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International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2022Giant condyloma acuminatum, also known as Buschke-Lowenstein tumor (BLT), is a rare disease of the anogenital region. BLT is considered a locally aggressive tumor of... (Review)
Review
Giant condyloma acuminatum, also known as Buschke-Lowenstein tumor (BLT), is a rare disease of the anogenital region. BLT is considered a locally aggressive tumor of benign histological appearance, but with the potential for destructive growth and high recurrence rates. BLT development is strongly associated with infection with low-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), mostly HPV-6 and -11. Immunity to HPVs plays a crucial role in the natural control of various HPV-induced lesions. Large condyloma acuminata are frequently reported in patients with primary (e.g., DOCK8 or SPINK5 deficiencies) and secondary (e.g., AIDS, solid organ transplantation) immune defects. Individuals with extensive anogenital warts, including BLT in particular, should therefore be tested for inherited or acquired immunodeficiency. Research into the genetic basis of unexplained cases is warranted. An understanding of the etiology of BLT would lead to improvements in its management. This review focuses on the role of underlying HPV infections, and human genetic and immunological determinants of BLT.
Topics: Alphapapillomavirus; Buschke-Lowenstein Tumor; Condylomata Acuminata; Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections
PubMed: 35562936
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094547 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Jul 2018Genital warts are one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. The disease is a result of infection with low-risk types of human papillomaviruses,... (Review)
Review
Genital warts are one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. The disease is a result of infection with low-risk types of human papillomaviruses, mostly type 6 and 11. Current therapies for genital warts are mainly ablative, or alternatively topical application of imiquimod cream and sinecatechin (polyphenon E) ointment to the warts. However, low patient compliance and high recurrence rate are significant problems for the treatment of genital warts by imiquimod and ablative therapies. We summarise recent literature in this area and propose combining imiquimod with other therapies to increase the efficacy of imiquimod.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Anus Diseases; Catechin; Condylomata Acuminata; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Imiquimod; Interferon Inducers; Interleukin-10; Papillomaviridae; Recurrence; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29505317
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1445947 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2014Human papillomaviruses are DNA viruses that infect skin or mucosal cells. In the genital tract HPV (especially types 6 and 11) cause genital warts, the commonest viral... (Review)
Review
Human papillomaviruses are DNA viruses that infect skin or mucosal cells. In the genital tract HPV (especially types 6 and 11) cause genital warts, the commonest viral sexually transmitted disease. At least 13 of the more than 100 known HPV genotypes are oncogenic "high-risk" genotypes. The 2 most common of these (genotypes 16 and 18) cause approximately 70% of all cervical cancers. Oncogenic HPVs particularly HPV 16 are associated with other anogenital cancers, anus, vagina, vulva and penis, and cancers of the head and neck and current estimates are that 5.2% of all cancers are HPV associated. In industrialised countries cervical cancer is controlled by secondary intervention other HPV associated malignancies are increasing in incidence and the burden of HPV associated disease in men is now comparable to that in women in economically developed countries. Randomized control trials with the quadrivalent HPV VLP vaccine demonstrate robust antibody responses and high efficacy against genital warts anal precancers in men. Few countries have recommended male vaccination on the basis that this is not cost effective. However gender-neutral vaccination has been recommended in the USA, Canada, Austria, and Australia. Careful cost effective modeling has preceded these decisions showing that when the burden of disease in men is included in the models then, depending upon coverage, vaccine price, and other factors male vaccination can become cost effective.
Topics: Anus Neoplasms; Condylomata Acuminata; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Developed Countries; Humans; Male; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Vaccination
PubMed: 25424825
DOI: 10.4161/hv.29137 -
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Jun 2021No clear guidelines are available for the management of pregnant women with condyloma acuminata, a human papillomavirus-associated benign neoplasm that develops in the...
No clear guidelines are available for the management of pregnant women with condyloma acuminata, a human papillomavirus-associated benign neoplasm that develops in the genital tract. We performed a systematic review to gain a better understanding of the management of condyloma acuminata during pregnancy. In this review, we mainly focused on treatments. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to identify studies on the treatment of condyloma acuminata during pregnancy. Thirty articles met the inclusion criteria. The treatment methods described in the literature were laser therapy, cryotherapy, imiquimod, photodynamic therapy, trichloroacetic acid, and local hyperthermia. The most effective treatment remains unclear. Various factors must be considered when deciding how to treat. Based on our assessment of the literature, we recommend cryotherapy as the first-choice treatment and laser therapy as the second-choice treatment. Imiquimod can be considered in cases such as extensive condyloma acuminata that is not easily treated by cryotherapy or laser therapy. In such cases, sufficient informed consent must be obtained from the patient. Cryotherapy, laser therapy, and imiquimod have been administered during all 3 trimesters with no severe adverse effects, but we cautiously recommend reserving laser therapy until the third trimester because of the lower risk of recurrence before delivery. There are still many unclear points regarding the management of condyloma in pregnancy, and further research is needed.
