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Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2016Parasites are an important cause of human disease worldwide. The clinical severity and outcome of parasitic disease is often dependent on the immune status of the host.... (Review)
Review
Parasites are an important cause of human disease worldwide. The clinical severity and outcome of parasitic disease is often dependent on the immune status of the host. Specific parasitic diseases discussed in this chapter are amebiasis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporiasis, cystoisosporiasis, microsporidosis, granulomatous amebic encephalitis, toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, malaria, babesiosis, strongyloidiasis, and scabies.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Parasites; Parasitic Diseases
PubMed: 27726821
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0013-2015 -
Current Rheumatology Reports Jul 2021This article presents a comprehensive narrative review of reactive arthritis (ReA) with focus on articles published between 2018 and 2020. We discuss the entire spectrum... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article presents a comprehensive narrative review of reactive arthritis (ReA) with focus on articles published between 2018 and 2020. We discuss the entire spectrum of microbial agents known to be the main causative agents of ReA, those reported to be rare infective agents, and those reported to be new candidates causing the disease. The discussion is set within the context of changing disease terminology, definition, and classification over time. Further, we include reports that present at least a hint of effective antimicrobial therapy for ReA as documented in case reports or in double-blind controlled studies. Additional information is included on microbial products detected in the joint, as well as on the positivity of HLA-B27.
RECENT FINDINGS
Recent reports of ReA cover several rare causative microorganism such as Neisseria meningitides, Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli, Hafnia alvei, Blastocytosis, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Strongyloides stercoralis, β-haemolytic Streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin, and Rickettsia rickettsii. The most prominent new infectious agents implicated as causative in ReA are Staphylococcus lugdunensis, placenta- and umbilical cord-derived Wharton's jelly, Rothia mucilaginosa, and most importantly the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In view of the increasingly large spectrum of causative agents, diagnostic consideration for the disease must include the entire panel of post-infectious arthritides termed ReA. Diagnostic procedures cannot be restricted to the well-known HLA-B27-associated group of ReA, but must also cover the large number of rare forms of arthritis following infections and vaccinations, as well as those elicited by the newly identified members of the ReA group summarized herein. Inclusion of these newly identified etiologic agents must necessitate increased research into the pathogenic mechanisms variously involved, which will engender important insights for treatment and management of ReA.
Topics: Arthritis, Reactive; Blastocystis Infections; COVID-19; Clostridium Infections; Cryptosporidiosis; Cyclosporiasis; Entamoebiasis; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli Infections; Giardiasis; HLA-B27 Antigen; Humans; Meningococcal Infections; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Prohibitins; Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; SARS-CoV-2; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Strongyloidiasis; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 34196842
DOI: 10.1007/s11926-021-01018-6 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2020Cyclosporiasis is caused by the coccidian parasite and is associated with large and complex food-borne outbreaks worldwide. Associated symptoms include severe watery... (Review)
Review
Cyclosporiasis is caused by the coccidian parasite and is associated with large and complex food-borne outbreaks worldwide. Associated symptoms include severe watery diarrhea, particularly in infants, and immune dysfunction. With the globalization of human food supply, the occurrence of cyclosporiasis has been increasing in both food growing and importing countries. As well as being a burden on the health of individual humans, cyclosporiasis is a global public health concern. Currently, no vaccine is available but early detection and treatment could result in a favorable clinical outcome. Clinical diagnosis is based on cardinal clinical symptoms and conventional laboratory methods, which usually involve microscopic examination of wet smears, staining tests, fluorescence microscopy, serological testing, or DNA testing for oocysts in the stool. Detection in the vehicle of infection, which can be fresh produce, water, or soil is helpful for case-linkage and source-tracking during cyclosporiasis outbreaks. Treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) can evidently cure infection. However, TMP-SMX is not suitable for patients having sulfonamide intolerance. In such case ciprofloxacin, although less effective than TMP-SMX, is a good option. Another drug of choice is nitazoxanide that can be used in the cases of sulfonamide intolerance and ciprofloxacin resistance. More epidemiological research investigating cyclosporiasis in humans should be conducted worldwide, to achieve a better understanding of its characteristics in this regard. It is also necessary to establish and/or protocols for cultivating , to facilitate the development of rapid, convenient, precise, and economical detection methods for diagnosis, as well as more effective tracing methods. This review focuses on the advances in clinical features, diagnosis, and therapeutic intervention of cyclosporiasis.
Topics: Animals; Cyclospora; Cyclosporiasis; Diarrhea; Disease Outbreaks; Feces; Humans; Infant; Oocysts
PubMed: 32117814
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00043 -
Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery Jun 2015Over one billion people worldwide harbor intestinal parasites. Parasitic intestinal infections have a predilection for developing countries due to overcrowding and poor... (Review)
Review
Over one billion people worldwide harbor intestinal parasites. Parasitic intestinal infections have a predilection for developing countries due to overcrowding and poor sanitation but are also found in developed nations, such as the United States, particularly in immigrants or in the setting of sporadic outbreaks. Although the majority of people are asymptomatically colonized with parasites, the clinical presentation can range from mild abdominal discomfort or diarrhea to serious complications, such as perforation or bleeding. Protozoa and helminths (worms) are the two major classes of intestinal parasites. Protozoal intestinal infections include cryptosporidiosis, cystoisosporiasis, cyclosporiasis, balantidiasis, giardiasis, amebiasis, and Chagas disease, while helminth infections include ascariasis, trichuriasis, strongyloidiasis, enterobiasis, and schistosomiasis. Intestinal parasites are predominantly small intestine pathogens but the large intestine is also frequently involved. This article highlights important aspects of parasitic infections of the colon including epidemiology, transmission, symptoms, and diagnostic methods as well as appropriate medical and surgical treatment.
