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The Journal of the American Osteopathic... Feb 2018Verrucae plantaris (plantar warts) are common cutaneous lesions of the plantar aspect of the foot that are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Ubiquitous in our... (Review)
Review
Verrucae plantaris (plantar warts) are common cutaneous lesions of the plantar aspect of the foot that are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Ubiquitous in our environment, asymptomatic infection with HPV occurs frequently, with most infections controlled or cleared by cellular and humoral immune responses. However, certain populations have been observed to manifest plantar warts at higher rates compared with the general population, placing them at increased risk for wart-induced pain and complications. Plantar warts shed HPV, which can then infect other sites in the plantar region or spread to other people. Although controlling risk factors is useful in preventing infection, the pervasive nature of HPV makes these preventive measures frequently impractical. This literature review outlines the current knowledge regarding the relationship between plantar wart pathophysiology, HPV transmission, and epidemiologic characteristics. Given the high propensity for treatment resistance of plantar warts and no established, practical, and reliable method of prevention, HPV prophylaxis for populations that demonstrate high rates of plantar warts may be of benefit in controlling the spread of lesions.
Topics: Cryotherapy; Female; Foot Diseases; Humans; Laser Therapy; Male; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Risk Factors; Salicylic Acid; Warts
PubMed: 29379975
DOI: 10.7556/jaoa.2018.024 -
Journal of Evidence-based Medicine Sep 2022Cutaneous warts caused by human papillomavirus are benign proliferative lesions that occur at any ages in human lives. Updated, comprehensive and systematic...
AIM
Cutaneous warts caused by human papillomavirus are benign proliferative lesions that occur at any ages in human lives. Updated, comprehensive and systematic evidence-based guidelines to guide clinical practice are urgently needed.
METHODS
We collaborated with multidisciplinary experts to formulate this guideline based on evidences of already published literature, focusing on 13 clinical questions elected by a panel of experts. We adopted Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system to form classification of recommendations as well as the improved Delphi method to retain respective recommendations with a consensus degree of over 80%.
RESULTS
Our guideline covered aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous warts such as diagnostic gold standard, transmission routes, laboratory tests, treatment principle, clinical cure criterion, definitions, and treatments of common warts, flat warts, plantar warts, condyloma acuminatum, and epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Recommendations about special population such as children and pregnant women are also listed. In total, 49 recommendations have been obtained.
CONCLUSIONS
It is a comprehensive and systematic evidence-based guideline and we hope this guideline could systematically and effectively guide the clinical practice of cutaneous warts and improve the overall levels of medical services.
Topics: Child; Female; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Pregnancy; Warts
PubMed: 36117295
DOI: 10.1111/jebm.12494 -
Virus Research Mar 2017Human Papillomavirus (HPV) research has been dominated by the study of a subset of Alpha papillomaviruses that together cause almost 5% of human cancers worldwide, with... (Review)
Review
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) research has been dominated by the study of a subset of Alpha papillomaviruses that together cause almost 5% of human cancers worldwide, with the focus being on the two most prominent of these (HPV16 and 18). These viruses are referred to as 'high-risk' (hrHPV), to distinguish them from the over 200 prevalent HPV types that more commonly cause only benign epithelial lesions. The 'low-risk' (lrHPV) term used to describe this group belies their cumulative morbidity. Persistent laryngeal papillomas, which occur rarely in children and adults, require regular surgical de-bulking to allow breathing. Such infections are not curable, and despite being caused by HPV11 (a lrHPV) are associated with 1-3% risk of cancer progression if not resolved. Similarly, the ubiquitous Beta HPV types, which commonly cause asymptomatic infections at cutaneous sites, can sometimes cause debilitating papillomatosis with associated cancer risk. Recalcitrant genital warts, which affect 1 in 200 young adults in the general population, and even the ubiquitous common warts and verrucas that most of us at some time experience, cannot be reliably eradicated, with treatment strategies advancing little over the last 100 years. The review highlights molecular similarities between high and low-risk HPV types, and focuses on the different pathways that the two groups use to ensure persistent infection and adequate virus shedding from the epithelial surface. Understanding the normal patterns of viral gene expression that underlie lesion formation, and which also prevent loss of the infected basal cells in established lesions, are particularly important when considering new treatment options. Finally, the common requirement for deregulated viral gene expression and genome persistence in development of cancers, unites both high and low-risk HPV types, and when considered alongside viral protein functions, provides us with a working understanding of the mechanisms that underlie HPV-associated pathology.