Topics: Condylomata Acuminata; Female; Humans; Imiquimod; Papillomaviridae; Photochemotherapy; Pregnancy; Recurrence
PubMed: 33093288
DOI: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001322 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2023Condyloma acuminatum (CA) is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. It is important to study the prevalence and...
Condyloma acuminatum (CA) is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. It is important to study the prevalence and distribution of HPV genotypes before implementing the HPV vaccination program. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological characteristics of CA cases and the distribution of HPV genotypes in Shandong Province, China. One-to-one questionnaire surveys were conducted on all patients diagnosed with CA in sentinel hospitals from Shandong Province, China. HPV genotypes were determined using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-reverse dot blot hybridization method. The study enrolled 1185 patients (870 males and 315 females) and found that CA patients are mainly males and sexually active people between the ages of 20 and 40. Recurrence occurred in 34.7% patients. Among the 880 CA patients who underwent HPV typing, the HPV test positivity rate was 91.4%. In these cases, low-risk (LR) HPV infection was predominant, with an infection rate of 91.3%, while high-risk (HR) HPV genotypes were found in 53.5% patients. The most frequent HPV genotypes encountered were HPV6 (57.8%), HPV11 (37.2%), HPV16 (13.7%), and HPV42 (10.3%). HPV6 and/or HPV11 are the main infections in all patients, and more than half of the patients are coinfected with HR-HPV. However, unlike other regions, HPV42 has a higher prevalence rate among CA patients in Shandong Province and is a nonvaccine HPV genotype. Therefore, regular HPV typing helps to understand the characteristics of specific genotypes and the choice of the best type for vaccine coverage.
Topics: Condylomata Acuminata; Humans; China; Genotype; Male; Female; Young Adult; Adult; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Prevalence
PubMed: 36919446
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2170662 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Jul 2019Histologic distinction between condyloma acuminatum and various benign and malignant condyloma-like lesions in the anogenital area poses a common diagnostic challenge to... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT.—
Histologic distinction between condyloma acuminatum and various benign and malignant condyloma-like lesions in the anogenital area poses a common diagnostic challenge to pathologists across subspecialties.
OBJECTIVE.—
To review the overlapping and distinguishing features of condyloma acuminatum and its mimics, and to clarify confusing terminology and diagnostic criteria for problematic entities.
DATA SOURCES.—
A review of the literature on condyloma acuminatum (ordinary and giant types), verrucous carcinoma, warty/warty-basaloid high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and squamous cell carcinoma, papillary squamous cell carcinoma, bowenoid papulosis, verruca vulgaris, epidermolytic acanthoma, and verruciform xanthoma was performed.
CONCLUSIONS.—
Correct diagnosis of condyloma acuminatum and condyloma-like lesions has important clinical implication and entails familiarization with their clinical presentations and histopathologic features. Contrary to historical belief, giant condyloma acuminatum and verrucous carcinoma should be considered distinct entities based on different pathogenetic pathways. Ancillary tools available for identifying and genotyping human papillomavirus can aid in diagnosis when histopathologic findings are inconclusive. Recognition of relatively rare entities such as bowenoid papulosis, epidermolytic acanthoma, and verruciform xanthoma would avoid overdiagnosis and unnecessary, overaggressive treatment.
Topics: Condylomata Acuminata; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Genital Diseases, Male; Humans; Male; Rectal Diseases
PubMed: 30203987
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2018-0039-RA -
Skin Research and Technology : Official... Jan 2024It has been reported that programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is highly expressed in cells during viral infection, which helps the virus escape host immunity. However, the...
BACKGROUND
It has been reported that programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is highly expressed in cells during viral infection, which helps the virus escape host immunity. However, the relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) and PD-L1 in condyloma acuminatum and whether they participate in immunosuppression have not been reported. In this paper, we aimed to explore the expression and significance of PD-L1 in condyloma acuminatum.
