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Cureus Aug 2022As of a few years ago, platelet concentrates have been applied in a variety of medical and dental procedures. A notable aspect is that platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is the... (Review)
Review
As of a few years ago, platelet concentrates have been applied in a variety of medical and dental procedures. A notable aspect is that platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is the most commonly utilized platelet concentrate in the field of dentistry. The most significant modification that was used over the years but had the biggest impact was injectable platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF), which has more special properties. Additionally, the results of this I-PRF have been useful. The solid platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), which is a noticeable feature and has a low speed and duration in centrifugation, is the main advantage of I-PRF. I-PRF is primarily found in liquid form as PRF. It facilitates the quickening of increased vascularization and aids in accelerating the healing of wounds. An autologous blood concentration known as I-PRF has been known for many years. The advantage of I-PRF is that it exhibits constant release of growth factors and promotes cell migration by announcing the expression of type I collagen and transforming growth factor mRNA. The majority of the time, plastic and orthopedic operations use injectable platelet aggregates. It also reduces adverse reactions to transplanted material as compared to other grafting techniques. Additionally, it makes numerous other operations, like regenerative ones, much better options. In circumstances where it has been noticed, I-PRF is helpful and crucial in periodontics for bone regeneration and wound healing. It is therefore not difficult to predict that this fully autologous blood concentrate, which is now being utilized in numerous applications and requires little invasiveness, will become even more frequently used in the future. This review paper contains the differences between platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and PRF, the development of diverse platelets, and the use of I-PRF in periodontal therapy.
PubMed: 36196318
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.28647 -
Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki I Selektsii May 2020Nearly all lethal viral outbreaks in the past two decades were caused by newly emerging viruses. Viruses are often studied by electron microscopy (EM), which provides...
Nearly all lethal viral outbreaks in the past two decades were caused by newly emerging viruses. Viruses are often studied by electron microscopy (EM), which provides new high-resolution data on the structure of viral particles relevant to both fundamental virology and practical pharmaceutical nanobiotechnology. Electron microscopy is also applied to ecological studies to detect viruses in the environment, to analysis of technological processes in the production of vaccines and other biotechnological components, and to diagnostics. Despite the advances in more sensitive methods, electron microscopy is still in active use for diagnostics. The main advantage of EM is the lack of specificity to any group of viruses, which allows working with unknown materials. However, the main limitation of the method is the relatively high detection limit (107 particles/mL), requiring viral material to be concentrated. There is no most effective universal method to concentrate viruses. Various combinations of methods and approaches are used depending on the virus and the goal. A modern virus concentration protocol involves precipitation, centrifugation, filtration, and chromatography. Here we describe the main concentrating techniques exemplified for different viruses. Effective elution techniques are required to disrupt the bonds between filter media and viruses in order to increase recovery. The paper reviews studies on unique traps, magnetic beads, and composite polyaniline and carbon nanotubes, including those of changeable size to concentrate viral particles. It also describes centrifugal concentrators to concentrate viruses on a polyethersulfone membrane. Our review suggests that the method to concentrate viruses and other nanoparticles should be chosen with regard to objectives of the study and the equipment status of the laboratory.
PubMed: 33659809
DOI: 10.18699/VJ20.620 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Dec 2021Early recognition of coagulopathy is necessary for its prompt correction and successful management. Novel approaches, such as point-of-care testing (POC) and... (Review)
Review
Early recognition of coagulopathy is necessary for its prompt correction and successful management. Novel approaches, such as point-of-care testing (POC) and administration of coagulation factor concentrates (CFCs), aim to tailor the haemostatic therapy to each patient and thus reduce the risks of over- or under-transfusion. CFCs are an effective alternative to ratio-based transfusion therapies for the correction of different types of coagulopathies. In case of major bleeding or urgent surgery in patients treated with vitamin K antagonist anticoagulants, prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) can effectively reverse the effects of the anticoagulant drug. Evidence for PCC effectiveness in the treatment of direct oral anticoagulants-associated bleeding is also increasing and PCC is recommended in guidelines as an alternative to specific reversal agents. In trauma-induced coagulopathy, fibrinogen concentrate is the preferred first-line treatment for hypofibrinogenaemia. Goal-directed coagulation management algorithms based on POC results provide guidance on how to adjust the treatment to the needs of the patient. When POC is not available, concentrate-based management can be guided by other parameters, such as blood gas analysis, thus providing an important alternative. Overall, tailored haemostatic therapies offer a more targeted approach to increase the concentration of coagulation factors in bleeding patients than traditional transfusion protocols.
