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Head and Neck Pathology Mar 2022The World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumours recently published the 5th edition. There are new entities, emerging entities, and significant... (Review)
Review
The World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumours recently published the 5th edition. There are new entities, emerging entities, and significant updates to the taxonomy and characterization of tumor and tumor-like lesions, specifically in this article as it relates to nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and skull base. Importantly, the number of diagnostic entries has been reduced by creating category-specific chapters for soft tissue, hematolymphoid, melanocytic, neuroectodermal, and metastatic tumors. Bone and salivary gland tumors are also not separately reported in the sinonasal tract, but included in the jaw and salivary gland sections, respectively. Repetition of characteristic entities in each anatomic site was also reduced, instead highlighting only the unique features in each anatomic site. Two new entities (SWI/SNF complex-deficient sinonasal carcinomas and HPV-related multiphenotypic sinonasal carcinoma) will be highlighted in this review, with a discussion of several emerging entities. There is a short description of updated information for all 24 diagnostic entities included in this edition to allow the reader a snapshot of current state of knowledge, but to encourage more investigation and further broaden understanding of these diverse and rare entities.
Topics: Carcinoma; Humans; Nasal Cavity; Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms; Paranasal Sinuses; Skull Base; World Health Organization
PubMed: 35312976
DOI: 10.1007/s12105-021-01406-5 -
The Angle Orthodontist Mar 2021To compare the effects of a hybrid miniscrew-supported expander versus a conventional Hyrax (CH) expander in growing patients. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
To compare the effects of a hybrid miniscrew-supported expander versus a conventional Hyrax (CH) expander in growing patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Forty patients were randomized into two groups: a hybrid Hyrax (HH) expander group using a Hyrax expander with two miniscrews and a CH expander group. The final sample had 18 subjects (8 female, 10 male; initial age of 10.8 years) in the HH group and 14 subjects (6 female, 8 male; initial age of 11.4 years) in the CH group. Cone-beam computed tomography examinations and digital dental models were obtained before expansion and 11 months postexpansion. The primary outcomes included the orthopedic transverse effects of expansion. Intergroup comparison was performed using analysis of covariance (P < .05).
RESULTS
Significantly greater increases in the nasal cavity width, maxillary width, and buccal alveolar crest width were found for the HH group. No intergroup differences were observed for dental arch width or shape changes.
CONCLUSIONS
The HH group showed greater increases in the nasal cavity width, maxillary width, and buccal alveolar crest width. No differences were observed for intermolar, interpremolar, or intercanine widths; arch length; or arch perimeter. Arch size and shape showed similar changes in both groups.
Topics: Child; Female; Humans; Male; Alveolar Process; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Dental Arch; Maxilla; Palatal Expansion Technique
PubMed: 33434282
DOI: 10.2319/060820-527.1 -
Australian Journal of General Practice Sep 2020An orthopantomogram (OPG) is a common radiograph used to identify the hard tissues of the oral cavity and surrounding skeletal structures. It is an extra-oral...
BACKGROUND
An orthopantomogram (OPG) is a common radiograph used to identify the hard tissues of the oral cavity and surrounding skeletal structures. It is an extra-oral radiograph that approximates the focal trough of the mandible. Although resolution is not as detailed as intra-oral radiographs for examination of the teeth, gross changes in calcification of the dental structures, and changes in ossification of the underlying mandible and maxilla can aid in identification of dental disease such as caries (decay), periodontal bone loss, and abscess and cyst formation.
OBJECTIVE
This article outlines key anatomical features identifiable in an OPG and illustrates some common pathology that may be seen.
DISCUSSION
The large amount of data visible on an OPG may appear daunting to the viewer unless a systematic approach is used to examine structures present. Distortion due to flattening of the curve of the mandible and dentition will give an overall view of these structures and requires the viewer to reinterpret these in their mind for a three-dimensional appreciation of the image.
Topics: Humans; Mandible; Maxilla; Radiography, Panoramic
PubMed: 32864665
DOI: 10.31128/AJGP-07-20-5536 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Aug 2022The process by which upper respiratory tract structures have changed over deep evolutionary time is, in part, reflected in the process of embryologic development. The...
The process by which upper respiratory tract structures have changed over deep evolutionary time is, in part, reflected in the process of embryologic development. The nasopharynx in particular is a centrally located space bounded by components of the respiratory portion of the nasal cavity, cranial base, soft palate, and Eustachian tube. The development of these components can be understood both in terms of embryologic structures such as the branchial arches and paraxial mesoderm and through fossil evidence dating as far back as the earliest agnathan fish of the Cambrian Period. Understanding both the evolution and development of these structures has been an immeasurable benefit to the otolaryngologist seeking to model disease etiology of both common and rare conditions. This discussion is a primer for those who may be unfamiliar with the central importance of the nasopharynx both in terms of our evolutionary history and early embryological development of vital cranial and upper respiratory tract structures.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Branchial Region; Developmental Biology; Mesoderm; Nasopharynx; Skull
PubMed: 35665451
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24950 -
Science Advances Oct 2022The frontal sinuses are cavities inside the frontal bone located at the junction between the face and the cranial vault and close to the brain. Despite a long history of...
The frontal sinuses are cavities inside the frontal bone located at the junction between the face and the cranial vault and close to the brain. Despite a long history of study, understanding of their origin and variation through evolution is limited. This work compares most hominin species' holotypes and other key individuals with extant hominids. It provides a unique and valuable perspective of the variation in sinuses position, shape, and dimensions based on a simple and reproducible methodology. We also observed a covariation between the size and shape of the sinuses and the underlying frontal lobes in hominin species from at least the appearance of . Our results additionally undermine hypotheses stating that hominin frontal sinuses were directly affected by biomechanical constraints resulting from either chewing or adaptation to climate. Last, we demonstrate their substantial potential for discussions of the evolutionary relationships between hominin species.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Fossils; Hominidae; Skull; Brain; Climate
PubMed: 36269821
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp9767 -
Folia Morphologica 2020The aim of the study was to estimate the volume values of the cranial cavity and nasal cavity structures and to compare the efficiency of manual segmentation of...
