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Minerva Pediatrica Oct 2017Adolescent pregnancy is a significant cause of global morbidity and mortality. Adolescents who become pregnancy have lower educational attainment, are more likely to... (Review)
Review
Adolescent pregnancy is a significant cause of global morbidity and mortality. Adolescents who become pregnancy have lower educational attainment, are more likely to live in poverty, and have lower wellbeing. Increasing access to hormonal contraceptives and long acting reversible contraception is highly effective in reducing adolescent pregnancies. This narrative review covers key aspects of the provision of contraception to adolescents, including confidentiality, counseling, and data supporting expanded access to adolescents. We provide information for pediatric providers to start adolescent patients on contraceptives, including a detailed description of each method, including effectiveness, use, starting, side effects and benefits. Tools for counseling and prescribing are provided.
Topics: Adolescent; Confidentiality; Contraception; Contraceptive Agents; Counseling; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Practice Patterns, Physicians'; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence
PubMed: 28643995
DOI: 10.23736/S0026-4946.17.05026-5 -
The American Journal of Nursing Feb 2020Contraception is widely used in the United States, and nurses in all settings may encounter patients who are using or want to use contraceptives. Nurses may be called on... (Review)
Review
Contraception is widely used in the United States, and nurses in all settings may encounter patients who are using or want to use contraceptives. Nurses may be called on to anticipate how family planning intersects with other health care services and provide patients with information based on the most current evidence. This article describes key characteristics of nonpermanent contraceptive methods, including mechanism of action, correct use, failure rates with perfect and typical use, contraindications, benefits, side effects, discontinuation procedures, and innovations in the field. We also discuss how contraceptive care is related to nursing ethics and health inequities.
Topics: Contraception; Contraception, Barrier; Contraceptive Agents, Hormonal; Female; Genitalia, Female; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Intrauterine Devices, Copper; Male; Ovulation; Patient-Centered Care; Reproductive Health; Sexual and Gender Minorities
PubMed: 31977414
DOI: 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000654304.29632.a7 -
Contraception May 2011This review provides an update of previous estimates of first-year probabilities of contraceptive failure for all methods of contraception available in the United... (Review)
Review
This review provides an update of previous estimates of first-year probabilities of contraceptive failure for all methods of contraception available in the United States. Estimates are provided of probabilities of failure during typical use (which includes both incorrect and inconsistent use) and during perfect use (correct and consistent use). The difference between these two probabilities reveals the consequences of imperfect use; it depends both on how unforgiving of imperfect use a method is and on how hard it is to use that method perfectly. These revisions reflect new research on contraceptive failure both during perfect use and during typical use.
Topics: Contraception; Contraceptive Agents; Contraceptive Devices; Equipment Failure; Female; Humans; Male; Treatment Failure; United States
PubMed: 21477680
DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2011.01.021 -
Mayo Clinic Proceedings Jun 2016Emergency contraception (EC) may help prevent pregnancy in various circumstances, such as contraceptive method failure, unprotected sexual intercourse, or sexual... (Review)
Review
Emergency contraception (EC) may help prevent pregnancy in various circumstances, such as contraceptive method failure, unprotected sexual intercourse, or sexual assault, yet it remains underused. There are 4 approved EC options in the United States. Although ulipristal acetate requires a provider's prescription, oral levonorgestrel (LNG) is available over the counter for women of all ages. The most effective method of EC is the copper intrauterine device, which can be left in place for up to 10 years for efficacious, cost-effective, hormone-free, and convenient long-term primary contraception. Ulipristal acetate tends to be more efficacious in pregnancy prevention than is LNG, especially when taken later than 72 hours postcoitus. The mechanism of action of oral EC is delay of ovulation, and current evidence reveals that it is ineffective postovulation. Women who weigh more than 75 kg or have a body mass index greater than 25 kg/m(2) may have a higher risk of unintended pregnancy when using oral LNG EC; therefore, ulipristal acetate or copper intrauterine devices are preferable in this setting. Providers are often unaware of the range of EC options or are unsure of how to counsel patients regarding the access and use of EC. This article critically reviews current EC literature, summarizes recommendations, and provides guidance for counseling women about EC. Useful tips for health care providers are provided, with a focus on special populations, including breast-feeding women and those transitioning to long-term contraception after EC use. When treating women of reproductive age, clinicians should be prepared to counsel them about EC options, provide EC appropriately, and, if needed, refer for EC in a timely manner.