PubMed: 26034403
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1547335 -
Microorganisms Sep 2019is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal-oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed and an important cause of foodborne outbreaks of enteric... (Review)
Review
is a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal-oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed and an important cause of foodborne outbreaks of enteric disease in many developed countries, mostly associated with the consumption of contaminated fresh produce. Because oocysts are excreted unsporulated and need to sporulate in the environment, direct person-to-person transmission is unlikely. Infection by is remarkably seasonal worldwide, although it varies by geographical regions. Most susceptible populations are children, foreigners, and immunocompromised patients in endemic countries, while in industrialized countries, affects people of any age. The risk of infection in developed countries is associated with travel to endemic areas and the domestic consumption of contaminated food, mainly fresh produce imported from endemic regions. Water and soil contaminated with fecal matter may act as a vehicle of transmission for infection. The disease is self-limiting in most immunocompetent patients, but it may present as a severe, protracted or chronic diarrhea in some cases, and may colonize extra-intestinal organs in immunocompromised patients. Trimetoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the antibiotic of choice for the treatment of cyclosporiasis, but relapses may occur. Further research is needed to understand many unknown epidemiological aspects of this parasitic disease. Here, we summarize the biology, epidemiology, outbreaks, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, control and prevention of ; additionally, we outline future research needs for this parasite.
PubMed: 31487898
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090317 -
Microorganisms Sep 2021is an intestinal coccidian parasite transmitted to humans through the consumption of oocysts in fecally contaminated food and water. Infection is found worldwide and is... (Review)
Review
is an intestinal coccidian parasite transmitted to humans through the consumption of oocysts in fecally contaminated food and water. Infection is found worldwide and is highly endemic in tropical and subtropical regions with poor sanitation. Disease in developed countries is usually observed in travelers and in seasonal outbreaks associated with imported produce from endemic areas. Recently, summertime outbreaks in the United States have also been linked to locally grown produce. Cyclosporiasis causes a diarrheal illness which may be severe in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. The increased adoption of highly sensitive molecular diagnostic tests, including commercially available multiplex panels for gastrointestinal pathogens, has facilitated the detection of infection and likely contributed to the increased reports of cases in developed countries. This manuscript reviews important aspects of the biology, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of and provides an in-depth discussion of current laboratory diagnostic methods.
PubMed: 34576758
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091863 -
Microorganisms Jan 2024Cyclosporiasis is a foodborne diarrheal illness caused by the parasite [...].
Cyclosporiasis is a foodborne diarrheal illness caused by the parasite [...].
PubMed: 38399685
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020281 -
African Health Sciences Jun 2007Cyclosporiasis is an emerging gastro-enteric disease caused by the coccidia protozoan Cyclospora cayetanensis. It is associated with diarrhoea among children in... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Cyclosporiasis is an emerging gastro-enteric disease caused by the coccidia protozoan Cyclospora cayetanensis. It is associated with diarrhoea among children in developing countries, in the Americas where C. cayetanensis is endemic, traveller's diarrhoea and/or food and waterborne outbreaks in the developed countries.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this review is to highlight cyclosporiasis and its relevance to public health in East Africa and Africa at large.
METHODS
All literature on Cyclospora, C. cayetanensis, cyclosporiasis in Africa, and endemic cyclosporiasis was searched from libraries, colleagues and internet but only literature on its history, clinical presentation, epidemiology in endemic settings, and occurrence in Africa were scrutinised.
RESULTS
In Sub Saharan Africa, cyclosporiasis has been reported in at least 3 countries, including Tanzania, in East Africa, occurring in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. Zoonotic species of Cyclospora have also been identified in East African primates, indicating likely endemicity of this little reported disease in the region. This can be attributed to lack of awareness in the public and medical profession concerning the disease, and therefore not routinely checked at the health centres. Cyclosporiasis is characterized by intermittent diarrhoea, and secondary conditions or sequelae such as reactive arthritis syndrome (Reiter's syndrome), have been associated with progression of the disease. Its management is based on antibiotics, an unusual scenario for a protozoa.
CONCLUSIONS
Although many aspects of this disease and its transmission remain an enigma, the situation has been rapidly changing since the disease first came to medical attention in the 1970s.
Topics: Africa; Animals; Cyclospora; Cyclosporiasis; Humans; Public Health
PubMed: 17594281
DOI: 10.5555/afhs.2007.7.2.62 -
Revista Chilena de Infectologia :... Feb 2017
Topics: Animals; Cyclospora; Cyclosporiasis; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Oocysts
PubMed: 28394980
DOI: 10.4067/S0716-10182017000100006 -
Annals of Internal Medicine Feb 1999
Topics: Animals; Coccidiosis; Disease Outbreaks; Eucoccidiida; Food Contamination; Fruit; Guatemala; Humans
PubMed: 10049203
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-130-3-199902020-00029