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Clinics in Laboratory Medicine Jun 2015The coccidians Cryptosporidium spp, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Cystoisospora belli and the flagellate Giardia duodenalis are pathogenic protozoa associated with... (Review)
Review
The coccidians Cryptosporidium spp, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Cystoisospora belli and the flagellate Giardia duodenalis are pathogenic protozoa associated with gastrointestinal manifestations. Diagnosis relies heavily on microscopy, and although ova-and-parasite examinations can detect Giardia and Cystoisospora, Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora often require specific diagnostic requests. Approved non-microscopy methods are available for Giardia and Cryptosporidium, although negative results are frequently followed by microscopic assays. Polymerase chain reaction-based methods are not frequently used for diagnosis of Giardia and Cryptosporidium and have been used primarily for epidemiologic or outbreak investigations of Giardia and Cryptosporidium.
Topics: Antigens, Protozoan; Coccidia; Coccidiosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Giardia lamblia; Giardiasis; Humans; Immunoassay; Sensitivity and Specificity; Specimen Handling
PubMed: 26004650
DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2015.02.010 -
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 2009Since the advent of human immunodeficiency virus infection, with its profound and progressive effect on the cellular immune system, a group of human opportunistic... (Review)
Review
Since the advent of human immunodeficiency virus infection, with its profound and progressive effect on the cellular immune system, a group of human opportunistic pathogens has come into prominence. Opportunistic parasitic infection can cause severe morbidity and mortality. Because many of these infections are treatable, an early and accurate diagnosis is important. This can be accomplished by a variety of methods such as direct demonstration of parasites and by serological tests to detect antigen and/or specific antibodies. However, antibody response may be poor in these patients and therefore immunodiagnostic tests have to be interpreted with caution. Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora belli, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Microsporidia, Entamoeba histolytica and Strongyloides stercoralis are the commonly detected parasites. Detection of these parasites will help in proper management of these patients because drugs are available for most of these parasitic infections.
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Animals; Diarrhea; Eukaryota; Helminths; Humans; Parasitic Diseases
PubMed: 19584497
DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.53199 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2020Cyclosporiasis is caused by the coccidian parasite and is associated with large and complex food-borne outbreaks worldwide. Associated symptoms include severe watery... (Review)
Review
Cyclosporiasis is caused by the coccidian parasite and is associated with large and complex food-borne outbreaks worldwide. Associated symptoms include severe watery diarrhea, particularly in infants, and immune dysfunction. With the globalization of human food supply, the occurrence of cyclosporiasis has been increasing in both food growing and importing countries. As well as being a burden on the health of individual humans, cyclosporiasis is a global public health concern. Currently, no vaccine is available but early detection and treatment could result in a favorable clinical outcome. Clinical diagnosis is based on cardinal clinical symptoms and conventional laboratory methods, which usually involve microscopic examination of wet smears, staining tests, fluorescence microscopy, serological testing, or DNA testing for oocysts in the stool. Detection in the vehicle of infection, which can be fresh produce, water, or soil is helpful for case-linkage and source-tracking during cyclosporiasis outbreaks. Treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) can evidently cure infection. However, TMP-SMX is not suitable for patients having sulfonamide intolerance. In such case ciprofloxacin, although less effective than TMP-SMX, is a good option. Another drug of choice is nitazoxanide that can be used in the cases of sulfonamide intolerance and ciprofloxacin resistance. More epidemiological research investigating cyclosporiasis in humans should be conducted worldwide, to achieve a better understanding of its characteristics in this regard. It is also necessary to establish and/or protocols for cultivating , to facilitate the development of rapid, convenient, precise, and economical detection methods for diagnosis, as well as more effective tracing methods. This review focuses on the advances in clinical features, diagnosis, and therapeutic intervention of cyclosporiasis.
Topics: Animals; Cyclospora; Cyclosporiasis; Diarrhea; Disease Outbreaks; Feces; Humans; Infant; Oocysts
PubMed: 32117814
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00043 -
Microorganisms Jan 2024Cyclosporiasis is a foodborne diarrheal illness caused by the parasite [...].
Cyclosporiasis is a foodborne diarrheal illness caused by the parasite [...].
PubMed: 38399685
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020281 -
Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery Feb 2007Parasitic infections are a major worldwide health problem, and they account for millions of infections and deaths each year. Most of the infections as well as the...
