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Journal of Medical Toxicology :... Apr 2019Cyanide, a metabolic poison, is a rising chemial threat and ingestion is the most common route of exposure. Terrorist organizations have threatened to attack the USA and... (Review)
Review
Cyanide, a metabolic poison, is a rising chemial threat and ingestion is the most common route of exposure. Terrorist organizations have threatened to attack the USA and international food and water supplies. The toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of oral cyanide are unique, resulting in high-dose exposures, severe symptoms, and slower onset of symptoms. There are no FDA-approved therapies tested for oral cyanide ingestions and no approved intramuscular or oral therapies, which would be valuable in mass casualty settings. The aim of this review is to evaluate the risks of oral cyanide and its unique toxicokinetics, as well as address the lack of available rapid diagnostics and treatments for mass casualty events. We will also review current strategies for developing new therapies. A review of the literature using the PRISMA checklist detected 7284 articles, screened 1091, and included 59 articles or other reports. Articles referenced in this review were specific to risk, clinical presentation, diagnostics, current treatments, and developing therapies. Current diagnostics of cyanide exposure can take hours or days, which can delay treatment. Moreover, current therapies for cyanide poisoning are administered intravenously and are not specifically tested for oral exposures, which can result in higher cyanide doses and unique toxicodynamics. New therapies developed for oral cyanide exposures that are easily delivered, safe, and can be administered quickly by first responders in a mass casualty event are needed. Current research is aimed at identifying an antidote that is safe, effective, easy to administer, and has a rapid onset of action.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Antidotes; Cyanides; Humans; Mass Casualty Incidents; Poisoning; Risk; Terrorism; Toxicokinetics
PubMed: 30539383
DOI: 10.1007/s13181-018-0688-y -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Jul 2017Cyanide toxicity and their environmental impact are well known. Nevertheless, they are still used in the mining, galvanic and chemical industries. As a result of... (Review)
Review
Cyanide toxicity and their environmental impact are well known. Nevertheless, they are still used in the mining, galvanic and chemical industries. As a result of industrial activities, cyanides are released in various forms to all elements of the environment. In a natural environment, cyanide exists as cyanogenic glycosides in plants seeds. Too much consumption can cause unpleasant side effects. However, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is the most common source of cyanide. Live organisms have the ability to convert cyanide into less toxic compounds excreted with physiological fluids. The aim of this paper is to review the current state of knowledge on the behaviour of cyanide in the environment and its impact on the health and human life.
Topics: Cyanides; Environmental Pollutants; Humans; Mining
PubMed: 28512706
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9081-7 -
Plant, Cell & Environment Oct 2016Production of cyanide through biological and environmental processes requires the detoxification of this metabolic poison. In the 1960s, discovery of the β-cyanoalanine... (Review)
Review
Production of cyanide through biological and environmental processes requires the detoxification of this metabolic poison. In the 1960s, discovery of the β-cyanoalanine synthase (β-CAS) pathway in cyanogenic plants provided the first insight on cyanide detoxification in nature. Fifty years of investigations firmly established the protective role of the β-CAS pathway in cyanogenic plants and its role in the removal of cyanide produced from ethylene synthesis in plants, but also revealed the importance of this pathway for plant growth and development and the integration of nitrogen and sulfur metabolism. This review describes the β-CAS pathway, its distribution across and within higher plants, and the diverse biological functions of the pathway in cyanide assimilation, plant growth and development, stress tolerance, regulation of cyanide and sulfide signalling, and nitrogen and sulfur metabolism. The collective roles of the β-CAS pathway highlight its potential evolutionary and ecological importance in plants.
Topics: Cyanides; Lyases; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Plants
PubMed: 27116378
DOI: 10.1111/pce.12755 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022Cyanide gas is highly toxic and volatile and is among the most typical toxic and harmful pollutants to human health and the environment found in industrial waste gas. In... (Review)
Review
Cyanide gas is highly toxic and volatile and is among the most typical toxic and harmful pollutants to human health and the environment found in industrial waste gas. In the military context, cyanide gas has been used as a systemic toxic agent. In this paper, we review cyanide gas elimination methods, focusing on adsorption and catalysis approaches. The research progress on materials capable of affecting cyanide gas adsorption and catalytic degradation is discussed in depth, and the advantages and disadvantages of various materials are summarized. Finally, suggestions are provided for future research directions with respect to cyanide gas elimination materials.
Topics: Humans; Cyanides; Industrial Waste; Adsorption; Catalysis; Environmental Pollutants
PubMed: 36296717
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207125 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022Halogenation of 2-trifluoromethylindole afforded 3-chloro-, 3-bromo- and 3-iodo derivatives in up to 98% yield. Methyl-, benzyl- and tosyl-groups can be installed at the...
Halogenation of 2-trifluoromethylindole afforded 3-chloro-, 3-bromo- and 3-iodo derivatives in up to 98% yield. Methyl-, benzyl- and tosyl-groups can be installed at the nitrogen atom of prepared indoles in high yields by base catalyzed reaction with the corresponding alkylating (sulfonylating) reagents. A high synthetic utility of the prepared haloindoles in the reaction with various nucleophilies was shown. The reaction with 4-methylthiophenol and copper cyanide afforded the corresponding sulfides and nitriles in high yield. Palladium catalyzed cross-coupling with phenyl boronic acid and phenylacetylene gave the corresponding 3-phenyl-2-CF-indoles and acetylenic derivatives in 72-98% yield.