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Attitude of Health Personnel; Body Mass Index; Breast Feeding; Contraception, Postcoital; Contraceptive Agents, Female; Contraceptives, Postcoital; Female; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Intrauterine Devices, Copper; Levonorgestrel; Nonprescription Drugs; Norpregnadienes; Ovulation; Patient Education as Topic; Pregnancy; Prescription Drugs
PubMed: 27261868
DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.02.018 -
Fertility and Sterility Nov 2016Although female contraceptives are very effective at preventing unintended pregnancy, some women can not use them because of health conditions or side-effects, leaving... (Review)
Review
Although female contraceptives are very effective at preventing unintended pregnancy, some women can not use them because of health conditions or side-effects, leaving some couples without effective contraceptive options. In addition, many men wish to take active responsibility for family planning. Thus, there is a great need for male contraceptives to prevent unintended pregnancies, of which 80-90 million occur annually. At present, effective male contraceptive options are condoms and vasectomy, which are not ideal for all men. Therefore, efforts are under way to develop novel male contraceptives. This paper briefly reviews the advantages and disadvantages of condoms and vasectomies and then discusses the research directed toward development of novel methods of male contraception.
Topics: Condoms; Contraception; Contraceptive Agents, Male; Family Planning Services; Female; Fertility; Humans; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Unplanned; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Vasectomy
PubMed: 27678037
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.08.036 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Aug 2021
Topics: Adolescent; Bone Density; Canada; Contraception; Contraceptive Agents, Female; Desogestrel; Female; Humans; Intrauterine Devices, Copper; Levonorgestrel; Long-Acting Reversible Contraception; Medroxyprogesterone Acetate; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Unplanned; Sexually Transmitted Diseases
PubMed: 34373270
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.202413 -
Contraception Jan 2017The objective was to determine the association between use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) by young women and risk of adverse outcomes. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The objective was to determine the association between use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) by young women and risk of adverse outcomes.
METHODS
We searched Pubmed, CINAHL, Embase, Popline and the Cochrane Library for articles from inception of database through December 2015. For outcomes specific to IUD use (IUD expulsion and perforation), we examined effect measures for IUD users generally aged 25 years or younger compared with older IUD users. For outcomes of pregnancy, infection, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and heavy bleeding or anemia, we examined young IUD users compared with young users of other contraceptive methods or no method.
RESULTS
We identified 3169 articles of which 16 articles from 14 studies met our inclusion criteria. Six studies (Level II-2, good to poor) reported increased risk of expulsion among younger age groups compared with older age groups using copper-bearing (Cu-) IUDs. Two studies (Level II-2, fair) examined risks of expulsion among younger compared with older women using levonorgestrel-releasing (LNG-) IUDs; one reported no difference in expulsion, while the other reported increased odds for younger women. Four studies (Level II-2, good to poor) examined risk of expulsion among Cu- and LNG-IUD users combined and reported no significant differences between younger and older women. For perforation, four studies (Level II-2, fair to poor) found very low perforation rates (range, 0%-0.1%), with no significant differences between younger and older women. Pregnancies were generally rare among young IUD users in nine studies (Level I to II-2, fair to poor), and no differences were reported for young IUD users compared with young combined oral contraceptive (COC) or etonogestrel (ENG) implant users. PID was rare among young IUD users; one study reported no cases among COC or IUD users, and one reported no difference in PID among LNG-IUD users compared with ENG implant users from nationwide insurance claims data (Level I to II-2, fair). One study reported decreased odds of bleeding with LNG-IUD compared with COC use among young women, while one study of young women reported decreased odds of removal for bleeding with LNG-IUD compared with ENG implant (Level I to II-2, fair).