METHODS
The expression of PD-L1 in the wart of condyloma acuminatum patients and the foreskin of healthy individuals was evaluated. Lentivirus transfection was used to introduce the HPV11-E7 gene into HaCaT cells to investigate whether HPV infection could affect the expression of PD-L1. The successfully constructed HPV11-E7 HaCaT cells were cocultured with Jurkat cells, and Jurkat cell apoptosis and proliferation as well as the Jurkat cell cycle were evaluated by flow cytometry and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays.
RESULTS
PD-L1 was highly expressed in keratinocytes of genital warts. Through the construction of a cell model, we found that HPV11-E7 could upregulate the expression of PD-L1 in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, HPV11-E7 HaCaT cells can promote the apoptosis of Jurkat cells, inhibit the proliferation of Jurkat cells and mediate the cell cycle arrest of Jurkat cells through the PD-1/PD-L1 signalling pathway.
CONCLUSIONS
HPV infection may upregulate PD-L1 expression in the keratinocytes of genital warts and participate in the inhibition of local T-cell function.
Topics: Humans; B7-H1 Antigen; Cell Count; Condylomata Acuminata; Papillomavirus Infections; Warts
PubMed: 38186053
DOI: 10.1111/srt.13558 -
Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and... 2021Giant condyloma acuminatum (GCA) or Buschke-Loewenstein tumor is a rare disease, with an estimated prevalence of 0.1%. It was initially described in 1896 by Buschke and... (Review)
Review
Giant condyloma acuminatum (GCA) or Buschke-Loewenstein tumor is a rare disease, with an estimated prevalence of 0.1%. It was initially described in 1896 by Buschke and later in 1925 by Buschke and Loewenstein. Classic condyloma acuminata (CCA) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were initially described as different entities. These three entities are currently considered to correspond to the same spectrum of different but not exclusive malignant transformations, associated with multiple risk factors such infection by human papilloma virus (HPV), immunodeficiencies, poor hygiene, multiple sexual partners, and chronic genital infections. HPV subtypes 6 and 11 are associated with 90% of GCA. It presents as a cauliflower-like tumor in the genital region with bad odor, bleeding, and local infection, differential diagnosis with multiple conditions should be considered, and sexually transmitted diseases should always be investigated. GCA has a higher rate of malignant transformation than CCA and tends to infiltrate adjacent soft tissues. The therapeutic approach is controversial but is considered that the resection with free edges is the gold standard and can be combined with adjuncts. The recurrence rate is high. Overall mortality is 21% and is associated with morbidity caused by recurrences. Imiquimod cream 5% has recently shown good results as monotherapy and in combination with ablative and surgical treatments. The quality of life is diminished in patients with this condition. In this review, we address the different aspects of this rare entity including the therapeutic approach.
Topics: Buschke-Lowenstein Tumor; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Condylomata Acuminata; Humans; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Quality of Life
PubMed: 34305393
DOI: 10.1155/2021/9919446 -
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2017The approach to children with anogenital warts in the context of sexual abuse is a challenge in clinical practice. This study aims to review the current knowledge of... (Review)
Review
The approach to children with anogenital warts in the context of sexual abuse is a challenge in clinical practice. This study aims to review the current knowledge of anogenital warts in children, the forms of transmission, and the association with sexual abuse and to propose a cross-sectional approach involving all medical specialties. A systematic review of the literature was conducted in Portuguese and English from January 2000 to June 2016 using the ISI Web of Knowledge and PubMed databases. Children aged 12 years or younger were included. The ethical and legal aspects were consulted in the Declaration and Convention on the Rights of Children and in the World Health Organization. Non-sexual and sexual transmission events of human papillomavirus in children have been well documented. The possibility of sexual transmission appears to be greater in children older than 4 years. In the case of anogenital warts in children younger than 4 years of age, the possibility of non-sexual transmission should be strongly considered in the absence of another sexually transmitted infection, clinical indicators, or history of sexual abuse. The importance of human papillomavirus genotyping in the evaluation of sexual abuse is controversial. A detailed medical history and physical examination of both the child and caregivers are critical during the course of the investigation. The likelihood of an association between human papillomavirus infection and sexual abuse increases directly with age. A multidisciplinary clinical approach improves the ability to identify sexual abuse in children with anogenital warts.
Topics: Anus Diseases; Child; Child Abuse, Sexual; Child, Preschool; Condylomata Acuminata; Humans; Papillomavirus Infections; Prognosis
PubMed: 29166505
DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.201756411 -
The Pan African Medical Journal 2016
Topics: Buschke-Lowenstein Tumor; Condylomata Acuminata; Humans; Male; Penile Neoplasms
PubMed: 28292138
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2016.25.176.10622