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Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic... Dec 2016Diphtheroids are defined as aerobic, non-sporulating, pleomorphic Gram-positive bacilli which are more uniformly stained than , lack the metachromatic granules and are...
INTRODUCTION
Diphtheroids are defined as aerobic, non-sporulating, pleomorphic Gram-positive bacilli which are more uniformly stained than , lack the metachromatic granules and are arranged in a palisade manner. They are usually commensals of the skin and mucous membranes. They differ from in biochemical rea-ctions as well as in toxin production. Since, they are usually found as commensals on the skin, they are often considered as mere contaminants when isolated from clinical samples. However, there are increasing reports of these organisms being associated with various infections. Hence, we felt the need to study the common species associated with infections and know the properties of these organisms which are otherwise considered as mere laboratory contaminants.
AIM
To identify the various species of diphtheroids isolated as pure growth from clinical specimens whose Gram's smear revealed numerous inflammatory cells with Gram positive bacilli and had clinical evidence.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 100 isolates of Gram-positive bacilli from 16,242 clinical samples received in the Microbiology Department of Kasturba Medical College were considered for this study from Dec 2013-Dec 2014. Gram-positive bacilli which were seen in the smear along with pus cells, isolated as pure growth and reported as " spp having clinical significance" were taken for this study while those which were reported as 'Probable skin contaminants' were excluded from this study. Species identification of Gram-positive bacilli was done by biochemical reactions. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Biofilm production was done by the microtitre plate method of O'Toole and Kolter and statistical analysis was done by using proportion test and Chi-square test.
RESULTS
Various species of diphtheroids were isolated from different clinical specimens. isolated from catheter tips, sputum, tracheostomy secretions and wound infections were highly resistant to many antibiotics while isolates from blood namely and were nearly sensitive to most of them. It was also interesting to note that there was an increased rate of biofilm production in these isolates.
CONCLUSION
may survive in the form of biofilms in hospitals and cause multidrug resistant infections. Hence, we need to judiciously identify these organisms, find their antimicrobial susceptibility, treat them and thus prevent infections in hospitals.
PubMed: 28208859
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/19098.9043 -
Journal of Medical Microbiology Oct 2012Bacteria of the genus Corynebacterium are important primary and opportunistic pathogens. Many are zoonotic agents. In this report, phenotypic (API Coryne analysis),...
Bacteria of the genus Corynebacterium are important primary and opportunistic pathogens. Many are zoonotic agents. In this report, phenotypic (API Coryne analysis), genetic (rpoB and 16S rRNA gene sequencing), and physical methods (MS) were used to distinguish the closely related diphtheroid species Corynebacterium ulcerans and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, and to definitively diagnose Corynebacterium renale from cephalic implants of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) macaques used in cognitive neuroscience research. Throat and cephalic implant cultures yielded 85 isolates from 43 macaques. Identification by API Coryne yielded C. ulcerans (n = 74), Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (n = 2), C. renale or most closely related to C. renale (n = 3), and commensals and opportunists (n = 6). The two isolates identified as C. pseudotuberculosis by API Coryne required genetic and MS analysis for accurate characterization as C. ulcerans. Of three isolates identified as C. renale by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, only one could be confirmed as such by API Coryne, rpoB gene sequencing and MS. This study emphasizes the importance of adjunct methods in identification of coryneforms and is the first isolation of C. renale from cephalic implants in macaques.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Base Sequence; Corynebacterium; Corynebacterium Infections; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Macaca; Male; Monkey Diseases; Oropharynx; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prosthesis-Related Infections; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
PubMed: 22723254
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.045377-0 -
Journal of Genomics 2016The species Corynebacterium renale, Corynebacterium pilosum, and Corynebacterium cystitidis were initially thought to be the same species C. renale, but with different...
The species Corynebacterium renale, Corynebacterium pilosum, and Corynebacterium cystitidis were initially thought to be the same species C. renale, but with different immunological types. These bacteria are the causative agent of cystitis, urethritis and pyelonephritis and are found usually as constituents of the normal flora in the lower urogenital tract of cattle. Therefore, we present the draft genome sequences of two pathogenic Corynebacterium species: C. renale CIP 52.96 and C. pilosum CIP 103422. The genome sequences of these species have 2,322,762 bp with 2,218 protein encoding genes and 2,548,014 bp with 2,428 protein encoding genes, respectively. These genomes can help clarify the virulence mechanisms of these unknown bacteria and enable the development of more effective methods for control.