PubMed: 35011742
DOI: 10.3390/jcm11010001 -
Separation and Purification Technology May 2020Even though numerous methods have been developed for the detection and quantification of waterborne pathogens, the application of these methods is often hindered by the...
Even though numerous methods have been developed for the detection and quantification of waterborne pathogens, the application of these methods is often hindered by the very low pathogen concentrations in natural waters. Therefore, rapid and efficient sample concentration methods are urgently needed. Here we present a novel method to pre-concentrate microbial pathogens in water using a portable 3D-printed system with super-absorbent polymer (SAP) microspheres, which can effectively reduce the actual volume of water in a collected sample. The SAP microspheres absorb water while excluding bacteria and viruses by size exclusion and charge repulsion. To improve the water absorption capacity of SAP in varying ionic strength waters (0-100 mM), we optimized the formulation of SAP to 180 g⋅L Acrylamide, 75 g⋅L Itaconic Acid and 4.0 g⋅L Bis-Acrylamide for the highest ionic strength water as a function of the extent of cross-linking and the concentration of counter ions. Fluorescence microscopy and double-layer agar plating respectively showed that the 3D-printed system with optimally-designed SAP microspheres could rapidly achieve a 10-fold increase in the concentration of () and bacteriophage MS2 within 20 min with concentration efficiencies of 87% and 96%, respectively. Fold changes between concentrated and original samples from qPCR and RT-qPCR results were found to be respectively 11.34-22.27 for with original concentrations from 10 to 10 cell·mL, and 8.20-13.81 for MS2 with original concentrations from 10 to 10 PFU·mL. Furthermore, SAP microspheres can be reused for 20 times without performance loss, significantly decreasing the cost of our concentration system.
PubMed: 32421015
DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116540 -
PloS One 2021Magnetic ratcheting cytometry is a promising approach to separate magnetically-labeled cells and magnetic particles based on the quantity of magnetic material. We have...
Magnetic ratcheting cytometry is a promising approach to separate magnetically-labeled cells and magnetic particles based on the quantity of magnetic material. We have previously reported on the ability of this technique to separate magnetically-labeled cells. Here, with a new chip design, containing high aspect ratio permalloy micropillar arrays, we demonstrate the ability of this technique to rapidly concentrate and collect superparamagnetic iron oxide particles. The platform consists of a mechatronic wheel used to generate and control a cycling external magnetic field that impinges on a "ratcheting chip." The ratcheting chip is created by electroplating a 2D array of high aspect ratio permalloy micropillars onto a glass slide, which is embedded in a thin polymer layer to create a planar surface above the micropillars. By varying magnetic field frequency and direction through wheel rotation rate and angle, we direct particle movement on chip. We explore the operating conditions for this system, identifying the effects of varying ratcheting frequency, along with time, on the dynamics and resulting concentration of these magnetic particles. We also demonstrate the ability of the system to rapidly direct the movement of superparamagnetic iron oxide particles of varying sizes. Using this technique, 2.8 μm, 500 nm, and 100 nm diameter superparamagnetic iron oxide particles, suspended within an aqueous fluid, were concentrated. We further define the ability of the system to concentrate 2.8 μm superparamagnetic iron oxide particles, present in a liquid suspension, into a small chip surface area footprint, achieving a 100-fold surface area concentration, and achieving a concentration factor greater than 200%. The achieved concentration factor of greater than 200% could be greatly increased by reducing the amount of liquid extracted at the chip outlet, which would increase the ability of achieving highly sensitive downstream analytical techniques. Magnetic ratcheting-based enrichment may be useful in isolating and concentrating subsets of magnetically-labeled cells for diagnostic automation.