Topics: Asymptomatic Diseases; Carcinogenesis; Gene Expression; Genome, Viral; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Oncogene Proteins, Viral; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Phylogeny; Risk; Skin Neoplasms; Warts
PubMed: 28040475
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.017 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2022Cutaneous warts are common lesions in children caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and for most lesions spontaneously resolve within months of the initial... (Review)
Review
Cutaneous warts are common lesions in children caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and for most lesions spontaneously resolve within months of the initial infection, regardless of treatment. The infection is most prevalent in the second decade of life affecting over 40% of children. Studies have demonstrated wart virus carriage on normal skin is higher in children with active lesions and family members. Subtypes HPV 2, HPV 27, HPV 57 and HPV 63 are particularly common in paediatric populations. Warts arising on the plantar surface of the foot (verrucae) can be particularly problematic owing to the location. They may interfere with daily activities causing pain and embarrassment. Plantar lesions have been shown to be more resistant to treatment than warts elsewhere on the skin. Systematic reviews and studies conducted over the last decade have demonstrated little evidence of innovation or effective improvements in treatment of recalcitrant lesions over the last 30 years. However, newer modalities such as immunotherapy (using injected vaccines) and hyperthermia using microwave treatment may hold promise in improving the treatment of these common and therapeutically frustrating lesions.
Topics: Humans; Child; Papillomavirus Infections; Foot Diseases; Warts; Skin; Papillomaviridae
PubMed: 36554279
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416400 -
Australian Journal of General Practice Oct 2022Non-genital warts are benign cutaneous growths caused by infection with the human papillomavirus. Although warts can resolve spontaneously, patients might seek treatment... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Non-genital warts are benign cutaneous growths caused by infection with the human papillomavirus. Although warts can resolve spontaneously, patients might seek treatment due to discomfort or social ostracism. This review summarises high-quality studies investigating the efficacy of chemical and physical destructive wart therapies.
METHOD
We performed a literature review (up to June 2021) of published articles for wart management from MEDLINE and Embase databases. We considered systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies and case series. We included studies that investigated chemical or physical destructive therapies.
RESULTS
Fifteen therapies were evaluated and included salicylic acid, cryotherapy, silver nitrate, phenol, cantharidin, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, citric acid, formic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monochloroacetic acid, zinc, laser, surgery and electrocautery. Very few treatment options have been studied through RCTs.
DISCUSSION
To attenuate transmission, hygienic practices need to be adopted in conjunction with any treatment. Important considerations when treating patients with warts include the location of the wart, the evidence supporting the proposed treatment and potential adverse effects of treatment.
Topics: Cantharidin; Citric Acid; Humans; Pyruvic Acid; Salicylic Acid; Silver Nitrate; Trichloroacetic Acid; Warts; Zinc
PubMed: 36184865
DOI: 10.31128/AJGP-01-22-6305 -
BMJ Clinical Evidence Jun 2014Warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), of which there are over 100 types. HPV probably infects the skin via areas of minimal trauma. Risk factors include... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), of which there are over 100 types. HPV probably infects the skin via areas of minimal trauma. Risk factors include use of communal showers, occupational handling of meat, and immunosuppression. In immunocompetent people, warts are harmless and resolve as a result of natural immunity within months or years.
METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of treatments for warts (non-genital)? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to October 2013 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS
We found 17 studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic, review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: intralesional bleomycin; intralesional candida antigen; contact immunotherapy; cryotherapy; duct tape occlusion; photodynamic treatment; pulsed dye laser; surgical procedures; and topical salicylic acid.
