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Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias Aug 2015Several studies have investigated the antinociceptive, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of compounds found in the lavender essential oil (LEO), however...
Several studies have investigated the antinociceptive, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties of compounds found in the lavender essential oil (LEO), however to date, there is still lack of substantial data. The objective of this study was to assess the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of lavender essential oil. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical decolorization assay was used for antioxidant activity evaluation. The anti-inflammatory activity was tested using two models of acute inflammation: carrageenan-induced pleurisy and croton oil-induced ear edema. The antinociceptive activity was tested using the pain model induced by formalin. LEO has antioxidant activity, which is dose-dependent response. The inflammatory response evoked by carrageenan and by croton oil was reduced through the pre-treatment of animals with LEO. In the pleurisy model, the drug used as positive control, dexamethasone, was more efficacious. However, in the ear swelling, the antiedematogenic effect of the oil was similar to that observed for dexamethasone. In the formalin test, LEO consistently inhibited spontaneous nociception and presented a similar effect to that of tramadol. The results of this study reveal (in vivo) the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of LEO and demonstrates its important therapeutic potential.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Carrageenan; Croton Oil; Disease Models, Animal; Edema; Female; Lavandula; Oils, Volatile; Pain; Pain Measurement; Plant Oils; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 26247152
DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201520150056 -
The Libyan Journal of Medicine 2014Volatile oils obtained from lemon grass [Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Poaceae family] are used in traditional medicine as remedies for the treatment of various...
BACKGROUND
Volatile oils obtained from lemon grass [Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf, Poaceae family] are used in traditional medicine as remedies for the treatment of various diseases.
AIMS
In the present study, lemon grass essential oil (LGEO) was evaluated for its in vivo topical and oral anti-inflammatory effects, and for its in vitro antifungal activity using both liquid and vapor phases.
METHODS
The chemical profile of LGEO as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed two major components: geranial (42.2%), and neral (31.5%). The antifungal activity of LGEO was evaluated against several pathogenic yeasts and filamentous fungi using disc diffusion and vapor diffusion methods.
RESULTS
LGEO exhibited promising antifungal effect against Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, and Aspergillus niger, with different inhibition zone diameters (IZDs) (35-90 mm). IZD increased with increasing oil volume. Significantly, higher anti-Candida activity was observed in the vapor phase. For the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect, LGEO (10 mg/kg, administered orally) significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema with a similar effect to that observed for oral diclofenac (50 mg/kg), which was used as the positive control. Oral administration of LGEO showed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, topical application of LGEO in vivo resulted in a potent anti-inflammatory effect, as demonstrated by using the mouse model of croton oil-induced ear edema. To our knowledge, this is the first such report to be published. The topical application of LGEO at doses of 5 and 10 µL/ear significantly reduced acute ear edema induced by croton oil in 62.5 and 75% of the mice, respectively. In addition, histological analysis clearly confirmed that LGEO inhibits the skin inflammatory response in animal models.
CONCLUSION
RESULTS of the present study indicate that LGEO has a noteworthy potential for the development of drugs for the treatment of fungal infections and skin inflammation that should be explored in future studies.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antifungal Agents; Aspergillus niger; Candida albicans; Candida tropicalis; Cymbopogon; Ear; Edema; Female; Foot; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Male; Medicine, Traditional; Mice; Oils, Volatile; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plant Oils
PubMed: 25242268
DOI: 10.3402/ljm.v9.25431 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022Antimicrobial drugs are becoming ineffective given the resistance acquired by microorganisms. As such, it is imperative to seek new antimicrobial molecules that could...