CONCLUSION
Overall evidence suggests that the risk of adverse outcomes related to pregnancy, perforation, infection, heavy bleeding or removals for bleeding among young IUD users is low and may not be clinically meaningful. However, the risk of expulsion, especially for Cu-IUDs, is higher for younger women compared with older women. If IUD expulsion occurs, a young woman is exposed to an increased risk of unintended pregnancy if replacement contraception is not initiated. IUDs are safe for young women and provide highly effective reversible contraception.
Topics: Adolescent; Contraception; Contraceptive Agents, Female; Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; Desogestrel; Female; Humans; Intrauterine Device Expulsion; Intrauterine Devices, Copper; Levonorgestrel; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Unplanned; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Assessment; Young Adult
PubMed: 27771475
DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2016.10.006 -
Gynecological Endocrinology : the... Dec 2023The debate about contraception has become increasingly important as more and more people seek safe and effective contraception. More than 1 billion women of reproductive... (Review)
Review
The debate about contraception has become increasingly important as more and more people seek safe and effective contraception. More than 1 billion women of reproductive age worldwide need a method of family planning, and wellbeing, socio-economic status, culture, religion and more influence the reasons why a woman may ask for contraception. Different contraceptive methods exist, ranging from 'natural methods' (fertility awareness-based methods - FABMs) to barrier methods and hormonal contraceptives (HCs). Each method works on a different principle, with different effectiveness.FABMs and HCs are usually pitted against each other, although it's difficult to really compare them. FABMs are a valid alternative for women who cannot or do not want to use hormone therapy, although they may have a high failure rate if not used appropriately and require specific training. HCs are commonly used to address various clinical situations, although concerns about their possible side effects are still widespread. However, many data show that the appropriate use of HC has a low rate of adverse events, mainly related to personal predisposition.The aim of this review is to summarize the information on the efficacy and safety of FABMs and HCs to help clinicians and women choose the best contraceptive method for their needs.
Topics: Female; Humans; Contraception; Contraceptive Agents; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Family Planning Services; Genotype; Informed Consent; Choice Behavior; Ovulation; Natural Family Planning Methods; Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; Adolescent; Young Adult
PubMed: 37599373
DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2023.2247093 -
Annals of Biomedical Engineering Jul 2020The present state of reproductive and sexual health around the world reveals disparities in contraceptive use and effectiveness. Unintended pregnancy and sexually... (Review)
Review
The present state of reproductive and sexual health around the world reveals disparities in contraceptive use and effectiveness. Unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection transmission rates remain high even with current prevention methods. The 20th century saw a contraceptive revolution with biomedical innovation driving the success of new contraceptive technologies with central design concepts and materials. Current modalities can be broadly categorized according to their mode of function: reversible methods such as physical/chemical barriers or hormonal delivery devices via systemic (transdermal and subcutaneous) or localized (intrauterine and intravaginal) administration, and nonreversible sterilization procedures such as tubal ligation and vasectomy. Contraceptive biomaterials are at present dominated by well-characterized elastomers such as polydimethylsiloxane and ethylene vinyl acetate due to their favorable material properties and versatility. Contraceptives alter the normal function of cellular components in the reproductive systems to impair fertility. The purpose of this review is to highlight the bioengineering design of existing methods, explore novel adaptations, and address notable shortcomings in current contraceptive technologies.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Bioengineering; Contraception; Contraceptive Agents; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans
PubMed: 31701311
DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02402-1 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Jan 2023This state-of-the-art review evaluates whether contraceptive apps could improve knowledge resulting in greater interest and use of long-acting contraception, what type...
This state-of-the-art review evaluates whether contraceptive apps could improve knowledge resulting in greater interest and use of long-acting contraception, what type of information an app should contain, and who may benefit most from apps. The studies found a high interest in easy accessibility and respect for privacy. Science-based information and facilitation of knowledge about all contraceptives were desired. Contraceptive apps were useful in presenting women with validated information and complement professional advice.
Topics: Female; Humans; Contraceptive Agents; Contraception
PubMed: 36629292
DOI: No ID Found