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Annals of Laboratory Medicine Jan 2022Immunoassays are powerful qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques. Since the first description of an immunoassay method in 1959, advances have been made in... (Review)
Review
Immunoassays are powerful qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques. Since the first description of an immunoassay method in 1959, advances have been made in assay designs and analytical characteristics, opening the door for their widespread implementation in clinical laboratories. Clinical endocrinology is closely linked to laboratory medicine because hormone quantification is important for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of endocrine disorders. Several interferences in immunoassays have been identified through the years; although some are no longer encountered in daily practice, cross-reaction, heterophile antibodies, biotin, and anti-analyte antibodies still cause problems. Newer interferences are also emerging with the development of new therapies. The interfering substance may be exogenous (e.g., a drug or substance absorbed by the patient) or endogenous (e.g., antibodies produced by the patient), and the bias caused by interference can be positive or negative. The consequences of interference can be deleterious when clinicians consider erroneous results to establish a diagnosis, leading to unnecessary explorations or inappropriate treatments. Clinical laboratories and manufacturers continue to investigate methods for the detection, elimination, and prevention of interferences. However, no system is completely devoid of such incidents. In this review, we focus on the analytical interferences encountered in daily practice and possible solutions for their detection or elimination.
Topics: Antibodies; Biotin; Cross Reactions; Hormones; Humans; Immunoassay
PubMed: 34374345
DOI: 10.3343/alm.2022.42.1.3 -
Journal of Investigational Allergology... 2016The objective of these guidelines is to ensure efficient and effective clinical practice. The panel of experts who produced this consensus document developed a research... (Review)
Review
The objective of these guidelines is to ensure efficient and effective clinical practice. The panel of experts who produced this consensus document developed a research protocol based on a review of the literature. The prevalence of allergic reactions to iodinated contrast media (ICM) is estimated to be 1:170 000, that is, 0.05%-0.1% of patients undergoing radiologic studies with ICM (more than 75 million examinations per year worldwide). Hypersensitivity reactions can appear within the first hour after administration (immediate reactions) or from more than 1 hour to several days after administration (nonimmediate or delayed reactions). The risk factors for immediate reactions include poorly controlled bronchial asthma, concomitant medication (eg, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ß-blockers, and proton-pump inhibitors), rapid administration of the ICM, mastocytosis, autoimmune diseases, and viral infections. The most common symptoms of immediate reactions are erythema and urticaria with or without angioedema, which appear in more than 70% of patients. Maculopapular rash is the most common skin feature of nonimmediate reactions (30%-90%). Skin and in vitro tests should be performed for diagnosis of both immediate and nonimmediate reactions. The ICM to be administered will therefore be chosen depending on the results of these tests, the ICM that induced the reaction (when known), the severity of the reaction, the availability of alternative ICM, and the information available on potential ICM cross-reactivity. Another type of contrast media, gadolinium derivatives, is used used for magnetic resonance imaging. Although rare, IgE-mediated reactions to gadolinium derivatives have been reported.
Topics: Algorithms; Contrast Media; Cross Reactions; Drug Hypersensitivity; Humans; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Skin Tests
PubMed: 27326981
DOI: 10.18176/jiaci.0058 -
Oncoimmunology Jan 2021
Topics: Cross Reactions; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 33537178
DOI: 10.1080/2162402X.2021.1877416 -
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports Apr 2014Peanut seeds are currently widely used as source of human food ingredients in the United States of America and in European countries due to their high quality protein... (Review)
Review
Peanut seeds are currently widely used as source of human food ingredients in the United States of America and in European countries due to their high quality protein and oil content. This article describes the classification and molecular biology of peanut seed allergens with particular reference to their cross-reactivities. Currently, the IUIS allergen nomenclature subcommittee accepts 12 peanut allergens. Two allergens belong to the cupin and four to the prolamin superfamily, and six are distributed among profilins, Bet v 1-like proteins, oleosins, and defensins. Clinical observations frequently report an association of peanut allergy with allergies to legumes, tree nuts, seeds, fruits and pollen. Molecular cross-reactivity has been described between members of the Bet v 1-like proteins, the non-specific lipid transfer proteins, and the profilins. This review also addresses the less well-studied cross-reactivity between cupin and prolamin allergens of peanuts and of other plant food sources and the recently discovered cross-reactivity between peanut allergens of unrelated protein families.