Antimicrobial drugs are becoming ineffective given the resistance acquired by microorganisms. As such, it is imperative to seek new antimicrobial molecules that could provide a basis for the development of new drugs. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial potential and the mechanisms of action of the essential oil extracted from leaves of (named EO) on different fungi and bacteria of clinical importance in both planktonic and biofilm lifestyles. GC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of twenty-two different compounds in the EO, which were identified using the Kovats retention index. Among these, the most abundant were amorphene (20.03%), spathulenol (5%), bicyclogermacrene (1.49%), caryophyllene oxide (4.55%), and eucalyptol (5.62%). OE (50 µg mL) barely inhibited the growth of (23%), (27%), and (28%), and no inhibition was obtained against and . Additionally, no activity against bacterial biofilm was detected. In contrast, EO was active against species. and were inhibited by 78 and 75%, respectively. The antibiofilm potential also was favorable against and , inhibiting 44 and 74% of biofilm formation and reducing around 41 and 27% of the preformed biofilm, respectively. OE caused membrane damage and pore formation, overproduction of ROS, and apoptosis on and cells, as well as not inducing hemolysis in human red cells. The results obtained in this work raise the possibility of using the essential oil of leaves as an alternative to fight infections caused by and .
PubMed: 36354914
DOI: 10.3390/jof8111147 -
The London Medical and Physical Journal Nov 1823
PubMed: 30494512
DOI: No ID Found -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2023Using essential oils to control vectors, intermediate hosts, and disease-causing microorganisms is a promising approach. The genus in the family Euphorbiaceae is a...
Using essential oils to control vectors, intermediate hosts, and disease-causing microorganisms is a promising approach. The genus in the family Euphorbiaceae is a large genus, with many species containing large amounts of essential oils, however, essential oil studies are limited in terms of the number of species investigated. In this work, the aerial parts of growing wild in Vietnam were collected and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A total of 141 compounds were identified in essential oil, in which sesquiterpenoids dominated, comprising 95.4%, including the main components β-caryophyllene (32.8%), germacrene D (11.6%), β-elemene (9.1%), α-humulene (8.5%), and caryophyllene oxide (5.0%). The essential oil of showed very strong biological activities against the larvae of four mosquito species with 24 h LC values in the range of 15.38-78.27 μg/mL, against adults with a 48 h LC value of 10.09 μg/mL, and against ATCC microorganisms with MIC values in the range of 8-16 μg/mL. In order to provide a comparison with previous works, a literature survey on the chemical composition, mosquito larvicidal, molluscicidal, antiparasitic, and antimicrobial activities of essential oils of species was conducted. Seventy-two references (seventy articles and one book) out of a total of two hundred and forty-four references related to the chemical composition and bioactivity of essential oils of species were used for this paper. The essential oils of some species were characterized by their phenylpropanoid compounds. The experimental results of this research and the survey of the literature showed that essential oils have the potential to be used to control mosquito-borne and mollusk-borne diseases, as well as microbial infections. Research on unstudied species is needed to search for species with high essential oil contents and excellent biological activities.
Topics: Animals; Oils, Volatile; Croton; Vietnam; Mosquito Vectors; Croton Oil; Culicidae; Insecticides
PubMed: 36903605
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052361 -
Environmental Health Perspectives Aug 1978Saccharin is carcinogenic for the urinary bladder in rats and mice, and most likely is carcinogenic in human beings. The neoplasms of the urinary bladder are malignant... (Review)
Review
Saccharin is carcinogenic for the urinary bladder in rats and mice, and most likely is carcinogenic in human beings. The neoplasms of the urinary bladder are malignant and invade and metastasize. Male rats are more susceptible to urinary bladder carcinogenesis than female rats. Rats exposed as fetuses develop neoplasms more readily than rats exposed as weanlings. The lesions in the urinary bladder go through the stages of hyperplasia, hyperplastic nodules, and later carcinomas. The male of the human species ingesting saccharin, as for rats, is more susceptible to carcinogenesis of the urinary bladder than the female. Neoplasms of the urinary bladder in rats were not caused by stones, parasites, sodium, or impurities. There is a cocarcinogenic effect between saccharin and methylnitrosurea for the urinary bladder. Even through carcinomas of the urinary bladder are present in rats given the higher doses of saccharin, one was observed in a female rat given 0.5%. Chronic renal disease develops in rats ingesting saccharin. The disease is more advanced at the lower doses than at the higher doses, suggesting that saccharin at the lower doses does not reach the urinary bladder. Early neoplasms are seen in the renal pelvis of rats given the higher doses of saccharin. The risk ratios for urinary bladder carcinomas in human beings increase with both frequency andduration of saccharin usage. Benign and malignant neoplasms at all sites are significantly increased in mice and rats ingesting the higher doses of saccharin. These neoplasms are present in the reproductive and hematopoietic systems, and to a lesser extent in the lungs, vascular system and squamous epithelium. Neoplasms in some organs develop with the lower doses of saccharin. Lymphosarcomas of the lung are significantly increased in rats given 0.01% saccharin. Chronic renal disease in rats given saccharin interferes with the health and life span and consequently with development of neoplasms. Saccharin initiates neoplasms of the skin when its application is followed by croton oil. Epidemiological studies have not been done for neoplasms other than the urinary bladder in human beings.
