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Microbiology Spectrum Dec 2017There is currently only limited information on the antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance of spp., spp., and from animals. The comparability of the data is...
There is currently only limited information on the antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance of spp., spp., and from animals. The comparability of the data is hampered by the use of different antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods and interpretive criteria. To date, standard broth microdilution methods and clinical breakpoints that are approved by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and are applicable to spp., spp., and are available. The lack of species-specific clinical breakpoints for the different animal species reduces the explanatory power of the data. Among the isolates of the three genera, elevated MICs for different classes of antimicrobial agents (e.g., β-lactams, macrolides, lincosamides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, phenicols, sulfonamides/diaminopyrimidines, and fluoroquinolones) have been described. The most comprehensive data set is available for , which also includes information about genes and mutations involved in antimicrobial resistance. In isolates, the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance genes (B) and (X) were identified. Tetracycline resistance in was based on the resistance genes (W), (Z), and (33), whereas the aminoglycoside resistance genes , , , , , and have been described in . So far, only single genes conferring either phenicol resistance (), trimethoprim resistance (), or β-lactam resistance () are known to occur in isolates. Various 23S rRNA mutations, including A2058T, A2058G, and G2137C, were identified in macrolide/lincosamide-resistant .
Topics: Actinomycetaceae; Animal Diseases; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arcanobacterium; Corynebacterium; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Genes, MDR; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S; Species Specificity
PubMed: 29219109
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0021-2017 -
MBio Oct 2022Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is a common genital tract syndrome in men, and up to 50% of cases are considered idiopathic, i.e., no etiological agent is identified....
Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is a common genital tract syndrome in men, and up to 50% of cases are considered idiopathic, i.e., no etiological agent is identified. This poses challenges for clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of NGU and often results in antibiotic misuse and overuse. Therefore, to identify potential infectious causes of urethritis and inform clinical management of urethritis cases, we characterized and compared the urethral microbiota of men with and without idiopathic urethritis. Participants were derived from a case-control study that examined viral and bacterial pathogens and sexual practices associated with NGU. Men with NGU who tested negative for established causes of NGU (Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Trichomonas vaginalis, adenoviruses, herpes simplex virus [HSV]-1, and/or HSV-2) were classified as idiopathic cases, and the controls were men reporting no current urethral symptoms. Men provided a urine sample that was used to characterize the urethral microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacterial taxa associated with idiopathic urethritis were identified using analysis of compositions of microbiomes with bias correction. When stratified by sex of sexual partner, we found that the abundance of Haemophilus influenzae was significantly increased in men who have sex with men with idiopathic urethritis, and the abundance of Corynebacterium was significantly increased in men who have sex with women with idiopathic urethritis. Other taxa, including Ureaplasma, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia, and Streptococcus pneumoniaepseudopneumoniae, dominated the urethral microbiota of idiopathic urethritis cases but not controls, suggesting that these organisms may also contribute to urethritis. Importantly, the taxa we identified represent biologically plausible causes of urethritis and should be prioritized for future study. Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) is the commonest genital tract syndrome in men and is nearly universally presumptively treated with an antibiotic. Common causes of NGU include Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium, but in more than 50% of cases, an infectious cause is not identified. In this case-control study, we found that the urethral microbiota composition differed between men with and without idiopathic urethritis and differed by sex of sexual partner. We identified specific bacterial taxa that were associated with idiopathic urethritis, including Haemophilus influenzae and Corynebacterium. These data, together with the finding that key bacterial taxa were found to dominate the urethral microbiota of cases but not controls, suggest that a range of bacteria contribute to urethritis and that these organisms may be influenced by sexual practices. Through identifying the infectious causes of urethritis, we can inform appropriate targeted diagnostic and treatment practices and importantly reduce misuse and overuse of antibiotics.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Urethritis; Homosexuality, Male; Case-Control Studies; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Mycoplasma genitalium; Chlamydia trachomatis; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Microbiota; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 36190130
DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02213-22 -
Computational and Structural... 2022The unique biological and rheological properties make hyaluronic acid a sought-after material for medicine and cosmetology. Due to very high purity requirements for... (Review)
Review
The unique biological and rheological properties make hyaluronic acid a sought-after material for medicine and cosmetology. Due to very high purity requirements for hyaluronic acid in medical applications, the profitability of streptococcal fermentation is reduced. Production of hyaluronic acid by recombinant systems is considered a promising alternative. Variations in combinations of expressed genes and fermentation conditions alter the yield and molecular weight of produced hyaluronic acid. This review is devoted to the current state of hyaluronic acid production by recombinant bacterial and fungal organisms.
