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Viruses Feb 2022Enteroviruses are a group of clinically relevant RNA viruses that causes human diseases [...].
Enteroviruses are a group of clinically relevant RNA viruses that causes human diseases [...].
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Humans
PubMed: 35215899
DOI: 10.3390/v14020306 -
BMJ Case Reports Feb 2022
Topics: Coxsackievirus Infections; Eczema; Enterovirus; Humans
PubMed: 35135805
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-247656 -
Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets Jun 2021: Enteroviruses are common viruses causing a huge number of acute and chronic infections and producing towering economic costs. Similarly, coronaviruses cause seasonal... (Review)
Review
: Enteroviruses are common viruses causing a huge number of acute and chronic infections and producing towering economic costs. Similarly, coronaviruses cause seasonal mild infections, epidemics, and even pandemics and can lead to severe respiratory symptoms. It is important to develop broadly acting antiviral molecules to efficiently tackle the infections caused by thes.: This review illuminates the differences and similarities between enteroviruses and coronaviruses and examines the most appealing therapeutic targets to combat both virus groups. Publications of both virus groups and deposited structures discovered through PubMed to March 2021 for viral proteases have been evaluated.: The main protease of coronaviruses and enteroviruses share similarities in their structure and function. These proteases process their viral polyproteins and thus drugs that bind to the active site have potential to target both virus groups. It is important to develop drugs that target more evolutionarily conserved processes and proteins. Moreover, it is a wise strategy to concentrate on processes that are similar between several virus families.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Coronavirus; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Enterovirus; Humans; Substrate Specificity
PubMed: 34253126
DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1952985 -
Bulletin of the New York Academy of... Jul 1964
Topics: Adenoviridae Infections; Cardiac Catheterization; Coxsackievirus Infections; Enterovirus B, Human; Enterovirus Infections; Humans; Infectious Mononucleosis; Mumps; Pericarditis; Pericarditis, Constrictive; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Cardiovascular
PubMed: 14150923
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Pediatrics Aug 2022
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Coxsackievirus Infections; Enterovirus; Humans; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
PubMed: 35962663
DOI: 10.1007/s13312-022-2583-5 -
Viruses Oct 2017: Autophagy-related (Atg) gene-encoded proteins were originally described for their crucial role in macroautophagy, a catabolic pathway for cytoplasmic constituent... (Review)
Review
: Autophagy-related (Atg) gene-encoded proteins were originally described for their crucial role in macroautophagy, a catabolic pathway for cytoplasmic constituent degradation in lysosomes. Recently it has become clear that modules of this machinery can also be used to influence endo- and exocytosis. This mini review discusses how these alternative Atg functions support virus replication and viral antigen presentation on major histocompatibility (MHC) class I and II molecules. A better understanding of the modular use of the macroautophagy machinery might enable us to manipulate these alternative functions of Atg proteins during anti-viral therapies and to attenuate virus-induced immune pathologies.
Topics: Antigen Presentation; Autophagy; Enterovirus B, Human; Exocytosis; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; Humans; Poliovirus; Viral Proteins; Virus Activation; Virus Replication; Viruses
PubMed: 28976939
DOI: 10.3390/v9100288 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2021Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is usually a self-limiting, mild childhood disease that is caused mainly by Coxsackie virus A16 (CVA16) and Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71),... (Review)
Review
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is usually a self-limiting, mild childhood disease that is caused mainly by Coxsackie virus A16 (CVA16) and Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), both members of the family. However, recurring HFMD outbreaks and epidemics due to EV-A71 infection in the Western Pacific region, and the propensity of EV-A71 strains to cause severe neurological complications have made this neurotropic virus a serious public health concern in afflicted countries. High mutation rate leading to viral quasispecies combined with frequent intra- and inter-typic recombination events amongst co-circulating EV-A71 strains have contributed to the great diversity and fast evolution of EV-A71 genomes, making impossible any accurate prediction of the next epidemic strain. Comparative genome sequence analyses and mutagenesis approaches have led to the identification of a number of viral determinants involved in EV-A71 fitness and virulence. These viral determinants include amino acid residues located in the structural proteins of the virus, affecting attachment to the host cell surface, receptor binding, and uncoating events. Critical residues in non-structural proteins have also been identified, including 2C, 3A, 3C proteases and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Finally, mutations altering key secondary structures in the 5' untranslated region were also found to influence EV-A71 fitness and virulence. While our current understanding of EV-A71 pathogenesis remains fragmented, these studies may help in the rational design of effective treatments and broadly protective vaccine candidates.