Parasitic infections are a major worldwide health problem, and they account for millions of infections and deaths each year. Most of the infections as well as the morbidity and mortality from these diseases occur in the developing world in rural regions. However, these diseases have become more common in Western countries and in big cities over the past 25 years. These changing disease patterns can be attributed to emigration from the third world to developed countries and migration of rural populations to the big cities in developing nations. These parasitic infections have protean manifestations and consequences. The medical problems range from chronic asymptomatic carrier to fulminant infections and even death. Several factors such as the host immune status, the infecting organism, and the availability of treatment all play key roles in the outcomes of parasitic colitides. The two major classes of parasites causing these infections are the helminthes (ascariasis, strongyloidiasis, enterobiasis, trichuriasis, and schistosomiasis) and the protozoa (Isospora, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Trypanosoma cruzi, Giardia lamblia, and Balantidium coli). This article summarizes the salient features of each parasite with respect to epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. The vast majority of these infections have a self-limited clinical course or are easily treated with medical management, and surgery is rarely needed.
PubMed: 20011360
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-970199 -
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease Feb 2020To strengthen the burden estimates for chronic sequelae of foodborne illness, we conducted a scoping review of the current literature for common foodborne pathogens and... (Review)
Review
To strengthen the burden estimates for chronic sequelae of foodborne illness, we conducted a scoping review of the current literature for common foodborne pathogens and their associated sequelae. We aim to describe the current literature and gaps in knowledge of chronic sequelae associated with common foodborne illnesses. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed articles published January 1, 2000 to April 1, 2018. Articles available in English, of any epidemiological study design, for 10 common foodborne pathogens (, , , , , , , , , and norovirus) and their associated gastrointestinal (GI)- and joint-related sequelae were included. Of the 6348 titles screened for inclusion, 380 articles underwent full-text review; of those 380, 129 were included for data extraction. Of the bacterial pathogens included in the search terms, the most commonly reported were ( = 104) and ( = 99); ( = 55), ( = 49), ( = 49), and ( = 15) all had fewer results. Norovirus was the only virus included in our search, with 28 article that reported mostly GI-related sequelae and reactive arthritis (ReA) reported once. For parasitic diseases, ( = 26) and ( = 18) had the most articles, and no results were found for . The most commonly reported GI outcomes were irritable bowel syndrome (IBS; = 119) and inflammatory bowel disease ( = 29), and ReA ( = 122) or "joint pain" ( = 19) for joint-related sequelae. and were most often associated with a variety of outcomes, with ReA ( = 34 and = 27) and IBS ( = 17 and = 20) reported most often. This scoping review shows there are still a relatively small number of studies being conducted to understand specific pathogen/outcome relationships. It also shows where important gaps in the impact of chronic sequelae from common foodborne illnesses still exist and where more focused research would best be implemented.
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Chronic Disease; Food Microbiology; Food Parasitology; Foodborne Diseases; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Joint Diseases; Parasitic Diseases; Prohibitins; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 31589475
DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2692 -
Viruses Jun 2022infections remain one of the most common protozoan opportunistic causes of gastrointestinal diseases and diarrhea among people living with HIV and/or AIDS (PLWHA). This... (Review)
Review
infections remain one of the most common protozoan opportunistic causes of gastrointestinal diseases and diarrhea among people living with HIV and/or AIDS (PLWHA). This study was conducted to provide a summary of the evidence on the global burden of infection and associated risk factors among PLWHA. , and were searched up to February 2022. All original peer-reviewed original research articles were considered, including descriptive and cross-sectional studies describing in PLWHA. Incoherence and heterogeneity between studies were quantified by I index and Cochran's Q test. Publication and population bias were assessed with funnel plots and Egger's asymmetry regression test. All statistical analyses were performed using StatsDirect. The pooled prevalence of infection among PLWHA was 3.89% (95% CI, 2.62-5.40). The highest prevalence found in South America was 7.87% and the lowest in Asia 2.77%. In addition, the prevalence of was higher in PLWHA compared to healthy individuals. There was a relationship between a higher prevalence in PLWHA with a CD4 cell count below 200 cells/mL and people with diarrhea. The results show that PLWHA are more vulnerable to infection and emphasizes the need to implement the screening and prophylaxis tailored to the local context. Owing to the serious and significant clinical manifestations of the parasite, an early identification of seropositivity is recommended to initiate prophylaxis between PLWHA with a CD4 count ≤200 cells/mL and PLWHA who do not receive antiviral therapy.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cyclospora; Cyclosporiasis; Diarrhea; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35746750
DOI: 10.3390/v14061279 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 2010The coccidian parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis is recognized as an emerging pathogen that causes protracted diarrhea in humans. The first cases of Cyclospora infection... (Review)
Review
The coccidian parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis is recognized as an emerging pathogen that causes protracted diarrhea in humans. The first cases of Cyclospora infection were reported in the late 1970s and were observed among expatriates and travelers in regions where infections are endemic. Since then, Cyclospora has been considered a cause of traveler's diarrhea. Epidemiological investigations were reported and examined in areas of endemicity even before the true identity of Cyclospora was elucidated. Cyclospora was fully characterized in the early 1990s, but it was not until the 1995 Cyclospora outbreak in the United States and Canada that it caught the attention of the public and physicians. The biology, clinical presentation, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of cyclosporiasis are reviewed, with a focus on diagnostic assays currently being used for clinical and environmental samples. Challenges and limitations in working with Cyclospora are also discussed.