Topics: Animals; Carcinogens; Diet; Female; Lung Neoplasms; Male; Methylnitrosourea; Mice; Parasitic Diseases; Rats; Saccharin; Sex Factors; Species Specificity; Tosyl Compounds; United States; United States Food and Drug Administration; Urinary Bladder Calculi; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Urogenital Neoplasms
PubMed: 363408
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7825173 -
Journal of Natural Products Aug 2022The kernels of the Australian blushwood tree () are the source of the veterinary anticancer drug tigilanol tiglate (, Stelfonta) and contain a concentration of phorboids... (Review)
Review
The kernels of the Australian blushwood tree () are the source of the veterinary anticancer drug tigilanol tiglate (, Stelfonta) and contain a concentration of phorboids significantly higher than croton oil, the only abundant source of these compounds previously known. The oily matrix of the blushwood kernels is composed of free fatty acids and not by glycerides as found in croton oil. By active partitioning, it was therefore possible to recover and characterize for the first time a cryptic tigliane fraction, that is, the diterpenoid fraction that, because of its lipophilicity, could not be obtained by solvent partition of crude extracts. The cryptic tigliane fraction accounted for ca. 30% of the tigliane kernel titer and was quantified by H NMR spectroscopy and profiled by HPLC-MS. Long-chain (linoleates and/or oleates) 20-acyl derivatives of the epoxytigliane diesters tigilanol tiglate (EBC-46, ), EBC-47 (), EBC-59 (), EBC-83 (), and EBC-177 () were identified. By chemoselective acylation of EBC-46 () and EBC-177 () the natural triesters and and a selection of analogues were prepared to assist identification of the natural compounds. The presence of a free C-20 hydroxy group is a critical requirement for PKC activation by phorbol esters. The unexpected activity of 20-linoleoyl triester in a cytotoxicity assay based on PKC activation was found to be related mainly to its hydrolysis to tigilanol tiglate () under the prolonged conditions of the assay, while other esters were inactive. Significant differences between the esterification profile of the epoxytigliane di- and triesters exist in , suggesting a precise, yet elusive, blueprint of acyl decoration for the tigliane polyol 5-hydroxyepoxyphorbol.
Topics: Australia; Croton Oil; Euphorbiaceae; Phorbols; Trees
PubMed: 35973043
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00226 -
Heliyon Sep 2021The aim of this study was to optimizing the process variables, assessing the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the extracted oil from seed by...
The aim of this study was to optimizing the process variables, assessing the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the extracted oil from seed by Soxhlet extraction using n-hexane as a solvent. The maximum oil yield of 45.89 % extracted from seed was obtained at a reaction temperature of 70 °C, particle size of 0.5 mm, reaction time of 5 h, and solute to solvent ratio of 0.06 g/ml. The physicochemical properties of the extracted oil investigated were; specific gravity of 0.9, the density of 900 kg/m at 15 °C, refractive index of 1.461, acid value of 3.5 mg KOH/g, and free fatty acids of 1.75 mg KOH/g, match the relevant international standards of oil quality. The qualitative test analysis of the extracted seed oil showed that the presence of different phytochemical constituents of an antimicrobial activity were flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and phenols. The functional groups and composition of the extracted oil from seeds were determined using FT-IR and GC-MS respectively. The results exhibited that the oil obtained from seeds can be used for modern medicine instead of traditional purposes.