PubMed: 36420162
DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.013 -
The Journal of Investigative... Dec 2001The skin is a milieu for controlled bacterial growth. Skin supports the growth of commensal bacteria, which protect the host from pathogenic bacteria. Environmental and... (Review)
Review
The skin is a milieu for controlled bacterial growth. Skin supports the growth of commensal bacteria, which protect the host from pathogenic bacteria. Environmental and local factors, host immunity, and organism adherence and virulence are intricately related to cutaneous infection. Resident gram-positive bacteria include Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, and Corynebacterium sp. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are notoriously pathogenic in the skin. In order for bacteria to be pathogenic, they must be able to adhere to, grow on, and invade the host. Bacteria possess numerous virulence genes that allow for growth in these privileged niches. Epidermal infections caused by S. aureus and S. pyogenes include impetigo and ecthyma. Dermal infections consist of erysipelas, cellulitis, and necrotizing fasciitis. The pilosebaceous unit is involved in folliculitis, furunculosis, and carbunculosis. Moreover, S. aureus and S. pyogenes produce toxins that may elicit a superantigen response, causing massive release of cytokines. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, and scarlet fever are all superantigen-mediated. Gram-negative organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella multocida, Capnocytophaga canimorsus, Bartonella sp., Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis, and Vibrio vulnificus are not typical resident skin microflora but may cause cutaneous infection.
Topics: Humans; Skin; Staphylococcal Skin Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Virulence
PubMed: 11924823
DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.00043.x -
Paediatric Respiratory Reviews Aug 2023Acute respiratory infections (ARI), especially lower respiratory infections (LRI), are a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality globally. Non-pharmaceutical... (Review)
Review
Acute respiratory infections (ARI), especially lower respiratory infections (LRI), are a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality globally. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) employed during the COVID-19 pandemic have impacted on the epidemiology and burden of paediatric ARI, although accurately describing the full nature of the impact is challenging. For most ARI pathogens, a reduction was observed in the early phase of the pandemic, correlating with the most stringent NPI. In later phases of the pandemic resurgence of disease was observed as NPI eased. This pattern was most striking for seasonal viruses, such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. The impact on ARI-associated bacterial disease varied; marked reductions in invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes were observed, followed by a resurgence that correlated with increases in respiratory viral infections. For Corynebacterium diphtheriae,Bordetella pertussis, andMycoplasma pneumoniae, a sustained reduction of disease was observed well into 2022 in most regions. Proposedmechanisms for the varied epidemiological disruption amongst ARI pathogens includedifferential effects of NPI on specific pathogens, population-level immunological effects, and ecological and genetic pathogen adaptations. Additionally, important indirect effects of pandemic restrictions on paediatric respiratory infections have been identified. These occurred as a result of disruptions to routine health services, reductions in vaccination coverage, and disruptions to respiratory infection research and surveillance activities. Impacts have been disproportionately borne by those in low resource settings. We discuss opportunities to leverage pandemic learnings to support improved understanding of the epidemiology of paediatric respiratory infections to inform future prevention and health system strengthening. Educational Aims. The reader will gain an improved understanding of.