PubMed: 26958092
DOI: 10.7150/jgen.14456 -
Journal of Bacteriology Mar 1970Some properties of the pili of the gram-positive bacteria Corynebacterium renale were described. A relationship was found between the morphological features of pili and...
Some properties of the pili of the gram-positive bacteria Corynebacterium renale were described. A relationship was found between the morphological features of pili and the types of C. renale. Strains of types I and III usually possessed a small number of pili, whereas those of type II possessed numerous pili. Thick and long bundles of pili characteristic of C. renale were frequently observable in type II strains. Piliation of C. renale was stable under various cultural conditions. No ability to agglutinate red blood cells was demonstrated by piliated strains of C. renale. Pili were isolated from the cells of C. renale and studied serologically by immunodiffusion. The pili of a type II strain were serologically identical with the pili of another type II strain but not with those of the strains belonging to types I and III. The pili were serologically distinct from the cell wall. The pili were broken into short pieces by boiling, but their antigenicity was increased after boiling.
Topics: Agglutination Tests; Antigens; Bacteriological Techniques; Corynebacterium; Hemagglutination Tests; Immune Sera; Immunodiffusion; Microscopy, Electron
PubMed: 4985586
DOI: 10.1128/jb.101.3.1063-1069.1970 -
Infection and Immunity Jun 1982The adhesion of Corynebacterium renale, Corynebacterium pilosum, and Corynebacterium cystitidis to various epithelial cell layers of bovine urinary bladders was...
Adhesion of Corynebacterium renale, Corynebacterium pilosum, and Corynebacterium cystitidis to bovine urinary bladder epithelial cells of various ages and levels of differentiation.
The adhesion of Corynebacterium renale, Corynebacterium pilosum, and Corynebacterium cystitidis to various epithelial cell layers of bovine urinary bladders was examined. Adhesion was most efficient to the urinary sediment epithelial cells and the superficial cells immediately before shedding, followed by the remaining superficial cells and intermediate cells in this order, and least efficient to the deeper intermediate and basal cells. Incubation of the intermediate cells for 6 h increased the number of bacteria that adhered to these cells.
Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Cattle; Cell Adhesion; Cell Differentiation; Corynebacterium; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Urinary Bladder
PubMed: 7095847
DOI: 10.1128/iai.36.3.1242-1245.1982 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine Sep 2020Renal disease caused by Corynebacterium cystitidis in beef cattle may be misclassified as Corynebacterium renale, and limited information about C. cystitidis infections...
BACKGROUND
Renal disease caused by Corynebacterium cystitidis in beef cattle may be misclassified as Corynebacterium renale, and limited information about C. cystitidis infections in beef cattle currently is available.
OBJECTIVE
To describe clinical presentation, diagnosis, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and outcome of renal disease caused by C. cystitidis in beef cattle.
METHODS
Retrospective case series.
ANIMALS
Four client-owned beef cattle.
RESULTS
All affected cattle had anorexia as a primary complaint. Of the 3 that had ante-mortem diagnostic tests performed, all had pyelonephritis based on azotemia in combination with urinalysis and ultrasonographic findings. Cultures yielded C. cystitidis which was identified by biochemical testing, 16S RNA sequencing, and mass spectrometry. All affected cattle deteriorated despite aggressive treatment, indicating that C. cystitidis infections in beef cattle may carry a poor prognosis. Bacterial isolates collected from the 4 cattle showed similarities in MICs for ampicillin, florfenicol, gentamicin, neomycin, sulfadimethoxine, trimethoprim sulfonamide, and tylosin.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Corynebacterium cystitidis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cattle with renal disease. Definitive diagnosis of C. cystitidis as compared to C. renale may be challenging.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Corynebacterium; Corynebacterium Infections; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 32830373
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15844 -
European Journal of Biochemistry Dec 1981Naphthalene oxygenase has been purified 420-fold from naphthalene-adapted Corynebacterium renale. The purified enzyme was obtained in 32% yield and gave an apparent...
Naphthalene oxygenase has been purified 420-fold from naphthalene-adapted Corynebacterium renale. The purified enzyme was obtained in 32% yield and gave an apparent single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has a molecular weight of approximately 99,000 and contains two non-identical polypeptide chains of molecular weights 43,000 and 56,000. The enzyme requires molecular oxygen for its activity and gave a single products, cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene. The absorption spectrum of the enzyme protein shows a maximum at 278 nm and no absorption in the Soret region, indicating that it is non-heme protein. Absence of cytochrome P-450 was also confirmed when the protein, treated with CO, showed no absorption at 450 nm. The enzyme followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Km values of 2.9 mM and 1.42 mM for naphthalene and NADH respectively. It exhibited maximal activity at 30 degrees C and pH 6.4. Studies on the stoichiometry of the reaction showed that one molecule of oxygen is consumed for each molecule of NADH oxidised or product formed.
