraception, Barrier; Ethnicity; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Hispanic or Latino; Hormonal Contraception; Humans; Logistic Models; Long-Acting Reversible Contraception; Minority Groups; Natural Family Planning Methods; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Unplanned; Primary Health Care; Sterilization, Reproductive; United States; United States Department of Veterans Affairs; Veterans; White People; Young Adult
PubMed: 32142832
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.02.042