Topics: Cell Separation; Humans; Magnetic Phenomena; Microfluidic Analytical Techniques; Microtechnology; Particle Size; Tissue Array Analysis
PubMed: 33600425
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246124 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jul 2021Concentration of milk in the dairy industry is typically achieved by thermal evaporation or reverse osmosis (RO). Heat concentration is energy intensive and leads to...
Concentration of milk in the dairy industry is typically achieved by thermal evaporation or reverse osmosis (RO). Heat concentration is energy intensive and leads to cooked flavor and color changes in the final product, and RO is affected by fouling, which limits the final achievable concentration of the product. The main objective of this work was to evaluate forward osmosis (FO) as an alternative method for concentrating milk. The effects of fat content and temperature on the process were evaluated, and the physicochemical properties and sensory qualities of the final product were assessed. Commercially pasteurized skim and whole milk samples were concentrated at 4, 15, and 25°C using a benchtop FO unit. The FO process was assessed by monitoring water flux and product concentration. The color of the milk concentrates was also evaluated. A sensory panel compared the FO concentrated and thermally concentrated milks, diluted to single strength, with high temperature, short time pasteurized milk. The FO experimental runs were conducted in triplicate, and data were analyzed by single-factor ANOVA. Water flux during FO decreased with time under all processing conditions. Higher temperatures led to faster concentration and higher concentration factors for both skim and whole milk. After 5.75 h of FO processing, the concentration factors achieved for skim milk were 2.68 ± 0.08 at 25°C, 2.68 ± 0.09 at 15°C, and 2.36 ± 0.08 at 4°C. For whole milk, after 5.75 h of FO processing, concentration factors of 2.32 ± 0.12 at 25°C, 2.12 ± 0.36 at 15°C, and 1.91 ± 0.15 at 4°C were obtained. Overall, maximum concentration levels of 40.15% total solids for skim milk and 40.94% total solids for whole milk were achieved. Additionally, a triangle sensory test showed no significant differences between regular milk and FO concentrated milk diluted to single strength. This work shows that FO is a viable nonthermal processing method for concentrating milk, but some technical challenges need to be overcome to facilitate commercial utilization.
Topics: Animals; Filtration; Flavoring Agents; Membranes, Artificial; Milk; Osmosis; Taste
PubMed: 33865601
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20019 -
Journal of Comparative Physiology. B,... Nov 2018Mammalian kidneys play an essential role in balancing internal water and salt concentrations. When water needs to be conserved, the renal medulla produces concentrated... (Review)
Review
Mammalian kidneys play an essential role in balancing internal water and salt concentrations. When water needs to be conserved, the renal medulla produces concentrated urine. Central to this process of urine concentration is an osmotic gradient that increases from the corticomedullary boundary to the inner medullary tip. How this gradient is generated and maintained has been the subject of study since the 1940s. While it is generally accepted that the outer medulla contributes to the gradient by means of an active process involving countercurrent multiplication, the source of the gradient in the inner medulla is unclear. The last two decades have witnessed advances in our understanding of the urine-concentrating mechanism. Details of medullary architecture and permeability properties of the tubules and vessels suggest that the functional and anatomic relationships of these structures may contribute to the osmotic gradient necessary to concentrate urine. Additionally, we are learning more about the membrane transporters involved and their regulatory mechanisms. The role of medullary architecture and membrane transporters in the mammalian urine-concentrating mechanism are the focus of this review.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Kidney Medulla; Membrane Transport Proteins; Urine
PubMed: 29797052
DOI: 10.1007/s00360-018-1164-3 -
Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences Oct 2016Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a fibrin meshwork, in which platelet cytokines, growth factors, and cells are entrapped and discharged after a period and can serve as a... (Review)
Review
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is a fibrin meshwork, in which platelet cytokines, growth factors, and cells are entrapped and discharged after a period and can serve as a resorbable film. PRF is the next generation of platelet concentrates equipped to improve arrangement without biochemical blood handling; PRF is an evolution of the fibrin adhesive, which is widely used in the oral surgery. The guidelines of this innovation depend on concentrating platelets and growth factors in a plasma medium, and initiating them in a fibrin gel, keeping in mind the end goal to enhance the healing of wounds. Maxillary bone loss requires numerous regenerative techniques: as a supplement to the procedures of tissue regeneration, a platelet concentrate called PRF was tested for the 1 time in France by Dr. Choukroun. This article enriches the benefits and role of plasma-rich fibrin in oral surgery. Platelet-concentrate fibrin is an evolution of the fibrin glue, which is widely used in the oral surgery.