Topics: Animals; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Genome, Viral; Humans; Mutation; Viral Proteins; Virulence; Virus Attachment
PubMed: 33745413
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1906754 -
Viruses Aug 2015The Enterovirus (EV) and Parechovirus genera of the picornavirus family include many important human pathogens, including poliovirus, rhinovirus, EV-A71, EV-D68, and... (Review)
Review
The Enterovirus (EV) and Parechovirus genera of the picornavirus family include many important human pathogens, including poliovirus, rhinovirus, EV-A71, EV-D68, and human parechoviruses (HPeV). They cause a wide variety of diseases, ranging from a simple common cold to life-threatening diseases such as encephalitis and myocarditis. At the moment, no antiviral therapy is available against these viruses and it is not feasible to develop vaccines against all EVs and HPeVs due to the great number of serotypes. Therefore, a lot of effort is being invested in the development of antiviral drugs. Both viral proteins and host proteins essential for virus replication can be used as targets for virus inhibitors. As such, a good understanding of the complex process of virus replication is pivotal in the design of antiviral strategies goes hand in hand with a good understanding of the complex process of virus replication. In this review, we will give an overview of the current state of knowledge of EV and HPeV replication and how this can be inhibited by small-molecule inhibitors.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Enterovirus; Humans; Parechovirus; Virus Replication
PubMed: 26266417
DOI: 10.3390/v7082832 -
Viruses Feb 2016Research on human enteroviruses has resulted in the identification of more than 100 enterovirus types, which use more than 10 protein receptors and/or attachment factors... (Review)
Review
Research on human enteroviruses has resulted in the identification of more than 100 enterovirus types, which use more than 10 protein receptors and/or attachment factors required in cell binding and initiation of the replication cycle. Many of these "viral" receptors are overexpressed in cancer cells. Receptor binding and the ability to replicate in specific target cells define the tropism and pathogenesis of enterovirus types, because cellular infection often results in cytolytic response, i.e., disruption of the cells. Viral tropism and cytolytic properties thus make native enteroviruses prime candidates for oncolytic virotherapy. Copy DNA cloning and modification of enterovirus genomes have resulted in the generation of enterovirus vectors with properties that are useful in therapy or in vaccine trials where foreign antigenic epitopes are expressed from or on the surface of the vector virus. The small genome size and compact particle structure, however, set limits to enterovirus genome modifications. This review focuses on the therapeutic use of native and recombinant enteroviruses and the methods that have been applied to modify enterovirus genomes for therapy.
Topics: Animals; Enterovirus; Humans; Neoplasms; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Recombination, Genetic; Viral Tropism; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 26907330
DOI: 10.3390/v8030057 -
Viruses Jan 2016The Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family comprises many important human pathogens, including polioviruses, rhinovirus, enterovirus A71, and enterovirus D68.... (Review)
Review
The Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family comprises many important human pathogens, including polioviruses, rhinovirus, enterovirus A71, and enterovirus D68. They cause a wide variety of diseases, ranging from mild to severe life-threatening diseases. Currently, no effective vaccine is available against enteroviruses except for poliovirus. Enteroviruses subvert the autophagic machinery to benefit their assembly, maturation, and exit from host. Some enteroviruses spread between cells via a process described as autophagosome-mediated exit without lysis (AWOL). The early and late phases of autophagy are regulated through various lipids and their metabolizing enzymes. Some of these lipids and enzymes are specifically regulated by enteroviruses. In the present review, we summarize the current understanding of the regulation of autophagic machinery by enteroviruses, and provide updates on recent developments in this field.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Humans
PubMed: 26828514
DOI: 10.3390/v8020032