Topics: Allergens; Antigens, Plant; Arachis; Cross Reactions; Humans; Peanut Hypersensitivity; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 24554241
DOI: 10.1007/s11882-014-0426-8 -
Current Opinion in Virology Feb 2016
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Cross Reactions; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Virus Diseases; Viruses
PubMed: 26979471
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.012 -
Journal of Immunology Research 2022Airborne fungi are one of the most ubiquitous kinds of inhalant allergens which can result in allergic diseases. Fungi tend to grow in warm and humid environments with... (Review)
Review
Airborne fungi are one of the most ubiquitous kinds of inhalant allergens which can result in allergic diseases. Fungi tend to grow in warm and humid environments with regional and seasonal variations. Their nomenclature and taxonomy are related to the sensitization of immunoglobulin E (IgE). Allergic cross-reactivity among different fungal species appears to be widely existing. Fungus-related foods, such as edible mushrooms, mycoprotein, and fermented foods by fungi, can often induce to fungus food allergy syndrome (FFAS) by allergic cross-reactivity with airborne fungi. FFAS may involve one or more target organs, including the oral mucosa, the skin, the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, and the cardiovascular system, with various allergic symptoms ranging from oral allergy syndrome (OAS) to severe anaphylaxis. This article reviews the current knowledge on the field of allergic cross-reactivity between fungal allergens and related foods, as well as the diagnosis and treatment on FFAS.
Topics: Allergens; Cross Reactions; Food Hypersensitivity; Fungi; Immunoglobulin E
PubMed: 36249419
DOI: 10.1155/2022/7583400 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024
Topics: T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; Cross Reactions
PubMed: 38481997
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1385415 -
Nature Reviews. Immunology Sep 2012Clonal selection theory proposed that individual T cells are specific for a single peptide-MHC antigen. However, the repertoire of αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) is... (Review)
Review
Clonal selection theory proposed that individual T cells are specific for a single peptide-MHC antigen. However, the repertoire of αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) is dwarfed by the vast array of potential foreign peptide-MHC complexes, and a comprehensive system requires each T cell to recognize numerous peptides and thus be cross-reactive. This compromise on specificity has profound implications because the chance of any natural peptide-MHC ligand being an optimal fit for its cognate TCR is small, as there will almost always be more-potent agonists. Furthermore, any TCR raised against a specific peptide-MHC complex in vivo can only be the best available solution from the naive T cell pool and is unlikely to be the best possible solution from the substantially greater number of TCRs that could theoretically be produced. This 'systems view' of TCR recognition provides a plausible cause for autoimmune disease and substantial scope for multiple therapeutic interventions.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmunity; Cross Reactions; Humans; Major Histocompatibility Complex; Peptides; Protein Binding; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 22918468
DOI: 10.1038/nri3279 -
Journal of Investigational Allergology... 2011The immunological phenomenon of cross-reactivity has consequences for the diagnosis and treatment of certain food allergies. Once allergy to a particular food has been... (Review)
Review
The immunological phenomenon of cross-reactivity has consequences for the diagnosis and treatment of certain food allergies. Once allergy to a particular food has been confirmed, positive test results are often obtained against other foods and, although less frequently, true clinical cross-reactivity is determined. This article reviews the relevant clinical aspects of food allergies in which the underlying mechanism is cross-reactivity between foods that are both related and unrelated taxonomically.
Topics: Cross Reactions; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Syndrome
PubMed: 21548443
DOI: No ID Found -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2020COVID-19 caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 has gripped essentially all countries in the world, and has infected millions and killed hundreds of thousands of people. Several... (Review)
Review
COVID-19 caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2 has gripped essentially all countries in the world, and has infected millions and killed hundreds of thousands of people. Several innovative approaches are in development to restrain the spread of SARS-CoV-2. In particular, BCG, a vaccine against tuberculosis (TB), is being considered as an alternative therapeutic modality. BCG vaccine is known to induce both humoral and adaptive immunities, thereby activating both nonspecific and cross-reactive immune responses in the host, which combined could effectively resist other pathogens including SARS-CoV-2. Notably, some studies have revealed that SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, case positivity, and mortality rate have been higher in countries that have not adopted BCG vaccination than in countries that have done so. This review presents an overview of the concepts underlying BCG vaccination and its nonspecific immuological effects and protection, resulting in 'trained immunity' and potential utility for resisting COVID-19.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; BCG Vaccine; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Cross Reactions; Drug Repositioning; Humans; Pandemics; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 32991235
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1818522