PubMed: 27829743
DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.191963 -
Drug and Alcohol Review Sep 2021The Cannabis sativa L. plant contains hundreds of phytocannabinoids, but putatively of highest importance to public health risk is the psychoactive cannabinoid... (Review)
Review
ISSUES
The Cannabis sativa L. plant contains hundreds of phytocannabinoids, but putatively of highest importance to public health risk is the psychoactive cannabinoid delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is associated with risk for cannabis use disorder, affective disturbance, cognitive harm and psychomotor impairment. Recently, there has been an increase in the use and availability of concentrated cannabis products (or 'concentrates') that are made by extracting cannabinoids from the plant to form a product with THC concentrations as high as 90-95%. These products are increasingly popular nationwide. The literature on these widely available high potency concentrates is limited and there are many unknowns about their potential harms.
APPROACH
This review covers the state of the research on cannabis concentrates and behavioural health-related outcomes and makes recommendations for advancing the science with studies focused on accurately testing the risks in relation to critical public and behavioural health questions.
KEY FINDINGS
Data point to unique behavioural health implications of concentrate use. However, causal, controlled and representative research on the effects of cannabis concentrates is currently limited.
IMPLICATIONS
Future research is needed to explore chronic, acute and developmental effects of concentrates, as well as effects on pulmonary function. We also highlight the need to explore these relationships in diverse populations.
CONCLUSION
While the literature hints at the potential for these highly potent products to increase cannabis-related behavioural health harms, it is important to carefully design studies that more comprehensively evaluate the impact of concentrates on THC exposure and short- and long-term effects across user groups.
Topics: Analgesics; Cannabinoids; Cannabis; Hallucinogens; Humans; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 33783029
DOI: 10.1111/dar.13281 -
The American Journal of Tropical... Mar 2023Salmonella enterica serovar (Salmonella Typhi) is the causative bacterial agent of typhoid fever. Environmental surveillance of wastewater and wastewater-impacted...
Salmonella enterica serovar (Salmonella Typhi) is the causative bacterial agent of typhoid fever. Environmental surveillance of wastewater and wastewater-impacted surface waters has proven effective in monitoring various pathogens and has recently been applied to Salmonella Typhi. This study evaluated eight sample collection and concentration methods with 12 variations currently being developed and used for Salmonella Typhi surveillance globally to better understand the performance of each method based on its ability to detect Salmonella Typhi and its feasibility. Salmonella Typhi strains Ty21a and Ty2 were seeded to influent wastewater at known concentrations to evaluate the following methods: grab sampling using electropositive filters, centrifugation, direct enrichment, or membrane filtration and trap sampling using Moore swabs. Concentrated samples underwent nucleic acid extraction and were detected and/or quantified via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results suggest that all methods tested can be successful at concentrating Salmonella Typhi for subsequent detection by qPCR, although each method has its own strengths and weaknesses, including the Salmonella Typhi concentration it is best suited for, with a range of positive detections observed as low as 0.1-0.001 colony-forming units (CFU) Ty21a/mL and 0.01 CFU Ty2/mL. These factors should be considered when identifying a method for environmental surveillance and will greatly depend on the use case planned.
Topics: Humans; Salmonella typhi; Wastewater; Typhoid Fever; Salmonella enterica
PubMed: 36746655
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0427