PubMed: 34632154
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08095 -
Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 2021Several species of have shown anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties. This study was aimed to evaluate anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of...
OBJECTIVE
Several species of have shown anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties. This study was aimed to evaluate anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of hydroalcoholic extract of bark and essential oil of leaves of in animal models.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Hydroalcoholic extract of bark and essential oil of leaves of were prepared and phenolic content and essential oil composition were analyzed using Folin-Ciocalteu method and GC/MS, respectively. Anti-nociceptive effect was assessed using acetic acid, formalin and hot plate tests in male Swiss mice (25-30 g) and for evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan test in male Wistar rats (180-200 g) and croton oil-induced ear edema in male mice, were used. Involvement of opioid, α2-adrenergic, 5-HT3 receptors and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent K+ channels in pain relief was tested using naloxone, ondansetron, yohimbine and glibenclamide.
RESULTS
The total phenolic content of the extract in terms of gallic acid equivalent was 404.9±7.7 mg/g of the extract powder. hydroalcoholic extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) and essential oil (100 and 200 µl/kg) significantly (all, p<0.001) decreased pain behavior in acetic acid and formalin tests but not in hot plate test. The extract and essential oil suppressed edema in carrageenan and croton tests. Glibenclamide partially reversed the anti-nociceptive effect of hydroalcoholic extract while the other antagonists were ineffective.
CONCLUSION
Hydroalcoholic extract of bark and essential oil of leaves of significantly decreased acute and chronic pain as well as inflammation. ATP-dependent K+ channels mediate a part of the observed anti-nociceptive effect.
PubMed: 34745921
DOI: 10.22038/AJP.2021.18038 -
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022Bacterial resistance refers to the ability of bacteria to resist the action of some antibiotics due to the development of adaptation and resistance mechanisms. It is a...
Bacterial resistance refers to the ability of bacteria to resist the action of some antibiotics due to the development of adaptation and resistance mechanisms. It is a serious public health problem, especially for diseases caused by opportunistic bacteria. In this context, the search for new drugs, used alone or in combination, appears as an alternative for the treatment of microbial infections, and natural products, such as essential oils, are important in this process due to their structural diversity, which increases the probability for antimicrobial action. The objective of this study was to extract and identify the chemical components of the essential oil from (EOCC), to evaluate the antimicrobial activity, to investigate the effect of the interaction between the EOCC and different antibiotics and to evaluate its antibiofilm potential. The EOCC was obtained by hydrodistillation. Based on chemical characterisation, 70 compounds were identified, with 1.8 cineole (13.15%), p-cymene (10.68%), caryophyllene (9.73%) and spathulenol (6.36%) being the major constituents. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of EOCC were 256 and 512 µg mL for methicillin-sensitive and -resistant strains (MSSA and MRSA), respectively. The combinations of EOCC with the antibiotics oxacillin and ampicillin were synergistic (OXA/EOCC and AMP/EOCC combined decreased the OXA MIC and AMP MIC to 0.5 and 0.25 for MSSA, respectively, and OXA/EOCC and AMP/EOCC combined decreased the OXA MIC and the AMP MIC to 1 and 0.5 for MRSA, respectively) and could modify the resistance profile of MSSA and MRSA strains. The results indicated that EOCC was also able to partially inhibit biofilm formation. Our study presents important information about the chemical composition of EOCC and its antimicrobial potential and provides a reference to determine the mechanisms of action of EOCC and its use in pharmaceutical formulations.
PubMed: 36678551
DOI: 10.3390/ph16010055