Topics: Bleomycin; Cryotherapy; Humans; Immunotherapy; Lasers, Dye; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Photochemotherapy; Salicylic Acid; Warts
PubMed: 24921240
DOI: No ID Found -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Feb 2023
Topics: Humans; Diagnosis, Differential; Warts; Papillomaviridae
PubMed: 36896619
DOI: No ID Found -
Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina,... Dec 2023Skin warts are ubiquitous, self-limiting, benign neoplasms caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV). Several studies have investigated the prevalence and diversity of HPV... (Review)
Review
Skin warts are ubiquitous, self-limiting, benign neoplasms caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV). Several studies have investigated the prevalence and diversity of HPV types in the three main types of skin warts: common, plantar, and flat warts. Using different methodological approaches and diverse populations, several HPV types were detected in skin warts, but often the etiological link remained unconfirmed. This review addresses recently improved multiple strategies for investigating the presence of HPVs in skin warts, covering proper sampling techniques for HPV testing, choice of molecular method(s) for HPV detection, and assignment of the etiological causality of the tested skin wart to a causative HPV type using cellular viral load estimation. These novel approaches provide useful insight into the range of HPV types causing skin warts and support a refined understanding of their etiology. In addition, we conducted a literature review of the main studies examining HPV prevalence and genotype distribution in common warts, plantar warts, and flat warts. Finally, HPV type-specific histopathological patterns in skin warts are briefly discussed.
Topics: Humans; Papillomavirus Infections; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; DNA, Viral; Warts; Skin; Papillomaviridae
PubMed: 38126099
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Medical Genetics Mar 1998Costello syndrome is characterised by postnatal growth deficiency, coarse facies, redundant skin on the neck, palms, soles, and fingers, dark skin, acanthosis nigricans,... (Review)
Review
Costello syndrome is characterised by postnatal growth deficiency, coarse facies, redundant skin on the neck, palms, soles, and fingers, dark skin, acanthosis nigricans, and papillomata. The natural history evolves in two phases, a severe failure to thrive during the first months contrasting with a normal weight gain in later life. Cardiomyopathy is frequent but other visceral involvement is rare. Mild to moderate mental retardation is usual and most patients exhibit a characteristic sociable and friendly personality. The pathogenesis and molecular basis of the syndrome are unknown and the diagnosis is reliant on clinical expertise. Papillomata represent the most characteristic manifestation but may arise late in life. The peculiar course of the disease, the typical facies, and the ectodermal involvement with loose and hyperpigmented skin are characteristic enough to allow an early diagnosis. Most cases have been sporadic, suggesting de novo dominant mutations.
Topics: Abnormalities, Multiple; Diagnosis, Differential; Ectodermal Dysplasia; Facies; Growth Disorders; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Infant; Syndrome; Warts
PubMed: 9541110
DOI: 10.1136/jmg.35.3.238 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2018Cysteine-X-cysteine chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a broadly expressed and multifunctional G protein-coupled chemokine receptor critical for organogenesis,... (Review)
Review
Cysteine-X-cysteine chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a broadly expressed and multifunctional G protein-coupled chemokine receptor critical for organogenesis, hematopoiesis, and antimicrobial host defense. In the hematopoietic system, the binding of CXCR4 to its cognate chemokine ligand, CXCL12, mediates leukocyte trafficking, distribution, survival, activation, and proliferation. Warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant, combined immunodeficiency disorder caused by mutations in the -terminus of CXCR4 that prevent receptor downregulation and therefore result in pathologically increased signaling. The "M" in the acronym WHIM refers to myelokathexis, the retention of neutrophils in the bone marrow resulting in neutropenia, which explains in part the increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. However, WHIM patients also present with B and T lymphopenia, which may explain the susceptibility to human papillomavirus (HPV), the cause of warts. The impact of WHIM mutations on lymphocytes and adaptive immunity has received less attention than myelokathexis and is the focus of this review.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; B-Lymphocytes; Biomarkers; Chemokine CXCL12; Disease Management; Humans; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Lymphoid Tissue; Papillomavirus Infections; Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases; Receptors, CXCR4; T-Lymphocytes; Warts
PubMed: 30577453
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010003