Topics: Cell-Free System; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Corynebacterium; Molecular Weight; Oxygenases
PubMed: 7333274
DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05724.x -
Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research... Apr 2002The Calgary Biofilm Device (CBD) was used to form bacterial biofilms of selected veterinary gram-negative and gram-positive pathogenic bacteria from cattle, sheep, pigs,...
The Calgary Biofilm Device (CBD) was used to form bacterial biofilms of selected veterinary gram-negative and gram-positive pathogenic bacteria from cattle, sheep, pigs, chicken, and turkeys. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of ampicillin, ceftiofur, cloxacillin, oxytetracycline, penicillin G, streptomycin, tetracycline, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, tilmicosin, and trimethoprim-sulfadoxine for gram-positive and -negative bacteria were determined. Bacterial biofilms were readily formed on the CBD under selected conditions. The biofilms consisted of micro-colonies encased in extracellular polysaccharide material. Biofilms composed of Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hyicus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Corynebacterium renale, or Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis were not killed by the antibiotics tested but as planktonic bacteria they were sensitive at low concentrations. Biofilm and planktonic Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus suis were sensitive to penicillin, ceftiofur, cloxacillin, ampicillin, and oxytetracycline. Planktonic Escherichia coli were sensitive to enrofloxacin, gentamicin, oxytetracycline and trimethoprim/ sulfadoxine. Enrofloxacin and gentamicin were the most effective antibiotics against E. coli growing as a biofilm. Salmonella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates growing as planktonic populations were sensitive to enrofloxacin, gentamicin, ampicillin, oxytetracycline, and trimethoprim/sulfadoxine, but as a biofilm, these bacteria were only sensitive to enrofloxacin. Planktonic and biofilm Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica had similar antibiotic sensitivity profiles and were sensitive to most of the antibiotics tested. The CBD provides a valuable new technology that can be used to select antibiotics that are able to kill bacteria growing as biofilms.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Biofilms; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 11989739
DOI: No ID Found -
Veterinary Journal (London, England :... Feb 2008The goal of the present study was to describe the clinical, haematological and ultrasonographic findings and treatment of 17 cattle with pyelonephritis. Fifteen cattle...
The goal of the present study was to describe the clinical, haematological and ultrasonographic findings and treatment of 17 cattle with pyelonephritis. Fifteen cattle had an abnormal general condition, which varied in severity; five animals had signs of colic. The urine was brownish-red in 11 animals and cloudy in 13. Clumps of purulent material were seen in the urine of nine animals and clots of blood in two. The specific gravity was lower than normal in 13 animals and ranged from 1.005 to 1.020. A urine test strip revealed protein in 16 animals, blood in 16 and leukocytes in 12. Bacteriological examination of urine yielded Corynebacterium renale in 11 animals, Arcanobacter pyogenes in two and Escherichia coli in one. Rectal examination revealed abnormalities of the urinary tract in 11 animals; there was dilatation of the left ureter and/or enlargement of the left kidney in eight cases, and dilatation of the right ureter and/or enlargement of the right kidney in three others. The most frequent abnormal haematological finding was an increase in the serum concentrations of total protein, fibrinogen, urea and creatinine, a decreased haematocrit and a positive glutaraldehyde test. In 13 animals, ultrasonography via the rectum and right flank using a 5.0MHz transducer revealed dilatation of the right or left ureter, cystic lesions in one or both kidneys and dilatation of the renal sinus. Eight animals were euthanased or slaughtered at the owners' request or because of a poor prognosis. Nine (53%) animals were successfully treated; five received antibiotics and four underwent unilateral nephrectomy and antibiotic therapy. The treated animals were clinically healthy when discharged from the clinic 10-21 days after admission. A follow-up via telephone 8-24 months later revealed that none had experienced complications and all were in full production. In cattle with severe unilateral pyelonephritis, unilateral nephrectomy is the treatment of choice.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Nephrectomy; Pyelonephritis; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 17363303
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.12.018 -
The Cornell Veterinarian Apr 1950
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Cattle; Corynebacterium; Disease; Research Design
PubMed: 15411793
DOI: No ID Found