BACKGROUND
The aim of the study was to estimate the volume values of the cranial cavity and nasal cavity structures and to compare the efficiency of manual segmentation of three-dimensional reconstruction and Cavalieri's principle (CP) methodologies.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Volume values of the cranial cavity, maxillary sinus (MS), dorsal conchal sinus (DCS), dorsal nasal meatus (DNM), middle nasal meatus (MNM), ventral nasal meatus (VNM), ventral nasal concha (VNC), middle nasal concha (MNC) and nasal vestibule (NV) were estimated with manual segmentation and CP from micro-computed tomography images in 5 male New Zealand white rabbits. Volume measurements and elapsed time were compared with each other. Three-dimensional reconstruction models of nasal and cranial cavity structures were created.
RESULTS
There was a statistically significant difference between methods of the MS, DCS, DNM, MNM, VNM, VNC, and MNC volume measurements. Additionally, there was a statistically significant difference between the volumetric analysis time period of the methods and CP was found much shorter than manual segmentation.
CONCLUSIONS
Realistic results were achieved in a short time with the CP among the stereology methods. It is thought that these image and quantitative data results can be used for modelling, toxicology and pathology studies such as acute and chronić rhinitis or rhino sinusitis as well as a good understanding of the relationship of the anatomical structures in the nasal cavity.
Topics: Animals; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Male; Nasal Cavity; Rabbits; Skull; X-Ray Microtomography
PubMed: 31448808
DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2019.0073 -
Folia Medica Cracoviensia Dec 2022The current paper is a review of the results attained in the past and current anatomical studies, aimed at understanding the variability and function of the diploic... (Review)
Review
The current paper is a review of the results attained in the past and current anatomical studies, aimed at understanding the variability and function of the diploic venous system of the human skull. The diploic veins can serve as transit for infections from the scalp to the structures contained within the cranial cavity via the emissary veins, due to their interconnections with the pericranial veins, meningeal veins and dural sinuses. Thereby this clinical aspect has also been discussed.
Topics: Humans; Skull; Veins
PubMed: 36854089
DOI: 10.24425/fmc.2022.144085 -
Chinese Clinical Oncology Aug 2016Relative to conventional photon irradiation, proton therapy has distinct advantages in its ability to more precisely target tumor while shielding adjacent normal... (Review)
Review
Relative to conventional photon irradiation, proton therapy has distinct advantages in its ability to more precisely target tumor while shielding adjacent normal tissues. In the setting of skull base tumors, proton therapy plays a critical role in the dose-escalation required for optimal tumor control of chordomas, chondrosarcomas, and malignancies of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. For benign tumors such as craniopharyngiomas, pituitary adenomas and meningiomas, proton therapy can limit long-term adverse effects, such as secondary malignancies. This review summarizes published literature to date regarding the role of proton therapy in skull base tumors and introduces emerging proton therapy approaches such as pencil-beam scanning (PBS).
Topics: Humans; Proton Therapy; Skull; Skull Base Neoplasms
PubMed: 27558252
DOI: 10.21037/cco.2016.07.05 -
Swiss Dental Journal Feb 2020This second article about extraoral anatomy as seen in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images presents a literature review of the zygomatico-orbital region. The... (Review)
Review
This second article about extraoral anatomy as seen in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images presents a literature review of the zygomatico-orbital region. The latter bounds the maxillary sinus superiorly and laterally. Since pathologic changes of the maxillary sinus are a frequent indication for three-dimensional radiography, the contiguous orbital cavity and the zygomatic bone may become visible on CBCT scans. The zygomatic bone forms the cheek prominence and has large contact areas with the maxilla through the zygomaticomaxillary suture in the infraorbital region as well as with the sphenoid bone along the lateral orbital wall. Each of the three surfaces of the zygomatic bone displays foramina that transmit neurovascular structures. The orbital cavity is located immediately above the maxillary sinus from which it is separated only by a thin bony plate simultaneously serving as the orbital floor and the roof of the maxillary sinus. Several openings, such as the superior and inferior orbital fissures, the ethmoidal and cranio-orbital foramina, and the optic and infraorbital canals, connect the orbit to the anterior and middle cranial fossae as well as to the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae.
Topics: Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Maxilla; Maxillary Sinus; Spiral Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Zygoma
PubMed: 32024348
DOI: No ID Found -
Swiss Dental Journal 2016In a case report the stomatognathic rehabilitation of a patient with class III malocclusion and mandibular bilateral interdental gaps from the diagnosis and treatment...
In a case report the stomatognathic rehabilitation of a patient with class III malocclusion and mandibular bilateral interdental gaps from the diagnosis and treatment planning through to the stepwise realization of the orthodontic, surgical and prosthetic treatment is presented. Explicit information about the proposed treatment, risks and the prospective outcome beforehand ensured the patients compliance during the extensive procedure.
Topics: Adult; Anodontia; Combined Modality Therapy; Dental Caries; Dental Implants; Female; Humans; Interdisciplinary Communication; Intersectoral Collaboration; Malocclusion, Angle Class III; Mandible; Maxilla; Orthodontics, Corrective; Radiography, Panoramic; Tooth Extraction
PubMed: 27874919
DOI: No ID Found