PubMed: 37580220
DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2023.07.004 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2022Purulent vulvar discharges, primarily caused by genito-urinary tract infections, are an important source of economic loss for swine producers due to sow culling and...
Purulent vulvar discharges, primarily caused by genito-urinary tract infections, are an important source of economic loss for swine producers due to sow culling and mortality. However, the agents that compose the vaginal microbiota of sows and their changes during infections are not well understood. The first goal of this study was to characterize and compare the vaginal bacterial content of healthy (HE, n = 40) and purulent vulvar discharge sows (VD, n = 270) by a culture-dependent method and MALDI-TOF MS identification. Secondly, we performed 16S rRNA targeted metagenomic approach (n = 72) to compare the vaginal microbiota between these groups. We found a wide variety of bacteria, with Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidota being the most abundant phyla in both groups, as well as Escherichia-Shigella, Streptococcus, and Bacteroides at the genus level. Most agents identified in the sequencing method also grew in the culture-dependent method, showing the viability of these bacteria. Alpha diversity did not differ between HE and VD sows, regarding sample richness and diversity, but a beta-diversity index showed a different microbiota composition between these groups in two tested herds. ANCOM analysis revealed that Bacteroides pyogenes were more abundant in VD females and can be a marker for this group. Other agents also require attention, such as the Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Staphylococcus hyicus found in remarkably greater relative abundance in VD sows. Network analysis revealed important positive correlations between some potentially pathogenic genera, such as between Escherichia-Shigella, Trueperella, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, and Prevotella, which did not occur in healthy sows. We conclude that the alteration of the vaginal microbiota between healthy and purulent vulvar discharge sows, although not extreme, could be due to the increase in the relative abundance of specific agents and to associations between potentially pathogenic bacteria.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Female; Humans; Microbiota; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Swine; Vagina; Vulva
PubMed: 35650232
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13090-8 -
European Journal of Clinical... Jul 2021We aimed to describe the microbiology of parapharyngeal abscess (PPA) and point out the likely pathogens using the following principles to suggest pathogenic...
We aimed to describe the microbiology of parapharyngeal abscess (PPA) and point out the likely pathogens using the following principles to suggest pathogenic significance: (1) frequent recovery, (2) abundant growth, (3) growth in relative abundance to other microorganisms, (4) percentage of the isolates recovered in both absolute and relative abundance, (5) more frequent recovery in PPA pus compared with tonsillar surface and tissue. Comprehensive bacterial cultures were performed on specimens obtained from adult patients (n = 60) with surgically verified PPA, who were prospectively enrolled at five Danish ear-nose-throat departments. The prevalent isolates (in PPA pus) were unspecified anaerobes (73%), non-hemolytic streptococci (67%), Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG) (40%), Corynebacterium spp. (25%), Neisseria spp. (23%), Fusobacterium spp. (22%), Fusobacterium necrophorum (17%), Prevotella spp. (12%), and Streptococcus pyogenes (10%). The bacteria most frequently isolated in heavy (maximum) growth were unspecified anaerobes (60%), SAG (40%), F. necrophorum (23%), and Prevotella spp. (17%). The predominant microorganisms (those found in highest relative abundance) were unspecified anaerobes (53%), SAG (28%), non-hemolytic streptococci (25%), F. necrophorum (15%), S. pyogenes (10%), and Prevotella spp. (10%). Four potential pathogens were found in both heavy growth and highest relative abundance in at least 50% of cases: F. necrophorum, Prevotella spp., SAG, and S. pyogenes. SAG, Prevotella spp., F. necrophorum, S. pyogenes, and Bacteroides spp. were recovered with the same or higher frequency from PPA pus compared with tonsillar tissue and surface. Our findings suggest that SAG, F. necrophorum, Prevotella, and S. pyogenes are significant pathogens in PPA development.
Topics: Abscess; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bacteria; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Parapharyngeal Space; Young Adult
PubMed: 33566204
DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04180-y -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Mar 2021Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) in sheep is a chronic contagious disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, commonly characterized by abscess formation in...