Topics: Animals; Canada; Communicable Disease Control; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Cyclospora; Cyclosporiasis; Diarrhea; Food Microbiology; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Travel; United States; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 20065331
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00026-09 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Jan 2012In the late 1960s, the combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) was introduced into clinical practice and used to treat many infectious... (Review)
Review
In the late 1960s, the combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) was introduced into clinical practice and used to treat many infectious diseases, such as urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, sexually transmitted diseases, Gram-negative sepsis, enteric infections and typhoid fever. Subsequently, co-trimoxazole was reported to be effective against numerous bacterial, fungal and protozoal pathogens, including Nocardia, Listeria monocytogenes, Brucella, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Burkholderia, Coxiella burnetii, Tropheryma whipplei, atypical mycobacteria, and Pneumocystis jirovecii. Among protozoal infections, in addition to toxoplasmosis, co-trimoxazole has been used to treat susceptible Plasmodium falciparum, Cyclospora and Isospora infections. Several retrospective and prospective studies have demonstrated good clinical outcome with co-trimoxazole in treating invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. We summarize herein the accumulated evidence in the literature on the new, 'unconventional' clinical use of co-trimoxazole during the last three decades. In the era of widespread antibiotic resistance and shortage of new antibiotic options, large-scale, well-designed studies are needed to explore the tremendous potential concealed in this well-established drug.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Humans; Parasites; Sulfamethoxazole; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination
PubMed: 21851485
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03613.x -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 1997Protozoan parasites were the most frequently identified etiologic agents in waterborne disease outbreak from 1991 to 1994. The waterborne parasites Giardia lamblia,... (Review)
Review
Protozoan parasites were the most frequently identified etiologic agents in waterborne disease outbreak from 1991 to 1994. The waterborne parasites Giardia lamblia, Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanesis, Isospora belli, and the microsporidia are reviewed. For each parasite, the review includes history, life cycle, incidence, symptoms, and therapy. Clinical detection methods are compared, and emerging technologies are discussed. Information on the association of these parasites with waterborne outbreaks is reviewed. Current information on protozoan parasites identified as etiological agents in waterborne outbreaks is discussed. Water industry issues related to recent disease outbreaks are examined in the context of water quality testing regulations for G. lamblia and those proposed for C. parvum. The review identifies the limitations of the American Society of Testing and Materials water-testing method for these parasites. An overview of federal regulations affecting the water industry and laboratories that test for water quality is also provided. The article highlights the importance of the clinical laboratory as a frontline defense for the detection of infectious organisms. The review points to the need for clinical laboratories, physicians, and public health personnel to cooperatively plan and assess the challenge of meeting this potential public health threat.
Topics: Acanthamoeba; Amebiasis; Amebicides; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Antifungal Agents; Antiprotozoal Agents; Antitrichomonal Agents; Coccidiosis; Cryptosporidiosis; Cryptosporidium parvum; Eimeriida; Entamoeba histolytica; Entamoebiasis; Giardia lamblia; Giardiasis; Humans; Isospora; Microsporida; Microsporidiosis; Naegleria fowleri; Protozoan Infections; Water Microbiology; Water Supply
PubMed: 8993859
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.10.1.67