Topics: Indoles; Catalysis; Cyanides; Nitriles; Halogenation; Palladium
PubMed: 36557954
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248822 -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Aug 2016We have developed an integrated pipeline for countermeasure discovery that, under the auspices of the National Institutes of Health Countermeasures Against Chemical... (Review)
Review
We have developed an integrated pipeline for countermeasure discovery that, under the auspices of the National Institutes of Health Countermeasures Against Chemical Threats network, is one of the few efforts within academia that by design spans the spectrum from discovery to phase I. The successful implementation of this approach for cyanide would enable efficient proof-of-concept studies that would lay the foundation for a generalizable strategy for parallel mechanistic studies and accelerated countermeasure development in the face of new and emerging chemical threats.
Topics: Animals; Biomedical Research; Cyanides; Drug Discovery; Humans; Metabolomics; National Institutes of Health (U.S.); Program Development; United States
PubMed: 27737495
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13224 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Feb 2018Cyanide is one of the most toxic chemicals for living organisms described so far. Its toxicity is mainly based on the high affinity that cyanide presents toward metals,... (Review)
Review
Cyanide is one of the most toxic chemicals for living organisms described so far. Its toxicity is mainly based on the high affinity that cyanide presents toward metals, provoking inhibition of essential metalloenzymes. Cyanide and its cyano-derivatives are produced in a large scale by many industrial activities related to recovering of precious metals in mining and jewelry, coke production, steel hardening, synthesis of organic chemicals, and food processing industries. As consequence, cyanide-containing wastes are accumulated in the environment becoming a risk to human health and ecosystems. Cyanide and related compounds, like nitriles and thiocyanate, are degraded aerobically by numerous bacteria, and therefore, biodegradation has been offered as a clean and cheap strategy to deal with these industrial wastes. Anaerobic biological treatments are often preferred options for wastewater biodegradation. However, at present very little is known about anaerobic degradation of these hazardous compounds. This review is focused on microbial degradation of cyanide and related compounds under anaerobiosis, exploring their potential application in bioremediation of industrial cyanide-containing wastes.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Bacteria; Biodegradation, Environmental; Bioreactors; Cyanides; Industrial Microbiology; Industrial Waste; Nitriles; Nitrogenase; Thiocyanates; Waste Disposal, Fluid
PubMed: 29209795
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8678-6 -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Jun 2016Cyanide is a metabolic poison that inhibits the utilization of oxygen to form ATP. The consequences of acute cyanide exposure are severe; exposure results in loss of... (Review)
Review
Cyanide is a metabolic poison that inhibits the utilization of oxygen to form ATP. The consequences of acute cyanide exposure are severe; exposure results in loss of consciousness, cardiac and respiratory failure, hypoxic brain injury, and dose-dependent death within minutes to hours. In a mass-casualty scenario, such as an industrial accident or terrorist attack, currently available cyanide antidotes would leave many victims untreated in the short time available for successful administration of a medical countermeasure. This restricted therapeutic window reflects the rate-limiting step of intravenous administration, which requires both time and trained medical personnel. Therefore, there is a need for rapidly acting antidotes that can be quickly administered to large numbers of people. To meet this need, our laboratory is developing sulfanegen, a potential antidote for cyanide poisoning with a novel mechanism based on 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST) for the detoxification of cyanide. Additionally, sulfanegen can be rapidly administered by intramuscular injection and has shown efficacy in many species of animal models. This article summarizes the journey from concept to clinical leads for this promising cyanide antidote.
Topics: Animals; Cyanides; Cysteine; Humans; Kinetics; Mass Casualty Incidents; Prodrugs
PubMed: 27308865
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13114 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2023Plants and phytophagous arthropods have coevolved in a long battle for survival. Plants respond to phytophagous feeders by producing a battery of antiherbivore chemical... (Review)
Review
Plants and phytophagous arthropods have coevolved in a long battle for survival. Plants respond to phytophagous feeders by producing a battery of antiherbivore chemical defences, while herbivores try to adapt to their hosts by attenuating the toxic effect of the defence compounds. Cyanogenic glucosides are a widespread group of defence chemicals that come from cyanogenic plants. Among the non-cyanogenic ones, the Brassicaceae family has evolved an alternative cyanogenic pathway to produce cyanohydrin as a way to expand defences. When a plant tissue is disrupted by an herbivore attack, cyanogenic substrates are brought into contact with degrading enzymes that cause the release of toxic hydrogen cyanide and derived carbonyl compounds. In this review, we focus our attention on the plant metabolic pathways linked to cyanogenesis to generate cyanide. It also highlights the role of cyanogenesis as a key defence mechanism of plants to fight against herbivore arthropods, and we discuss the potential of cyanogenesis-derived molecules as alternative strategies for pest control.
Topics: Animals; Herbivory; Plants; Cyanides; Glycosides; Arthropods
PubMed: 37108149
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086982 -
Anales Del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra 2003Poisoning by gases in our area is an important problem due to its high incidence. In the specific case of carbon monoxide poisoning, this is the main cause of death by... (Review)
Review
Poisoning by gases in our area is an important problem due to its high incidence. In the specific case of carbon monoxide poisoning, this is the main cause of death by poisoning in our environment, on many occasions coexisting with cyanide poisoning. Both poisonings can be severe, their diagnosis being based on the mere suspicions of the doctor. Besides, their importance lies in the fact that both poisonings have a very specific treatment. Normo or hyperbaric oxygenotherapy is the treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning. In the case of cyanide poisoning, hydroxocobalamin is nowadays the treatment of choice, since it has proved itself to be an efficient antidote.
Topics: Acute Disease; Carbon Monoxide Poisoning; Cyanides; Hematinics; Humans; Hydroxocobalamin; Hyperbaric Oxygenation
PubMed: 12813484
DOI: No ID Found