Bacteriological, cytological, and molecular investigation of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, mycobacteria, and other bacteria in caseous lymphadenitis and healthy lymph nodes of slaughtered sheep.
Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) in sheep is a chronic contagious disease caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, commonly characterized by abscess formation in peripheral lymph nodes and disseminated infections. Nonetheless, other microorganisms, including with zoonotic relevance, can be isolated from CL-resembling lymph nodes. Currently, mycobacteria have been reported in visceral granulomatous lesions in small ruminants, a fact that poses a public health issue, particularly in slaughtered sheep intended for human consumption. Cytology using fine needle aspiration and microbiological culturing are suitable tests for routine diagnostic, whereas present drawbacks and molecular methods have been confirmatory. Data about the occurrence of mycobacteria in both lymph nodes with aspect of CL and apparently healthy visceral nodes of sheep slaughtered for human consumption are scarce. In this study, 197 visceral lymph nodes of sheep showed lymphadenitis and 202 healthy visceral lymph nodes of slaughtered sheep intended for human consumption were submitted to conventional bacteriological diagnosis, mycobacteria culturing, and cytological evaluation. Compatible Corynebacterium isolates were subjected to multiplex PCR targeting 16S rRNA, rpoB, and pld genes to detect C. pseudotuberculosis. Based on microbiological identification, C. pseudotuberculosis (86/197; 43.7%), streptococci γ-hemolytic (17/197; 8.6%), and Trueperella pyogenes (12/197; 6.1%) were prevalent in lymph nodes with abscesses, as opposed to staphylococci (53/202; 26.2%) in apparently healthy lymph nodes. No mycobacteria were isolated. Cytology identified 49.2% (97/197) Gram-positive pleomorphic organisms (coryneform aspect). Multiplex PCR confirmed genetic material of C. pseudotuberculosis in 74.4% (64/86) of the samples with C. pseudotuberculosis isolation and 66% (64/97) samples with cytological coryneform aspect (κ = 86.78%; 95% CI = 79.87-93.68%). These findings emphasize the prevalence of C. pseudotuberculosis in abscess formation among peripheral lymph nodes of sheep. Other bacteria were also identified in lymph nodes sampled that resembling C. pseudotuberculosis-induced infections that may difficult the diagnosis. Multiplex PCR revealed a valuable assay to detect C. pseudotuberculosis, in addition to routine methods applied to CL-diagnosis. No mycobacteria were identified in lymph nodes sampled, with and without apparent lesions. Nonetheless, due to public health impacts, this pathogen should be considered as a differential diagnosis of C. pseudotuberculosis-induced infections during inspection procedures of slaughtered sheep intended for human consumption.
Topics: Abattoirs; Animals; Bacteria; Brazil; Coinfection; Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Farms; Female; Lymph Nodes; Lymphadenitis; Male; Mycobacterium; Prevalence; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Random Allocation; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 33185852
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00403-0 -
The Journal of Hygiene Jun 1974In the examination of bovine fetal material it was found that there was a significant increase in the proportion of mixed infections identified as the time between...
In the examination of bovine fetal material it was found that there was a significant increase in the proportion of mixed infections identified as the time between abortion and the collection of the samples increased. Examination of paired serum samples from abortions from which only Corynebacterium pyogenes was isolated revealed evidence of active infection in two-thirds, suggesting that C. pyogenes may have been acting as a primary abortifacient in these cases.
Topics: Abortion, Veterinary; Animals; Bacteriological Techniques; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Corynebacterium; Corynebacterium Infections; Corynebacterium pyogenes; Extraembryonic Membranes; Female; Fetus; Hemolysin Proteins; Neutralization Tests; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
PubMed: 4602037
DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400023597 -
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and... Sep 1983
Topics: Aged; Corynebacterium Infections; Corynebacterium pyogenes; Humans; Male; Meningitis
PubMed: 6352866
DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.46.9.873-a